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Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
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UNIVERSITY OF HARGEISA
THESIS
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT OF OBTAINING
THE BACHELOR DEGREE OF ECONOMCS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE
BACHELOR DEGREE
ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL CIENCE
ADVISOR: c/ rahaman dirye
AXMED XASSAN NUUR
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Declaration
I declare that my research paper approved for the requirements of the University
Bachelor Degree (BA) faculty of the economic and political science at university
of the hargeisa Somaliland.
Am also announce that this paper is result my effort and I grantee all the material
whit in this dissertation has been not used in any other paper .
And decaled that any part of this book will not allowed unauthorized coping
reporting without permission.
Finally this research report I make care full planning for writings deeply research
although guiding the supervisor…………………
Student signe…………………………….
Adver singe………………………………
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Dedication
I dedicate this paper to my parents ( xasan nuur guule and Asha ibrahin abdi,) who
built me morally and physically as well as give me full support to my education
and maintain in the direction of my future and ask to ALLAH to life good days for
the live and enter paradise .
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Acknowledgement
Fists and foremost i started the name of Allah who aid me a good health (ALHAMDULILLAH)
and allow to me the ability to complete the research paper.
Second I am heartily thank full to my supervisor Abdirmahan dirye whose encouragement
guidance and supported and supper form the initial to the final level enable me to enable me to
develop understanding of the subject.
I would like to thank to all management of faculty of economics and political science especially
dean of faculty Mr. (omer yuose buux) that supported me throughout my education with
patience and knowledge at the same time as allowing me the room to wake in my own way I
attribute the level of my degree to their encouragement and effort and without them this thesis
would not have been completed or written
I gratefully acknowledge the teacher for the teaching advice and crucial contribution that made
strong backbone of my life listening, managing, and solving the problem, their involvements
with their originality has triggered and nourished my intellectual maturity that I will benefit
from, for long time to come.
Furthermore I wish to thank all my family members my beloved brothers and sisters for moral
and financial support they give me during my study in academic arena, my great sister mrs
samiira cawil gamadiid and mr mukhatar maxmed ismail. for being my side and helping
me financial and morally since I accomplished my research . also I would like to thank my
beloved anti Ash ibraahin abdi who help me along time of accomplished my degree financial
and morally.
And finally I would like to thank everybody who was hold up to the realization completion of
this thesis , I am expressing my apology as I would not mention everybody of my beloved
supporters I love you all thank again.
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Table continents’
Declaration………………………………………………………………………2
Dedication………………………………………………………………………3
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………4
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 7
The problem statement ................................................................................................................................ 8
The purpose of the study .......................................................................................................................... 9
Objective of the study ............................................................................................................................... 9
1.4.1 the General objective of the research ......................................................................................... 9
1.4.2. The specific objective of the research ...................................................................................... 10
Research questions ................................................................................................................................. 10
1.6. Scope of the research study ............................................................................................................. 11
1.7 significance of the study ................................................................................................................... 11
1.8. Limitations of the study ................................................................................................................... 11
Chapter two ................................................................................................................................................ 12
2. LITRETURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 12
2.1. Introduction of Somaliland economy .............................................................................................. 12
1.3 The nomadic pastoral production system ........................................................................................ 13
2.4 Population of different herd species. ............................................................................................... 14
2.5 pressure of livestock in Somaliland................................................................................................... 15
2.5.1. Cyclical drought ......................................................................................................................... 16
2.5.2. Water point, human settlement and transport ........................................................................ 16
2.5.3. Charcoal production .................................................................................................................. 17
2.6 livestock heath .................................................................................................................................. 18
2.7 importance of keeping livestock and animal heath .......................................................................... 18
2.8 The Livestock Trade (exported) ........................................................................................................ 19
2.9 Livestock Traders .............................................................................................................................. 19
2.10 livestock market diversification of Somaliland ............................................................................... 20
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2.11 significance livestock in Somaliland ................................................................................................ 24
2.12 Causes of Somaliland livestock ban ................................................................................................ 25
2.13 Economic impact of livestock ban .................................................................................................. 25
Livestock price: .................................................................................................................................... 25
Price of imported commodities .......................................................................................................... 26
Local Currency issue: ........................................................................................................................... 26
Government Revenue ......................................................................................................................... 26
Trade of livestock in urban centers: .................................................................................................... 27
Unemployment:- ................................................................................................................................. 27
Effects peoples live hood: ................................................................................................................... 27
2.14 Maintaining of the livestock trade .................................................................................................. 27
2.15 Livestock Regulation and policies ................................................................................................... 28
CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................................... 29
3. RESEACH METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................... 29
3.1 research design ............................................................................................................................. 29
3.2 Methods date collection ............................................................................................................... 29
3.2.1 Questionnaires ........................................................................................................................... 30
3.2.2 Interview .................................................................................................................................... 31
3, 2.3 Sampling .................................................................................................................................... 31
Sample method ................................................................................................................................... 31
Chapter four ................................................................................................................................................ 32
4.0 analysis and findings ....................................................................................................................... 32
Chapter five ................................................................................................................................................. 44
5.1 Conclusion and recommendations ................................................................................................... 44
Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................. 44
Recommendation .................................................................................................................................... 45
BIBIGRAGRAPHY .......................................................................................................................................... 49
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Chapter one:
INTRODUCTION
this study research paper discuss and digest the role of the livestock trade in Somaliland
economic growth and haw the trade of livestock to have importance in the society
since 1991 the people of the north west regions declared the information of the indepent
republic, who territory comprises that of the farmer British Somaliland set about rebuilding
the political social and economic institutions of government to the Somaliland people is the
pastoralist .
so this study research constrated the detail of fact point out the several key national
government police and taxation and trade at effect the economic growth and reviews the
impact of current economic in Somaliland , the pastorist is one of the primary production
system in Somaliland the majority of the people direct and indirect obtain the livestock .
this research paper involves detail analysis of livestock trade and how contributed the
economic growth of Somaliland because Somaliland economy has under gone important
structure change since the war, in deregulated free market economy the privet sector has
grow rapidly the dissolution of the state monopolies and rigid economic controls and privet
sector expansion.
So livestock are the main source of livestock for the Somaliland people, opportunities and
accounts for about 60% of GDP , account for up to 85% of the total export earnings, it
contributes to government revenues and provides employments to the wide range of
veterinary professional and other services .
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The problem statement
The livestock is one of most important factor that contributed to the Somaliland economy most
Somaliland people such as livestock exports and local livestock traders depend on the livestock
and the livestock economy, also the government gets most of its revenue from the livestock.
So this paper concerns livestock trade is link to the economic growth of Somaliland because
directly and indirectly the livestock trade and livestock husbandry is the dominate system of
production in Somaliland over half the population of Somaliland is involves in same from of
animal husbandry either as nomadic or transhumant so this research based on fact and figure that
are reliable and based on the reality , because practice of scientific research methodology that
respond haw we can understand the significance of the livestock trade in the Somaliland
economic growth .
The livestock trade always the backbone of the economy of Somaliland and the livestock
production continues trade to be the main source of daily subsistence for nomadic families and
the main source of income and employment for urban dwellers. In 1988 war broke out in
former Somalia republic between the government and Somali national movement, in that decade
of civil war which exploded every side of live in northern regions of former Somali republic.
This war finally led the total collapse of Somali state, Somaliland declared its independence in
1991, although the country Somaliland is now peace full and stable and has its own government,
yet much of the consequence of the war are still visible. The country has so far not been able to
gain international recognition and this prevents it from obtaining international long term
investments or loans.
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To make the matter worse, livestock exports which has been the background of the economy for
centuries has been banned for long time by Saudi authority whose country constituted the largest
market for Somaliland livestock banned it comes on bases suspected by diseases outbreak in
Somaliland livestock even though livestock ban has been lifted recently still Somaliland
economy suffers from the ban consequence.
The purpose of the study
The purpose of the research paper is how the to identified the valuable important of livestock
production and trade in to the foreign countries the economic growth in Somaliland people
because livestock is the backbone of Somaliland economy and most of Somaliland people get
their income from livestock directly and indirectly.
my purpose is to represent the significance of the livestock Somali society and
understanding the livestock trade is income and employment urban dwellers and government
revenue is heavily depend on livestock export.
And the other objectives of the study to the under lined the problems face the livestock and
other pressures on the environment are manmade such as the increase in the number of water
point and settlement the increase the in off – road vehicle traffic and charcoal production
This factors contributed to the degradation of the pastoral range lands .
Objective of the study
1.4.1 the General objective of the research
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The general objective is to explain the Roll the livestock trade contributed Somaliland
economic growth and how the people benefit livestock production system.
1.4.2. The specific objective of the research
The specific purpose of conducting this research paper is:
To assess the impact of livestock on Somaliland economy
To evaluate the situation of livestock distribution.
To find out ways to improve livestock health.
To understand livestock marketing ,trading, exporting
The indentify the problem against livestock economy in Somaliland and the to
find the possible solutions of the problem against livestock economy growth
of Somaliland.
Research questions
What is the importance of livestock economy in Somaliland?
Haw livestock productions contribute household income of Somaliland?
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What are the main problems against the livestock economy of Somaliland?
1.6. Scope of the research study
This study will be carried out in Hargeisa , the capital city of Somaliland where most of the
livestock exporters and local traders stay, the this research concern the significance the livestock
trade in the Somaliland economy growth.
1.7 significance of the study
The governments of Somaliland in particular the public sector service will establish
policy framework this will help the governments to improve the public sector
departments and the local population. entirely Somaliland will get a benefit from
this study
The study will benefit good decentralization in public sector enterprises such as local
NGOs in Somaliland regions to do the activities of community adjusted in enhance
the service delivery
The study will advantageous for improving selected public sector enterprises and
creation a social welfare of Somaliland regions in an efficiency of improving
livestock trade policy and the ways of looking after the livestock.
The study will also benefit most of the Somaliland people those are directly depend.
1.8. Limitations of the study
the limitation of the study or the constraint faced for the reseaher of this topic, which is not
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mainly effected was the time constrain which could weakened the reliabiliyand or the value of
the date. The data mostly were collected from Hargeisa and some other areas that really seems
the resource of the data.
Time: the time is cutting every minute as everything is going on, whatever the researcher does
is taking a suitable time and the time is little bit hard as I am working with my too much private
Cost: distributing questionnaires and interviews of data collection are the basic cost consuming,
the transportation cost, and the cost of the equipments that a researcher use et
Works.
Social Barrier: although the labor of the public sector as well as superior managers have lack of
higher education’s, the attitude of the public sector managers is something like
The common problem: is that our livestock traders are not aware and could not understand and
answer the questions economically. It was difficult to see the livestock stakeholders with specific
places and locations .the most difficult that had faced during conducting this paper understood
the questionnaire of our people because most of our society is illiterate.
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Chapter two
2. LITRETURE REVIEW
2.1. Introduction of Somaliland economy The Somaliland economy has under gone important structural changes since the war in
deregulated free market economy, the privet business sector has growth n rapidly the dissolution
of state monopolies and rigid economy controls together with privet sector expansion, has
significantly contributed to the growth of Somaliland economy in the aftermath of war, providing
employment opportunities and capital investment for the process of reconstruction. Trade
through Berber port has surpassed pre- war levels, the service sector has experienced rapid
growth in the post – war – period, with a proliferation of companies provides the latest
communication facilities, airlines and financial service. Small enterprises like bakeries
restaurants convenience stores and office supplies have returned to the market places of the
urban centers.( the resource the academic peace and development in 2001)
1.3 The nomadic pastoral production system
Somali pastoral society , with its clan based political culture and devotion to Islam, has survived
recurrent droughts an man made calamities relatively intact, the current situation in Somaliland
pastoral environment , how over must be understood in terms of the changes that have taken
place in the pastoral production system over the last one hundred years.
Historically, free – foraging livestock production was the dominant land use system and Somali
pastoralist was characterized by high degree of mobility of herds and household in the words of
aburco elders.
The traditional pastoral herd consisted of goats and sheep and camel the precise compassion of
family herd reflected both the characteristics of the ranged land environment and the production
targets of the pastoralist, camels and goats in particular are better adapted to the harsh conditions
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of the nomadic environment than cattle and sheep . the different species have the ability to with
stand the harsh condition of the region and nomadic pastoralist works to maximized the marginal
opportunity offered by scarce pasture and erratic rainfall . in the past the seasons imposed
specific patterns of grazing on the communal rangelands . for example in the wet season lush
pastures allowed the livestock to forage over wide areas while the dry season restricted grazing
to the vicinities of perm ante water points shoes and camels were not grazed at the same place.
Camels which can stay without water for long periods , were sent to for place to grazed shoats
and same milk and burden camel grazed closer to the household or the nomadic hamlet , the wife
, her daughters and those male children who were not yet strong enough to go out with the camel
, stayed . the husband typically commuted between the camel camp and the nomadic hamlet.
How over that numbers of livestock have been decreasing during the 1990s as resulted of
pastoral rangeland degradation and insufficient grass space in same areas even at time in which
the livestock export ban by suad Arbia has maximized export from Somaliland, participants in
this study asserted that the livestock population is not increasing, because most of the livestock
for export comes from beyond Somaliland borders there are also indication that pastoralist are
selling animals at lower price in to local markets in order to compensate for their lost export
earnings, as well as for household consumption..
2.4 Population of different herd species. Before we proceed in this paper livestock and its contribution to the Somaliland economic
Development we need first to define what livestock are.
Livestock is a domestic animal which lives on grass such as cattle or horse and it is raised for
home use or Profit, livestock usually lives in farms.
Livestock can also refer to animals that are kept by man to supply meat, milk and some other
product, or use
Somaliland well known livestock are Camel, Goat, sheep and cattle sheep are used for wool,
meat (mutton and lambs), and to small extent for milk
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Sheep are commonly divided in to three types based on whether their wool is fine, medium or
coarse perhaps the first animals to be used husbandry, they were domesticated in southeastern
Asia. About 1billion are now distributed throughout the world, with largest population in the
western United States .Africa, Asia Europe, Commercial sheep farming is usually conducted on
large tracks of land, divided in to operation units containing 1000 or more animals. Source of
Ministry of livestock in S/L
per unit, sheep are also raised as a secondary enterprise on many small farms, they are well
adopted to a semi arid regions and to land that is too steep or enough for the cultivation of crops
.Goats were first domesticated in same region as sheep and uses but about 1500 years later, they
are about two fifth a numerous as sheep and show a similar distribution. Source of Ministry of
livestock in S/L
cattle are usually divided in to three types beef and dual purpose ,an intermediate type used for
both milk and meat ,it’s believed that cattle were domesticated about 8500 years ago in south
eastern Europe ,with south eastern Asia probable second centre domesticated . World cattle
population is more than 1billion with half concentrated in South America, Europe and countries
of former USSR, us, India. Source of VOA (voice of America)
Most beef cattle are raised on large rangeland but feedlots. Dairy cattle are managed in
Most beef cattle are raised on large rangeland but feedlots. Dairy cattle are managed in relatively
large herds under intensive conditions near centers of dense population, cheese, dried milk and
other specialized products however usually come from small farms with cattle set out to pasture,
see dairy farming.
camels large ruminant native to desert regions of Asia and north Africa ,there are two types of
camels the Arabian or dromedary camel which has one hump ,and the Bactrian camel which has
two humps the humps are stared flesh and flat ,absorbed as nutrition when food is scarce . a cam
el can subsist without water for several weeks , the camel usually stands 2m(7ft) tall as shoulder
the hump rises about 30cm(6.5ft) Source of VOA ( voice of America )
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2.5 pressure of livestock in Somaliland
This section identified the numerous factors that are putting pressure on the pastorals
environment and effecting livestock production are following:
Cyclical drought
Increased water points, human settlement and transport
Charcoal production
Private enclosure
Increases in livestock and human production
2.5.1. Cyclical drought In Somaliland drought is a recurrent phenomenon and is considered one of the main
environmental pressures on the livestock economy between 1911 and 1974 there were eight
prolonged pried of drought in Somaliland .
The consequences of prolonged drought can be devastating A lack of rain full reduced the
vegetation cover and biodiversity of the land, which can lead to loss of livestock from starvation
or water stress. The droughts can trigger food shortage, the forced liquidation of livestock at
depressed price, migration to urban centers or comps and loss of human life form starvation or
social conflict.
And other hand some exporters argue that droughts helps to keep livestock growth in check, by
enforcing the balance between range capacity and livestock numbers.
In the risk prone environment of Somaliland, pastoralist has developed strategic to ameliorate the
impact of rainfall fail. Hiring trucks to transport water and grass to drought affected areas and
building barked to harvest rain water are two such strategies , there is some evidence, how over,
that their coping capacities have been weakened by various factors such as privet enclosures ,
and increased water point in order to soften the socio economic impact of drought on pastoralist
and to enhance their coping capacity, organizations and preparedness planes should be
established to predict and respond to drought.
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2.5.2. Water point, human settlement and transport The availability of sufficient water has been and eternal problems for the Somali nomads, whose
movement is determined by the location of water source and pasture modern development
strategies that have introduced mechanized boreholes, wells and berkedo to mitigate the problem
of water availilbity have impacted on the environment.
The first berkedo to harvest rainwater introduced in the the dry hawd zone in the 1950 there was
steady growth in their number in the 1960 and a sharp increase in the 1970, following the
drought of 1974 alhuaght many were destroyed during the war barkado construction was
reinvigorate after 1991 as people retuned to the country, Even in regions like sanaag, were
previously uncommon, berkado are now wide spread.
2.5.3. Charcoal production
The production of charcoal and firewood is a majority environmental concern fuel wood and
charcoal are the main source of energy for Somaliland and as the population and settlement s
have grown, the demand for forest products has increase , charcoal production has greatly
increased since the collapse of the last government in 1991 as result of export demand and
increased urban consumption, due to returning refugees ans out migration from the rural areas,
in the Somaliland today, an estimate eight million trees cut annually for charcoal production .
Household in Hargeise and other urban centers depend on charcoal for their cooking, and
charcoal came hargeisa each day the equivalent of roughly 29,200 tons per year and the charcoal
production consumption in the whole Somaliland was to be estimated 480,000 tone per year
based on in estimate of 300,000 families use the and average of two bags ( 15 kg each) per weak
( Berol 2000) .
The charcoal production recognized the negative environment impact of charcoal production the
Somaliland government banned the export of the charcoal. And that is only way that reduced the
charcoal activities.
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2.5.4. Enclosures and the privatization of rangeland
The enclosures of rangeland is another critical environment preoccupation of Somaliland
pastoralist, Enclosures represent the de facto privatization of communal grazing land and as such
are a point of contention between pastoralist and enclosure owners. The practice is not new, but
it is a rapidly increasing trend , enclosure owners illegally grab a portion of communal land,
sometime as large as five to ten squared kilometer in their home( clan) territory which they then
prevent other from using commenting on an area where the practiced is specially intense,
2.5.5. Increases in livestock number
Over the past 60 years an expansion in human and livestock population has been exerting
pressure on the pastoral environment. This is no exact date on the size of the herd in Somaliland.
extraploting from the 1975 somalia census of livestock , the following annual growth rate are
assumed for Somaliland goat 2.4% sheep1.5% cattle and camels1.1%( source Somaliland
ministry of planning)
2.6 livestock heath Health in livestock is defined as state in which all the body organs or parts and system are
considered normal and function normally the term disease , on the other hand , is described as
any deviation or interrupts in the state of body of animal or its organs which interrupt the proper
performance of its function .
It is important to note that profitable animal production demands good husbandry of healthy
animal as disease remains profit limiting factor in the tropical countries like Somaliland , correct
feeding programmed must be supplemented by knowledgeable production of the animals from
prevalent disease , animal health is the key to disease prevention and treatment of livestock
disease must therefore be complements to their measure form increase production the central of
pests and disease in livestock is vital importance if the animal are to grow and developed
properly unhealthy livestock can be problem on a farm and they are un economical to keep as
their production
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2.7 importance of keeping livestock and animal heath There are several reasons why the ensure livestock are kept health because of the livestock is
take part the significance rolle the Somaliland economy growth these era season.
i. Heath livestock grow well and fast enough to reach maturity quickly
ii. Health animals give maximum production or perform to their best I,e maintain high
productivity.
iii. Health livestock produce larger quantities of products which are also good quality and
consequently command a high market value.
iv. Healthy animal will not spread infectious and contagious disease to their animal or
human being it is very important that produce from animals specially for human
consumption, are healthy and safe to use , this is basic requirement for both local and
export markets.
v. Health livestock are economical and easy to keep as the farmers spend less money on
disease treatment hence reduction of production of cost leading to maximization of profit
and economic growth
..
2.8 The Livestock Trade (exported)
Somaliland's economic recovery owes a great deal to the livestock trade. Understanding the
dynamics of this trade is essential to understanding Somaliland's post-war economy. In postwar
Somaliland, a restructuring of livestock marketing has taken place in recent years, with new
actors involved, changes in the sources of livestock and terms of trade. The market and the
producers are also vulnerable to external forces, as is clear from the two embargoes on imports
of Somali livestock, by Somaliland's main trading partners in the Gulf in 1998 and 2000. There
is, therefore, a concern in Somaliland about the current state of the livestock marketing in
Somaliland, at production and market level. This section analyses of current livestock marketing
system in Somaliland, identifies ways to improve livestock exports and a common approach to
formulating regulatory mechanisms for the livestock market. For the purposes of this report,
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livestock marketing is understood to mean the entire system of transactions of livestock within
Somaliland.
Livestock markets in Somaliland are places where the rural producer, the urban consumer and
the exporter come together to make exchanges.
2.9 Livestock Traders
Livestock marketing in Somaliland has gone through important changes since the early
nineteenth century. Until the collapse of the last regime, livestock marketing was based on
arrangement known as the `merchant-jeeble' system (Samater, Salisbury, Bascom, 1988).
This involved a jeeble25 (middleman) purchasing animals from remote areas, trucking them to
the major local markets and selling them for a profit to export merchants. Since the war, new
developments in the livestock trade have weakened this old arrangement. A new breed of large
export-import merchant has emerged to dominate the market. In 1997, one merchant was
reportedly responsible for exporting some 60% of the livestock.26 these traders have had a
greater impact on local livestock marketing practices than their pre-war predecessors. Pre-war,
their activities were confined to exportation and they mostly purchased the livestock from the
main local markets. At the same time, commodity importers were not involved in livestock
trading. Since the war, the major livestock traders have also become commodity importers and
wholesale retailers. This gives them control over the supply of food to Somaliland and their
presence, therefore, is felt throughout the entire livestock marketing system, from pastoral areas
to the point of export. In the words of middle-level livestock trader in Burco: "Everywhere their
foodstuffs and livestock heads are being exc In recent years, the merchant-jeeble system has
been gradually replaced by the merchant-wakiil system, in which a wakiil (or agent) for a major
livestock trader purchases animals from the hinterland. In this new arrangement, the wakiil
receives as salary and a commission from the trader. This provides more direct contact between
the trader and the producer and has reduced the participation of middlemen in livestock
transactions. The traders have an extensive network of agents throughout the country, as well as
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
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in Somalia and Ethiopia. They purchase the livestock from these remote areas using the
merchant's foodstuffs or the income from the sales of foodstuffs and other consumables. For their
part the agents try to purchase the highest quality livestock and consequently sheep and goats,
cattle and camels exported from Berbera have a good reputation in the markets of Saudi Arabia
and Yemen (EC-FAO, 1995).
2.10 livestock market diversification of Somaliland Traditionally nomads used to derive a major portion of their diet from livestock and their
products. Today, only a tiny portion of their daily intake comes from livestock products, mainly
in the form of milk and the occasional home slaughter. Most comes from imported cereals and
other non-pastoral products. Even household utensils, furnishings and tools that used to be
homemade are imported. In order to keep pace with their growing consumption and use of non-
pastoral products, pastoralists must sell a sizeable part their produce, such as livestock, hides,
and milk. Thus most of the income of pastoral households is spent on imported items that are
available in urban centers. Commercial relationship between the producer and the exporters,
whereby one is selling to meet basic needs and the other is buying for financial gain (Samater,
Salisbury & Bascom, 1988). In this partial barter relationship, the producers and the middlemen
are asked to take
half of their payments in kind, as rice, sugar or flour. In a typical exchange a producer might
receive 60,000 Sl.Sh cash or the equivalent of 65,000 in kind, from a dealer for a single sheep or
goat. The price difference is an incentive for the producers to opt for payment in foodstuffs
rather than cash. A further incentive is that foodstuffs will be paid
Immediately, while cash may take several days. With the limited options available and ongoing
daily expenses to meet, most producers are not in position to bargain. One of the pastoralist
participants in this study describes the dilemma they face when they bring their herds to the local
markets.
Many problems are associated with selling the herds. There are no fixed prices or anticipated
prices. The prices depend on circumstances beyond our control and on the number of animals
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
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one brings [to the market]. We never get [the animal's] value, when you compare the price to the
effort that went into it. The offers we get from the buyers are half cash and half in kind (sugar,
rice, and flour). Sometimes we might need rice and flour, and they offer us sugar, so we literally
have to auction the sugar to buy other needs. So we are losers every time.
The revenues generated by livestock sales do not accrue to the producers alone. Before the civil
war, at least seven individuals, excluding the producers, had claims on each head of exported
livestock before it was shipped out of the country, without adding any value (Samater, Salisbury,
Bascom, 1988). Today, at a time of peak unemployment, local livestock markets have become
the place where many unemployed people try to get their enough to survive in one day
consequently, it is not surprising that the number of individuals making claim on each head has
increased. In every local market, brokers and other intermediaries visibly outnumber buyers and
sellers. Armies of brokers carrying sticks form human circles around small clusters of animals,
and much of the time there are more people in the circle than heads of livestock. Each of these
brokers gets some of the proceedings from the sale. One participant has estimated that as many
as twenty-five people become involved in single transaction at a local market. Producers and the
middlemen see these intermediaries as parasites that are siphoning off their earnings. Some of
these intermediates are very well aware of these concerns, but argue that they deserve to be paid
for their efforts in the marketplace. One broker explained the services they render: Once the
herds reach the local market, they fall under our responsibility as brokers.
Urban livestock markets are the meeting place for the rural producer and urban consumer,
livestock exporters and various intermediaries, and as such are the barometer of Somaliland's
economic health (WSP/SCPD, 2000).
Large-scale export-import businesses, medium and small scale entrepreneurs, urban middlemen,
rural agents and vast network of retailers are engaged at different levels in distributing imported
goods within the country and outside the country and ensuring the flow of production from
producers to the point of export. Urban livestock centers can therefore be described as critical
distributors of wealth, services, goods and a source of employment. A persistent burden on the
livestock trade is multiple local taxation. On the way to local markets and on the return trip, there
are often several checkpoints at which producers have to pay local taxes. Although the
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
23
government has introduced legislation to eliminate multiple taxation, the problem still persists in
district is away from the tarmac roads.( rebuilding Somaliland issues and possibilities
book2000)
Women marketing
In the past war period the number of women involved in trading activities has increased
including in livestock trading activities , they dominant in domestic meat and milk marketing ,
although few have ventured , as livestock traders ,
Slaughter markets
Women tend to be involved in all aspects of the slaughter market ( daabax) form selling to
butchering , it is trade that provides income and occupational opportunities for many lower
income women , women as jeeble purchase female livestock across the border inside Ethiopia
same other consumption and others sent to Djibouti , and animal for slaughter arrive at the local
markets by various means and in various number , most of them come by vehicles and few are
bought on foot, they are either sold restaurant owners or women butchers , who then go to the
local markets ( sayled) to sell either cash and credit , most of the meat vendors have regular
customer , who are close relatives and friends , this trade is not without problems,
Milk markets: :-The demand for milk is growing in the sprawling towns with their rapidly
expanding population. Milk sales have been increasing in Somaliland, developing into an
important source of income for the pastoralists. According to one report some 80% of the daily
income of pastoralists comes from the sale of milk (Bertolli, 2000). Women dominate this sector,
either bringing the milk directly into the urban centers or selling it to associations of women in
permanent settlements, who send it on to the urban centers. In Boorame, each day from dawn to
noon, hordes of women carrying milk in one or two litres containers converge on the town from
the west, some walking a distance of up to 30kms. Some of these women described their
work."We sell this little bit of milk, just to get some sugar, rice, and tea, and if it is possible, we
buy tobacco for our husbands. If we don't sell the milk in time, we leave it with someone and we
borrow money to meet our needs. In the afternoon they return to their homes carrying with them
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
24
what they have bought from the market. In Hargeysa, women go door-to-door selling milk to
meet their family necessary need,
Skins and hides
In the pre-war period and historically hide and skin has been major trading item export in hide
and skin has resumed and was profitable in the early nineties, export, encing an increase in
export. As a result of flooding the market, prices went down and exports fell sharply in the mind
90s .
Now in Burco there is antennary plant with a processing capacity of 2000 skin per day that has
been working for about two year and processing about 800 pieces per day, same of these product
are being used locally and some are for export, also at the time of writing there is anther skin
and hide tannery plant under construction in lasqoorey.
2.11 significance livestock in Somaliland Somaliland’s economy is heavily affected by its arid and semi arid climate and the mainstay of
the economy has long been nomadic pastoralist. No other country in Africa is self reliant and the
fortunes of so many of its people depend on livestock production. According to a recent World
Bank report, about 60 percent of Somaliland’s GDP and employment is related to livestock
production and trade. The government of Somaliland is heavily dependent on Livestock export
which provides as much as 80 % of its tax revenue. Historic data provided
by the UNDP also shows in 1997, Somaliland’s livestock exports was estimated to be around US
$ 120.8 million which accounted for more than 80 % of the total foreign exchange earnings of
the country.
The contribution of livestock sector to the generation of the GNP was about 60%.Contribution of
livestock to the national economy is estimated at 60-65%.About 60% of the Somaliland
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
25
population rely mainly on the products and by products of their livestock for daily sustenance.
The importance of livestock industry in Somaliland represents about 65% of the house hold
economy of the population of the country, and to the national economy as well. The livestock
sector development should grow ascending to challenge the poverty levels of livestock producers
and meet livestock production demand both at local market and foreign trade requirements. The
contribution of the livestock industry to the national economy includes providing livelihood
requirements to about 70% (pastoral and agro-pastoral) of the population. Source of UNDP
report
2.12 Causes of Somaliland livestock ban
Livestock bans came in response to fears by the importing countries of the Arabian peninsula of
the health risks involving animal transmission of epizootic rift valley fever(RVF) and subsequent
outbreaks of the disease in human, the livestock ban by KSA in 1998-1999 was precautionary
measure, taken in response to a confirmed epizootic RVF out breaks in northern Kenya and
southern Somalia, in contrast the second ban was a direct and immediate reaction to a fatal
outbreaks of RVF in Saudi Arabia and in Yemen, in that outbreaks more than 300 people died,
many others were hospitalize and millions of dollars mobilized to limit the spread of the disease.
Disease transmission:- rift valley fever(RVF) is an cute mosquito both viral disease affect
mainly rum anal animal and humans, it causes spontaneous abortion in pregnant animals and is
responsible for increased mortality rates in young animals, in humans it manifest it’s an acute
flu-like illness with fever, shivering, headache and vomiting.
Disease transmission:- rift valley fever(RVF) is an cute mosquito both viral disease affect
mainly rum anal animal and humans, it causes spontaneous abortion in pregnant animals and is
responsible for increased mortality rates in young animals, in humans it manifest it’s an acute
flu-like illness with fever, shivering, headache and vomiting.
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
26
2.13 Economic impact of livestock ban
Livestock ban has severe economic impact on Somaliland economy, we cannot deny the fact
that livestock ban changed many economic factors and leads to decline in overall economic
condition in Somaliland.
Livestock price: There was an immediate decrease in livestock prices following the imposition
of the imports ban on Sep 2000, in real terms export livestock quality price reached their lowest
price ever in years, since august 2000 goat/sheep lost 55% decrease in value compared to their
prices effort to the ban.
In general local livestock quality price have decreased to a lesser degree than export livestock
quality, in Buroa livestock market, the price of local quality sheep/goat was at SlSh151, 000 in
august 2000 but the price fell to SLSh131, 500 during the first six months in February 2001, in
hargeisa the local quality sheep/goat was 70,000 per head before the ban and by June 2001 the
has dropped to SlSh45, 000.
Price of imported commodities: - price of the imported commodities have displayed an
inflationary trend in local currency during the livestock ban, based on hargeisa prices sugar
increased from SlSh1400/kg in august 2000 to SlSh 2400 by august 2002, and this applicable to
the prices of sugar and rice. Pastoralist depends on the terms of trade between livestock and
commodities they need so falling price for their livestock accompanying rise in commodities
price makes their life difficult.
Local Currency issue: there has been a significant depreciation in Somaliland shillings since the
imposition of livestock ban on mid sep 2000, as livestock exports is major source of foreign
exchange earnings for Somaliland, the immediate effect of fewer dollars available combined
with the anticipation of future shortages led to an immediate increase in the prices of the dollar,
since sept 2000 the SlSh has experienced a depreciation from SlSh 3487/US in August to SlSh
6200/us in Dec 2002.
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
27
Government Revenue:-In normal times about 30% of the government revenue is earned from
livestock export trade, amounting US10million or SlSh 2.5billion,somaliland reliance on
international trade for over 73% of the entire revenue earnings makes it highly vulnerable to
external shock out of it control.
Livestock export duties are also one of the main sources of foreign exchange for Somaliland
government; the export levies on livestock are 3.50 per goat/sheep 12.50 per cattle and 17.50 per
camel.
Trade of livestock in urban centers: The trade and marketing of livestock has undergone a
number of changes since the civil war ended in 1991, the general trade has been towards
commercialized system of trade with smaller number of large exports and a reduction in the
number of middlemen involved in transaction. Livestock ban in 1998/99 and 2000/2009 forced
may shipper and traders out of the market, in 1999 there were approximately 50-70 individual
shippers and livestock exporter, with three large exporters controlled most of the trade, today the
same number of large exporters still dominant but there is now any handful of secondary
exporters. The value of imports of basic commodities (sugar, rice, wheat) etc and livestock will
come to be controlled by small number, opening the way for price manipulation.
Unemployment:-Lost export trade translate directly into increased unemployment in urban
centers since the imposition of the livestock ban, the major livestock market are lifeless empty
grounds with only minor.
Effects peoples live hood: First, pastoral activities are the reality of many people’s livelihood
practices around the globe. Extensive pastoral production takes place on some 25 per cent of the
world’s land area; it comprises herds of nearly a billion head of camel, cattle and smaller
livestock and provides 10 per cent of global meat production. Livestock production is crucial for
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
28
the livelihoods and well-being of up to 200 million households until recently the largest share of
benefits generated by pastoralist was obtained from grazers on marginal lands, where other
economic activities provide lower returns or were not viable at all. But land use and market
systems are changing at a rapid pace Globalization.
Pastoralist is one of the live style ships which people follow head of camel, cows, sheep and
goats by natural Pastoralist subsistence system based primary on domesticated animal production
meat, milk hiding pastoral classified in to three type .
2.14 Maintaining of the livestock trade In order to avoid future ban Somaliland need to regulate it livestock trade to conform
international health standards and this can be accomplished through well managed well funded
and highly trained vaternity services such as surveillance and control of trans boundary diseases,
preparedness for animal disease emergencies and veternity health and origin certificate of export
livestock.
Investment is required in infrastructure that support the exportation of livestock and the livestock
in general, investment in livestock sector is during 19970s and 1980s facilitated large growth in
livestock export, livestock export infrastructure was damaged and looted in civil wars and has
largely remain un restored since the end of the war, for example holding facilities at the port( e.g.
quarantine, marshalling yards fodder storage shelter from sun etc.
As we know Somaliland depend only on single market for its livestock export, Somaliland needs
to diversify its livestock export in order to lessen its vulnerability to single market shocks
alternatives market such as those in Jordan Egypt and Iran should be explored along with the
possibility for diversified product i.e. leather product chilled meat
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
29
2.15 Livestock Regulation and policies
Somaliland's livestock export trade suffers from an institutional crisis and a totally unregulated
environment. According to one veterinarian, out of seventy livestock dealers to Somaliland
whom he used to offer services, only nine are now in business and they are all close to
bankruptcy. The development of positive regulations and policies by the government that would
promote livestock export and the adherence to these by the actors involved in this sector is one
way out of the crisis; also livestock sector suffers from problems such as multiple taxation and
absence of financial institution
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
30
CHAPTER THREE
3. RESEACH METHODOLOGY
3.1 research design
Before examining types of research design it is important to be clear about the role and
purpose of research design, we need to understand what research design is. We need to know
where./design fits into the whole research process from framing a question finally analyzing
and reporting date. This is the purpose of the research design the research design manly
categorized into two types descriptive and explanatory.
3.2 Methods date collection
The research methodology that was used in conducting this research is qualitative approach
and this method had chosen to answer our specific question in the research paper, because
qualitative studies may ask broad, open-ended, and interconnected questions that are not
always specifiable as conventional hypotheses. The applicant expects that key in sights may
emerge during the course of the research that steer the project in unforeseeable direction. It is
openness to unanticipated findings.
As the term specified aims, reviewers expect clearly delineated precisely research aims. The
tools have used to collect the date with the combination of other methods were effectively
fits for coverage of collecting the entire date finding are interview and questioner.
The primary data is the result through administering questionnaire, interview which is the
simplest way of data collection were used by the different stakeholders of livestock, the
secondary data is the earlier studies of the field of Somaliland livestock, reports, books and
net source.
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
31
The are many methods of collecting primary date and the main method include:
3.2.1 Questionnaires
Questionnaires are a popular means of date collection date, but are difficult to design and
analysis and often required many rewrites before an acceptable questionnaire is produced.
My questionnaires was very sensitive when I asked the people because I look both paper
pencil- questioners ( self administrated ) and interviewer administrated ( structural
interview) then I met the people more admiration and respect because majority of the
people who receive my questionnaire they don’t see because it need enough time and
immediately answer and retune them, but as we know the homogenous society their a
little or no different of them hence sometimes when all responders answer as a same I
select sample.
3.2.2 Interview
Interview helps me gather valid and reliable date because my study that talk about is the
role of livestock trade in Somaliland economic growth it is more interest according the
Somaliland I can gather information need for survey since my questionnaire is short and
concise, so my study there is wide interviewing that is relevant my research questions and
object question.
3, 2.3 Sampling
The selected twenty five people who are among the field of the livestock in Somaliland
and they are among household producer, traders, in both domestic and foreigner trade
were selected as sample. The interview was designed to supplement the information
provided by questionnaires on how the traders solve or manage their for operation of
livestock business that they maintaining the street children.
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
32
The person interviewed included household producers, traders, livestock sector and how
discuss how they increase the contribution of economic national growth in the GDP by
generating funds to foreign and the degree of dependence, utilizing the barrier of affected
on livestock during their operation from domestic and international,
The questionnaire consisted of fifteen questions the people which will fill the
questionnaires are the livestock producers and livestock traders in the Somaliland society,
My research project paper is about the impact of livestock trade in Somaliland economy
growth, the subject targeted and interviewed were public and private sector individuals
interested in livestock in Hargeisa.
Sample method
This sample research is the simple random technique in hargeise city specially targeting
the market of livestock in hargeisa which meet the livestock producers and traders it most
important of research paper and get reports and other reverent information about
livestock and role of the Somaliland economic growth
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
33
Chapter four
4.0 analysis and findings
a The only things that I used when my questionnaires and interview goes run was date collecting
This research were carried out in Somaliland through survey the date were collected hargeisa
citya, specially the livestock market for both local and exportation of live animals and their
producers and livestock producers, when I research this date focused on specific person who
rearing the livestock and local traders for local consumption and international trade, we need to
make a sense or touchable meaning of our date and don’t forget to utilize the concept chart and
study questions.
The purpose of this chapter is to help you to grasp the language and terminology of qualitative
date analysis.
1. Which gender you are?
I took a sample of 25 people which are15 out of 25were male represent 60percent of them and 10 out of 25 were female represent 40 percent of them.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
male femal Total
Valid
Percent
Frequency
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
34
1. Which gender you are?
This study 60% was a male male so my study is more involves gentlemen, and most of
responders was guys because is available everywhere or you can easily contact the
gender you are that is why men more concern in this study then female
2. What type of the animal species do you rear?
The above diagram show as the how Somali people respect and rear livestock, and the
most important one for society was camel as you see the above figure the camel was 48%
of animal they rear because camel facilitate more things among the Somali society
generally, especially Somaliland pastoralist these purpose they rear camel may include
they used as transportation, they paid dowry for girls families during wedding and also as
meat/milk, but most species that Somali rear is the sheep and goat in above figure the
sheep is 28% and the goat is 16% and the cattle is smallest percent if figure is 8% any
way main resoun that the rear of cattle is less because of environmental cattle usually
need grass and water and Somaliland is semi derst.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
camel cattle goat sheep Total
Frequency
Percent
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
35
3. The economic purpose does you rear livestock?
Choices Respondents Percentage
Yes 20 80
no 4 16%
Don’t know 1 4%
Total 40 100
3. The economic purposes do you rear livestock?
The above figure show as the Somaliland pastoralist rear livestock for many purpose but the
common one is economic purpose because most of the society livehood is based on the livestock,
some household income directly and indirectly related in the livestock.
The 20 responders select (yes)
no yes Total
Valid
1 4 20 25
4.0 16.0
80.0 100.0
Diagrammtitel
Frequency Percent
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
36
4. How describe Somaliland livestock condition?
Choices Respondents Percentage
Very good 13 52
Good 8 32
Bad 4 16
Don’t know 0 0
Total 25 100
4. How describe Somaliland livestock condition? The above diagram show as how the people
describe the livestock condition in the recent year so our research questions are 52%
responders described to developed livestock quality and health facilities although 32%
responders the livestock condition good, while the 16% responders defined the livestock
0 20 40 60 80 100
bad
good
verygood
Total
Va
lid Percent
Frequency
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
37
condition there is no great change the overall livestock sector in Somaliland, and most society
don’t like to rearing livestock and rural live.
5. Somaliland economic is directly depending on livestock?
The responder argue the statements of the livestock is the directly depend on the economy of
Somaliland but most of the responders agree that livestock directly depend upon Somaliland
economy, because of 84% of responders are strong agree the livestock importance while they
believed that Somaliland economy is not directly depend on the livestock, but the Somaliland
economy directly depend on Diaspora.
agree
84%
disagree
16%
Total
100%
Frequency
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
38
6. Does livestock market system is the free market in Somaliland?
The above figure show as the answer of responders , how the livestock market is, 68% of
responders agree livestock market in Somaliland are places where the rural producer, the
urban consumers and the exporter came together to make exchange so majority of responders
seems agree market , while 32% of the responders disagree that Somaliland livestock market
is no free.
7. 44% argue that broker determines the price and the 36% of the responders are agree that the
livestock price to set in the buyers because its related the demand and supply in the market,
while the 20% responders believes that domestic livestock and their price in the Somaliland
no yes Total
8 17 25 32.0
68.0
100.0
Diagrammtitel
Frequency Percent
0 20 40 60 80 100
brokers
buyers
government
Total
Percent
Frequency
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
39
and determines adamintration of government that regulates the market and provides essential
public service is need.
8. As the above figure exhibits people who involves this business practiced this for different
years as we know livestock sector is main source of getting our daily live especially those
who rear our economy depends on livestock sector whether it is national income or
household directly or indirectly related the livestock business , therefore 52% of the people
practiced this for 2 year anther 36% of the people that practiced the livestock trade in 3 year
while the 12% of responders were related trade of livestock in 1 year it is the start point.
0 50 100 150
1year
2year
3year
Total
Frequency
Percent
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
40
9. What are the major constraints that faced you during selling livestock?
The above figure show as the terms of purchasing have became the dominant force in
livestock marketing in Somaliland, influencing every aspect of market including transport
cost, and pricing 52% of responders suffered the high transport cost and 42% of responders
believes that agreat constraint existing during sell livestock’s, such as ,the local currency the
Somaliland shilling, for example may fluctuate in its value against the us dollar this great
problem during selling livestock , and other hand tge pastoralist usually changes the livestock
a bag of sugar with market of a ram in term of the us dollar exchange rate same responders
believes problems faced during selling the livestock is lack of market in formation
10. Does livestock have necessary facilities?
Choices Respondents Percentage
Yes 15 60%
No 10 40%
Total 25 100%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
lack of
market in
formation
price transport
cost
Total
Percent
Frequency
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
41
10. The above figure show as that 15 out of the 25 sample said ( yes) with60% of the responders
believes in the early years of the Somaliland social revolution and livestock health care
expended rapidly in nomadic area along with other basic social service , the animal facilities
provides exclusively by the Somaliland government through ministry livestock and other
activities are reforests , range management which was central control and other facility the
health keeping centers during export the livestock.
The 10 out of 25 of responders disagree this idea because most of them believes that
government have no involves support to the livestock and there is lack of livestock
infrastructure.
no; 10
yes; 15
Total; 25
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
42
11. Does livestock trade important in Somaliland economic growth?
As above figure show as the 88% of the responders underline that the livestock trade is over
half of population directly and indirectly household in came depend on the livestock and the
government revenue is the main source income, the livestock trade is take part the growth of
the economic in the recent year. And small number of the people responder 12% are disagree
that the livestock trade is important to the economic growth.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
noyes
Total
3 22 25
12.0
88.0 100.0
Frequency Percent
dont know; 4
financial
constraint; 8
natural
constraint; 13
Total; 25
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
43
12. The main constraint that faced the livestock produced?
As the above figure indicate 13 of the responders should agree that the main constraint of
the livestock are the natural constraint which is the prolonged the dry weather special the
trough and lack of grazing pasture area in the rural . While the 8 of the responders are agree
the constraint of the livestock producers are lack of the financial constraint because loss the
income of the livestock producers to cover the essential needs and other basic needs of the
livestock to increase the health.
13. What is the major constraint that faced the livestock trade?
Choices Respondents Percentage
Quotation 16 64%
Disease 7 28%
Competitive trade 2 8%
Total 25 100
competitive trade
diseases
quotation
Total
2
7
16
25
8.0
28.0
64.0
100.0
Diagrammtitel
Frequency Percent
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
44
13. The above figure show as the constraints trade have become the dominant force in the
livestock marketing in Somaliland, influencing every aspect of the market , including
movement in transactions but as answered the responders 16 of them agree that trade
constrain is quotation which is the obstacle for livestock merchants give the license for few
people who have the rights to trade any amount of livestock they want and this constraint is
estimated 64% in the other hand the 7 of the responders believe the trade constraints are
disease because of Somaliland livestock lack health facilities in the rural and urban so that is
led livestock ban it is estimated 28% while the other constraints competitive trade although it
is less effect but is need arranged it.
14. Which one was affected most livestock ban? 64% of the respondents chose government; they
believed that the governments have full responsibility the overall livestock in s/l 24% chose the traders,
while the 12% chose the producers.
0 50 100 150
government
producers
traders
Total
government producers traders Total
Frequency 16 3 6 25
Percent 64.0 12.0 24.0 100.0
Diagrammtitel
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
45
Chapter five
5.1 Conclusion and recommendations
Conclusions
Livestock makes a fundamental contribution to the national economy and quality of lifestyle; it
also plays a major role in cultural and social relations.
The study also found that our economy is directly and indirectly dependant on the livestock
sector. Livestock the is main source of livelihood for the majority of the population.
The study found out that, the ban on livestock imports from the Horn of Africa imposed by
Saudi Arabia has severely affected the livestock export oriented economy of Somaliland. The
rapid decline of purchasing power is forcing people to return to a traditional subsistence
livestock economy.
Recommendation
The central government should guide the overall policy and strategic farmwomen for the
livestock sector in Somaliland. in order to ensure that police respond to the changing nature of
the sector and the needs of various stakeholders it is recommend that the policy formation
process be as consulate as possible in addition to exiting police.
For immediate action , it is proposed that national task force should be set up , under the
leadership of the government , comprising public of official , local community leaders
professions and concerned citizens , the task force would be responders for developing a plan of
action intended to;
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
46
Implement existing police and regulation with same modifications, to accommodate
recent development
Enforces the ban on charcoal exports , improve production method reduce wood fuel
consumption and investigate alternative energy source.
Stop the unregulated expansion of all enclosure settlements tracks water points and
coachable production sites
Eradicate illegal enclosure illegal enclosure or settlement especially locate in sensitive
marginal areas
Propose consolidation of certain settlement and water point
Organza an awareness campaign on the value and the important of the pastoral
environment for our livestock.
Private sector actors should bear much of the responsibility for developing structures that
are effective, efficient and crucial for the development of the domestic livestock and
animal products trade.
economic and social development in pastoral areas
A public awareness campaign about pastoral and environmental crises , involving the
media, field projects, seminars and workshops throughout Somaliland and outside the
country
The government should look for opportunities to explore new market.
government should make incentives through provision of credit facilities and tax
exemption
Pastoralists should be trained in basic animal health treatment and awareness should be
increased of the diverse effect of incorrect use of veterinary drugs such public awareness
can be carried out at local market Friday prayers and social gather.
Greater pastoral participations in animal health service delivery , both the government
and international NGOs should involves herd owners through community based programs
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
47
, the minster should encourage and facilities international NGOs to work with local
communities as well as with privet sector.
Both the government and in traditional NGOs involved in the sector should encrouged
and promoted great intersections and accessibility between veterinary professionals
Premont veterinary post.
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
48
Questionnaire
My name is AXMED HASAN NUUR I am senior student studying bachelor degree in
economics from university of the hargeisa ( UOH) .as partial fulfillment for the award of
my degree , I am required to write a thesis , this questionnaire will help me collect the
necessary date for my research, my topic is the role of livestock in Somaliland economic
growth ,
Please answer all questions, it will take you 5 minute to complete this questionnaire, the
information you provide will treated in the strictest confidence, please don’t hesitate.
1. Gender
o Male
o Female
2. What type of the animal species do you rear?
o Camel
o Cattle
o Sheep
o Gout
3. The economic purpose do you rear your livestock?
o Yes
o No
4. How describe Somaliland livestock condition?
o Good
o Very good
o Bad
5. Somaliland economy is directly depending on livestock?
o Agree
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
49
o Dis agree
o Don’t know
6. The livestock market system is the free market in Somaliland?
o Yes
o No
7. Who determines the livestock price?
o Government
o Brokers
o Buyers
8. What role does Somaliland government play improving livestock price?
o Enforce regulation
o Provides service
o Export new markets
9. How long have you been working or involved in this type of business?
o 1year
o 2year
o 3year
10. What are the major constraints that faced you during selling livestock?
o Transport cost
o Lack of market information
o Price
11. Does the livestock in Somaliland have necessary facilities?
o Yes
o No
12. Does livestock trade important in Somaliland economic growth?
o Yes
o No
13. The main constraint that faced the livestock producers are?
o Natural constraint
o Financial constraint
o Don’t kwon
14. What is the major constraint that faced livestock trade?
o Quotation
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
50
o Competitive trade
o Diseases
BIBIGRAGRAPHY
Minister of livestock
Minister of planning
Food organization agriculture
Somaliland rebuilding book
Peace and development academy
Title the role the livestock trade Somaliland economic growth
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