University of Illinois Dudley Smith Farm Clover Project
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University of Illinois Dudley Smith Farm Clover
ProjectEd Ballard
University of Illinois, RetiredExtension Animal Systems
Educator
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Welcome to Dudley Smith FarmChristian County, Illinois
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Purpose of Study to Evaluation Clover Frost Seed Into Cool Season Grasses vs. no Clover
• Cool Season Grass Paddocks were established in August, 2002.
• Study to show important of nitrogen provide by clover vs. commercial nitrogen.
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Dry lot
Continuous Corn (Control) C3
row crop(3, 48 acres each)
cool season pasture(Group # 4, 2.5 ac. paddocks)
continuous corn (control)(2, 5 ac. each)
dry lot/corral area(5.5 acres)
700 N
22
00
E
Dudley Smith FarmPlot 2012
Acreage per experimental unit
A3 B7 M11
A2 B6
A17 B19 M21M15 B23
Treatment Codes
A- AMPAC mixB- Barenbrug mixM-MaxQ mixRG – Row crops grazedC – Conventional Crop
Continuous Corn(Control) C1
A4 B8 M12 A18 B20M16 A24M22
A1 B5 M9 B13
M10 A14
Continuous Corn (Control) C2
cool season pasture(Group # 3 2.5 ac. Paddocks)
Cool season pasture Group # 2 -2.5 acres PaddocksCool season pasture Group # 1 -2.5 acres Paddocks
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Ampac Paddocks
• Quartet Perennial Ryegrass7.5 lbs
• Due Festuolium 7.5 lbs• Tekapo Orchardgrass 15 lbs• Starfire Red Clover 4 lbs*• Kopu White Clover 2 lbs*
• * Clover were seed in March, 2003
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Barenbrug Paddocks
• Baradan Orchardgrass 11.25 lbs
• Barcel Tall Fescue 14.75 lbs• Alice White Clover 2 lbs*• Freedom Red Clover 5 lbs*
• Clover Seed March 2003
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Pennington Paddocks
• Max Q Tall Fescue 20 lbs• Patriot White Clover 3 lbs*
• White Clover Seeded March, 2003
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Frost Seeding of Clover
• For the Ampac and Barenbrug Paddocks
• 5 lbs Red Clove and 2 lbs White Clover frost seed in March each year.
• For Pennington Paddocks 2 lbs White Clover frost seeded in March each year.
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Percent Clover in Stand
• When study begin in spring of 2008 the stands consisted of 60 percent cool season grasses and 40 percent clovers by dry matter content in all paddocks. Half of paddocks continue to receive clovers frost seeded annually and one half of paddocks received no clovers for 4 years from 2008 to 2011.
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Crude Protein % Average for 2008 thru 2011, U of I Dudley Smith
Farm
0
5
10
15
20
25
2008 2009 2010 2011
Ampac-CL
Ampac-No Cl
Barenbrug-CL
Barenbrug-No CL
Max Q-CL
Max Q-No CL
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% TDN Average for 2008 thru 2011, U of I Dudley Smith Farm
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2008 2009 2010 2011
Ampac-Cl
Ampac-No Cl
Barenbrug-Cl
Barenbrug-No Cl
Max Q-Cl
Max-Q-No Cl
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% RFV Average for 2008, 2009 , 2010 & 2011
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2008 2009 2010 2011
Ampac-Cl
Ampac-No Cl
Barenbrug-Cl
Barenbrug-No Cl
Max-Q-Cl
Max-Q-No Cl
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Value and Amount of Nitrogen Fixed
by Various Legumes
Crop N fixedLbs/a/yr
N Value
$ AT
$0.55/lb
$0.65/lb
$0.75/lb
AlfalfaRed CloverWhite Clover
150-25075-20075-150
83-13841-11026-83
97-16249-13049-97
112-18756-15056-112
Vetch, Lespedezaetc
50-150 28-83 33-97 37-112Source: Marvin Hall, Pennsylvania State University
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Advantages of Mixtures of Cool Season Grasses and Clovers
• Legumes provide nitrogen for grasses• Legumes improve forage quality and
reduce the potential for nitrate poisoning• The fibrous root system of grass helps in
stabilizing slopes and reducing erosion• The stand life of forages is lengthended• Grasses reduce bloat potential when
included with legumes
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Clovers are generally higher in the following nutrients than grasses
• Crude Protein• TDN• Calcium• Magnesium• Clovers maintain much higher levels
of magnesium than grasses on wet soils in spring, reducing potential for cattle losses from tetany.
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Average daily gain and gains per acreof steers grazing tall fescue and tall
fescue-clovers pastures.Gains Gains
Pastures Average Daily Gain
Steer Acre
Tall Fescue-Ladino Clover
1.53 307 582
Tall Fescue-+ 150 lb n/a
1.06 203 374
Source: Hoveland, C.S., et.al. 1981. Bulletin 530. Auburn University
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Effect of Interseeding on Pasture Yield(Year after Seeding)
Species Yield Tons/Acre
Alone With Red Clover
Control 0.72 -
Red Clover 1.45 -
Bromegrass 0.89 1.48
Bluegrass 1.06 1.77
Orchardgrass 1.04 1.40
Timothy 1.14 1.74
Perennial Ryegra 1.05 1.37Source: Cosgrove, 1995 University of Wisconsin
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Dry Matter Yields of Fescue-Clover vsFescue-Nitrogen-Lexington, Ky, 1978,
2 yr Average
Treatment Yield, lb.ac
Fescue-Red Clover
6 lb seed/ac
11,100
Fescue + Nitrogen
0 lb/ac
90 lb/ac
180 lb/ac
3,900
6,700
9,900
Source: Taylor, T.H. , et.al. University of Kentucky
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Clover percentage, dry matter and crude protein yields of 2nd year
orchardgrass-red clover mixture
Total Dry Matter
(lbs/acre)
Clover, % Crude Protein (lbs/acre)
Grass Clover Total
11,783 57 721 1,348 2,069
Source: Templeton, W.C. 1975. University of Kentucky
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Georgia CLOVER VS NITROGEN
Pasture Average Daily
Gain (lb/day)
Gain per acre
(lbs)
Toxic tall fescue
+ N
0.60 187
Toxic tall fescue
+ Durana
1.79 296
Toxic tall fescue
+ Regal
0.89 136
Source: John Andrae, White Clover Establishment and Management GuideUniversity of Georgia
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Average daily gain and gains per acreof steers grazing tall fescue and tall
fescue-clovers pastures.
Gains Gains
Pastures Average Daily Gain
Steer Acre
Tall Fescue-
Ladino Clover1.53 307 582
Tall Fescue-+ 150 lb n/a
1.06 203 374
Source: Hoveland, C.S., et.al. 1981. Bulletin 530. Auburn University
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Animal Performance on grass vs. legume-grass mixtures
Species Length of Trail/yrs
Gain/ Head
Animal Class
State
Tall Fescue
Tall Fescue-Red & Ladino Clover
3 0.12
0.74
Cows Indiana
Tall Fescue
Tall Fescue-Red & Ladino Clover
3 1.30
1.80
Calves Indiana
Orchardgrass
Orchardgrass-Ladino Clover
10 1.07
1.28
Steers Virginia
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Table 4. Conception Rates on Grass vs. Grass-Legume Pastures
Species Conception Rate % State
Tall Fescue Tall Fescue+Legume
75 89
IL
Tall Fescue Tall Fescue+Clover
72 92
IN
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Beef Steer performance as affected by clover on pastures of endophyte-free
tall fescue (E) and other grasses
State Grass Clover ADG-LB Gain/acre
GA E-tall fes Ladino 2.31 356
GA E-tall fes 150 lbs N 1.93 383
WA E-tall fes Ladino + 100lbs N
2.07 918
WA E-tall fes. 200 lbs N 1.74 642
MI Orchard Ladino 1.83 291
MI Orchard 50 lbs N 1.52 246
WA Orchard Ladino & 100 lbs N
2.40 951
WA Orchard 200 lbs N 1.74 531
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Frost Seeding
• Frost seeding legumes and grasses is increasingly being used by producers as a means to improve pasture yields or change forage species composition within the pasture.
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Keys to successful frost seedings
• 1. Seed to soil contact• 2. Reduce plant competition with
new seedlings• 3. Species selection and seeding
rates• 4. Seeding time
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Frost seeding pitfalls
– 1. Seed planted into sod too tall.– 2. Legumes seeds not inoculated.– 3. Competition by taller grass.– 4. Poor soil fertility.
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Fescue and Red Clover
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Summary: Benefits of Clovers
• 1. Improved Quality• 2. Nitrogen Fixation• 3. Higher Yields• 4. Extend Summer Growth
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Summary # 2: Cost of Clovers vs Commercial
Fertilizers• The Cost for frost seeding clovers has
ranged from$20 to $30 per year.
• The cost for commercial nitrogen applied at 100 lbs. actual nitrogen per acre would range from $55 to $75 plus application cost per year.