University of Haifa Recanati Institute for Maritime...

University of Haifa Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies

Contract Archaeology Reports

III

Reports and Studies of the Recanati Institute for

Maritime Studies Excavations

Haifa 2008

Editorial Board: Michal artzy

ShaloM yanklEvitz

Gil tSioni

covEr dESiGn: noGa yoSElEvich

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© coPyriGht rEcanati inStitutE for MaritiME StudiES, 2008

univErSity of haifa, Mount carMEl, haifa 31905, iSraEl

hEBrEw covEr PaGE: Plan of thE PottEry kiln and tanks coMPlEx froM khirBat ni‘ana (drawn By r. haiiM).

EnGliSh covEr PaGE: PottEry and BronzE itEMS froM Qiryat ḤaroShEt (Photo By r. StidSinG).

Contents

Qiryat HarosHet – an early Bronze age Cemetery in tHe ViCinity of tel QasHisH

yoSSi SalMon 5*

aPPEndix: thE oStEoloGical rEPort of toMB 1

ohad zackhEiM and noGa Bachrach 31*

exCaVation in Bat galim: tHe Pottery

Michal orEn-PaSkal 32*

exCaVation in Bat galim: tHe glass Vessels

rachEl Pollak 54*

summaries of tHe HeBrew seCtion 62*

.

Contract Archaeology Reports III, 2008: 32*-53*

Excavation at Bat Galim: The PotteryMichal Oren-Paskal

PrefaceThe pottery presented here was found during excavations in Bat Galim carried out by the Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies at the University of Haifa and directed by I. Jabour (license B-251/2002). The pottery is divided into groups of fine ware, cooking ware, amphorae, and oil lamps, and is classified on the basis of form typology within these groups. In most cases, the pottery is identified by comparison to pottery found at other sites, though there are examples for which an exact parallel could not be found. A stone basin is also included, and it is presented at the end of the catalog. The artifacts have been drawn by S. Ad.

I. Red Slip Ware Bowls (Figure 1)Red Slip ware is characterized by a hard red fabric and smooth, red slipped surfaces. Three major groups of Red Slip Ware are represented here: African Red Slip, Phocaean Red Slip and Cypriot Red Slip. The bowls were imported from three manufacture centers: African Red Slip was manufactured in North-Africa, Phocaean Red Slip came from Asia Minor and Cypriot Red Slip came from Cyprus. The most common of these groups is the African Red Slip. The assemblage as a whole suggests occupation of the site from the Byzantine to the early Islamic period. The classification below follows J.W. Hayes (1972).

African Red Slip (Figure 1: 1-6)

African Red Slip was the most popular fine ware across most of the Mediterranean region over a period of several centuries. The clay is fairly fine and orange-red to brick-red in color. The slip is of good quality and commonly a shade or two deeper in tone than the clay.

African Red Slip ware is represented here by four forms: Hayes’ Form 61A (figure 1: 1, 2) is the earliest form, which he dates from the late fourth century until the beginning of the sixth century. The sixth and the seventh centuries are represented by Hayes’ Forms 99C, 104A, and 107 (figure 1: 3-6). These forms are well-known in Israel and the surrounding area. Three bowls (figure 1: 1, 2 and 6) bear stamps of circles, leaves and a human figure.

1. Bowl L100, B1034/1: Base, surface: red slip 2.5YR5/8, core: red 10R5/6; hard clay with occasional white grits. Two large concentric grooves enclose smaller concentric circles. There is also a figure stamped into the center of the inner panel.References: for concentric circles see Hayes 1972: 235, Fig. 40: 26f; for plate see Iraklion, early 4th to early 5th century CE (Hayes 1972: 101, Fig. 17: 7) and Caesarea, late 4th to early 5th century CE (Tomber 1999: 305, Fig.1: 9).

Excavation at Bat Galim: The Pottery 33*

2. Bowl L117, B1054/3: Base, surface: red slip 2.5YR6/6, Core: red 10R5/8; hard clay. Decorated with stamped palm leaves.References: Egypt, 5th century CE (Hayes 1972: 101, Fig.17: 4); Carthage, beginning of 6th century CE (Fulford 1984: 91, Fig. 28: 43).

3. Bowl L117, B1054/7: Vertical rim. Rim diameter 31 cm; surface: red slip 2.5YR6/6, core: light red 10R6/6; hard clay with few small white grits. References: 6th century CE (Hayes 1972: 160, Fig. 29: 2); Pella, second quarter of 6th century CE (McNicoll et al. 1992: 176, Pl. 111: 11).

4. Bowl L120, B1063/1: Ring base. Base diameter 12 cm; surface: red slip 10R5/8, core: red 10R5/8; hard clay with small white grits. References: Tel Keisan, mid 6th to early 7th century CE (Landgraf 1980: 62, Fig.16: 99c); Caesarea, 6th century CE (Magness 1992a: 150-151, Fig. 67: 14); Pella, second quarter of 6th century CE (Smith et al. 1992: 176, Pl. 111: 14); Athenian Agora, 6th century CE (Hayes 1972: 153, Fig. 28: 22).

5. Bowl L102, B1002/1: flat rim. Rim diameter 20 cm; surface: red slip 10R5/8, core: red 2.5YR6/6; hard clay. References: Tocra, Cyrenaica 7th century CE (Hayes 1972: 171, Fig. 33: 1); Yoqne‘am, 6th to 7th century CE (Avissar 1996: 66, Fig. XII.1: 9, 11); Beth She‘arim, 6th century CE (Vitto 1996: 130, Fig. 22: 1); En Boqeq, 6th to 7th century CE (Gichon 1993: 197-198, Pl. 35: 24-30); Capernaum, 7th century CE (Peleg 1989: 34, Fig. 42: 6).

6. Bowl L111, B1037/1: High ring base decorated on external wall by roulette lines. Base diameter 19 cm; surface: red slip 10R4/6, core: reddish brown 5YR5/4; hard clay with few small white grits. References: Madaba, Jordan, 6th to 7th century CE (Harrison 1994: 441, Fig. 6: 20).

Late Roman C Ware - Phocaean Red Slip Ware (Figure 1: 7, 8)

This group was common throughout the Eastern Mediterranean from the fifth to seventh centuries CE, and its main manufacture centers were in Phocaea (Hayes 1980: 525). At Khirbat al-Karak and Hammat Gader the Late Roman C ware is dated up to the eighth century CE (Delougaz 1960: 31-32, Ben-Arieh 1997: 359). Bowl number 7 matches Hayes’ Form 3H with a line of rouletting on outer rim which dates to the late Byzantine period. Bowl number 8 bears a stamp of what might be a horse.

The ware of the vessels is fine-grained brownish-red and hard-fired. The red slip, which covers the entire surface, is a thin layer and usually integrated with the ware.

7. Bowl L104, B1029/3: Inverted rim covered by roulette decoration. Rim diameter 24 cm; surface: red slip 10R5/8, core: red 2.5YR5/8; hard clay with few small white grits. References: Athens Agora, 6th century CE (Hayes 1972: 335, Fig. 68: 29); Sumaqa, 6th to early 7th century CE (Kingsley 1999: 275, Fig. 2: 7).

34* Michal Oren-Paskal

Figure 1: Red Slip Ware Bowls.


8. Bowl L100, B1056/1: Body fragment. Surface: light red 10R6/6, core: light red 10R6/8; hard clay. It bears a stamp of an equid, too poorly rendered for a more exact identification. References: For stamp: Athens Agora (Hayes 1972: 361, Fig. 76: j).

Cypriot Red Slip Ware (Figure 1: 9-12)

The precise source of this ware is unknown, but according to Hayes (1972: 371) it was manufactured somewhere in Cyprus, where large quantities of these bowls have been found. The vessels closely resemble the Early Roman Cypriot Sigillata. The fabric varies between orange to brown and is entirely covered by a thin slip. The typical decoration on this ware is coarse rouletting, either of the whole wall or in narrow bands. Two forms are identified among the vessels: figure 1: 9 and 10 are from Hayes’ Form 2, which is characterized by grooves on top of the rim and dated to the middle of fifth century CE, while figure 1: 11 is from Hayes’ Form 9B and has a short line of rouletting lightly applied on its wall. This form is dated to late sixth until the end of seventh centuries. Hayes’ Form 9B is commonly found in the Byzantine strata of many sites throughout Israel. This is one of the popular forms in Jalame, though the examples there were dated to the third quarter of the fourth century (Johnson 1988: 160).

9. Bowl L104, B1029/4: Grooved rim, walls bearing rouletting and ring base. Rim diameter 23 cm; surface: red slip 2.5YR5/8, core: red 10R4/8; hard clay. References: Athens Agora, mid 5th century CE (Hayes 1972: 373, Fig. 80: 2); Khirbat al-Karak, late 5th to early 6th century CE (Delougaz 1960: 32, Pl. 54: 8); Antioch, mid 5th century CE (Waagé 1948: 57, Pl. XI: 930f).

10. Bowl L115, B1051/1: Rim beveled on top, with grooves, two bands of rouletting decorating the exterior walls. Rim diameter 28 cm; surface: red slip 2.5YR5/6, core: light reddish brown 5YR6/4; hard clay with occasional minute white grits. References: Abu Mena, second half of 5th century CE (Hayes 1972: 373, Fig. 80: 1).

11. Bowl L118, B1061/1: Thickened rim. One line of short rouletting applied on body. Rim diameter 24 cm; surface: red slip 10R5/6, core: red 2.5YR5/6; hard clay.References: Emporio, Chios, late 6th to end of 7th century CE (Hayes 1972: 381, Fig. 81: 9); Jalame, late 4th century CE (Johnson 1988: 160-163, Nos. 265-299); Sumaqa, 6th to mid 7th century CE (Kingsley 1999: 276-277, Fig. 3: 22).

12. Bowl L117, B1054/4: Ring base. Decorated with dark lines. Base diameter 12 cm; surface: weak red slip 10R4/3, core: red 2.5YR5/6; hard clay with few minute white grits. References: no parallels. Ware and form are similar to Cypriot Red Slip Ware.

II. Mortaria (Figure 2)These vessels belong to a common group known as Syrian Mortaria. Two variants are represented here: the first (figure 2: 13) has an arched rim and is stamped while the second variant (figure 2: 14, 15) has a square or triangular rim. The square rim is the most


common example in Sumaqa - 70.3 percent of the Mortaria found there were of the square rim type (Kingsley 1999: 280). Both variants are made of similar rough clay and contain flecks of mica.

The stamped Mortaria were manufactured in the region of Bassit in North Syria (Hayes 1972: 347) and range between the late third and the fourth century CE, although they are found in Israel in sixth and seventh century contexts.

13. Mortarium L102, B1026/1: Arched rim bears a stamp. Rim diameter 40 cm; surface: light brown 7.5YR6/3, core: dark red 2.5YR4/6; hard clay with small to large white and black grits, many flecks of mica. References: Jalame, mid 4th century CE (Johnson 1988: 181-182, Fig. 7-29: 477); Sumaqa, early 5th to early 7th century CE (Kingsley 1999: 280-281, Fig. 5: 4); Caesarea, 5th to 7th century CE (Peleg and Reich 1992: 154, Fig. 16: 2).

14. Mortarium L115, B1051/2: Square rim. Rim diameter 40 cm; surface: dusky red 2.5YR4/4, core: dark red 2.5YR4/6; hard clay with small to large white and black grits, many flecks of mica.

Figure 2: Mortaria.


References: Capernaum, early 4th to early 6th century CE (Loffreda 1974: 53, Fig. 12: 3, 5, 6); Jalame, third quarter of the 4th century CE (Johnson 1988: 180, Fig. 7-29: 469); Sumaqa, 4th to 7th century CE (Kingsley 1999: 280-281, Fig. 5: 6); Ramat Hanadiv, 6th to 7th century CE (Calderon 2000: 111, Pl. IX: 60); Caesarea, early to mid 6th century CE (Riley 1975: 36, no. 42); Pella, 6th to early 7th century CE (Smith and Day 1989: 107-108, Pl. 49: 10).

15. Mortarium L117, B1054/1: Rectangular rim. Rim diameter 39 cm; surface: dusky red 2.5YR4/4, core: dark red 2.5YR4/6; hard clay with black, gray and white grits. References: Capernaum, early 4th to early 6th century CE (Loffreda 1974: 53, Fig.12: 4); Jalame, third quarter of the 4th century CE (Johnson 1988: 180, Fig. 7-29: 466-467); Sumaqa, 4th to 7th century CE (Kingsley 1999: 280-281, Fig. 5: 1).

III. Basins (Figure 3) These vessels are of Cypriot Red Slip Ware, Hayes’ Form 11. As the references indicate, this form can be assigned to the late Byzantine period.

16. Basin L111, B1045/1: Thickened rim, steep walls, two horizontal handles below rim, flat base. Rim diameter 40 cm; surface: light red 10R6/6, core: light red 10R7/8, red slip on interior walls; hard clay with few minute white grits. References: Peyia, Cyprus, mid 7th century CE (Hayes 1972: 383, Fig. 83: 1); Tel Keisan, mid 6th to beginning of 7th century CE (Landgraf 1980: 55, Fig.15: 16); Yoqne‘am, 6th to 7th century CE (Avissar 1996: 67, Fig. XII.3: 16); Shavei Zion, end of 6th or beginning of 7th century CE (Prausnitz 1967: 71, Fig. 14: 15); Sumaqa (Kingsley 1999: 277, Fig. 4: 2).

17. Basin L111, B1066/1: Handle. Surface: light red 10R6/6, core: light red 10R7/6; hard clay with few minute white grits. References: see figure 3: 16.

IV. Jugs (Figure 4)Among the jugs number 18 is the best known type. These are spouted jugs of a red, well fired ware and are characterized by a strainer sited at the transition between the neck and the body. The body of jugs of this type are generally covered with fine ribbing. The type is well known throughout Israel, Egypt and Cyprus and dated to late Byzantine and Early Islamic periods.

18. Strainer jug L120, B1063/3: Body fragment. Surface: red 10R5/8, core: red 2.5YR6/8; hard clay with many small white grits. References: Ramat Hanadiv, 6th to 7th century CE (Calderon 2000: 110, Pl. VIII: 53, 55); Caesarea, first half of the first 6th century CE (Magness 1992a: 147, Fig. 64: 13); Caesarea, 6th to mid 7th century CE (Magness 1995: 136, Fig. 3: 16); Ḥorvat Ḥermeshit, 6th to 8th century CE (Greenhut 1998: 135, Fig. 26: 9); Ramot Nof, 6th to 7th century CE (Ustinova and Nahshoni 1994: 162, Fig. 6: 32); Kellia, 6th to 8th century CE (Egloff 1977: 129, Pl. 71: 3).

19. Jug L111, B1037/6: Out-folded rim, incised decoration. Rim diameter 8 cm: surface: reddish yellow 7.5YR7/6, core: light red 2.5YR6/8; hard metallic clay with small white grits.


Figure 4: Jugs.

References: Meiron, 4th century CE (Meyers et al. 1981: 102, Pl. 6.4: 7).

20. Jug L119, B1062/2: Collar rim, narrow high neck. Rim diameter 6 cm; surface: red slip 10R4/6, core: red 10R5/8; hard clay with minute white grits. References: Dominos Flevit, Jerusalem, 4th to 7th century CE (Bagatti and Milik 1958: 131, Fig. 30: 17).

21. Jug L117, B1050/1: Everted collared rim. Rim diameter 5 cm; surface: very pale brown 10YR8/3, core: light red 2.5YR6/6; many small-large white grits, many small black grits. References: Similar in shape and ware to Aqaba, 7th century CE (Melkawi et al. 1994: 460, Fig. 11: a).

22. Jug L112, B1050/1: Body fragment, surface: red slip 2.5YR5/8, core: reddish yellow 5YR6/6; hard clay with occasional minute white grits. Incised herringbone decoration. References: No parallels.

Figure 3: Basins.


V. Cooking Ware (Figure 5)This group of vessels contains closed cooking pots as well as a casserole and frying pan. Most of the vessels are characteristic of the Byzantine period, although a few are also found into the early Islamic period.

23. Closed cooking pot L120, B1063/2: Inward pointed rim, concave neck and thin wall. Rim diameter 14 cm; surface: light red 10R6/6, core: red 2.5YR5/6; hard metallic clay with a few tiny white grits. References: Cooking pots of similar type are known from Cyprus (Catling 1972: 95) and Kellia (Egloff 1977: 103) as well as from many sites in Israel: Caesarea, 7th century CE (Adan-Bayewitz 1986: 108, Fig. 4: 4); Caesarea, Mid 7th century CE (Blakely 1993: 65, Fig. 134: 5); Caesarea, late 4th to mid 8th century CE (Oleson 1994: 38, Fig. 8: K22); Caesarea, 6th to mid 7th century CE (Magness 1995: 136, Fig. 1: 16); Ashqelon, 6th to 7th century CE (Nahshoni 1999: 95, Fig.7); Kellia, 7th century CE (Egloff 1977: 103, Pl. 52: 1, 2 and 4); Dhiorisos, mid 7th to mid 8th century CE (Catling 1972: 11, Fig. 7); Anemurium, 6th to 7th century CE (Williams 1989: 68, Fig. 37: 406).

24. Closed cooking pot L120, B1063/4: Everted rim with a ledge for a lid. Rim diameter 16 cm; surface: dark reddish gray 10R4/1, core: very dark gray 7.5YR3/1; many minute-small white grits, many minute quartz grits; hard fired. References: Benghazi, 6th to 7th century CE (Riley 1979: 275, Fig. 108: 580).

25. Closed cooking pot L118, B1061/2: Everted rim with a recess for lid. Rim diameter 18 cm; surface: dark gray 2.5YR4/1, core: very dark gray 2.5YR3/1; crisp clay with small white grits. References: Ramat Hanadiv, 7th century CE (Calderon 2000: 108, Pl. VII: 32).

Figure 5: Cooking Ware.


26. Closed cooking pot L119, B1062/1: Globular body covered by red slip, outward beveled grooved rim, downward tapering neck. Rim diameter 15 cm; surface: red slip, reddish brown 2.5YR4/4, core: red 2.5YR4/8; hard clay. References: Jalame, mid 4th century CE (Johnson 1988: 197, Fig. 7-40: 601); Khirbet Shema, 5th century CE (Meyers et al. 1976: 193, Pl. 7.13: 15).

27. Casserole L111, B1037/4: Inward beveled rim, round ribbed body, round base and horizontal handles. Rim diameter 23 cm; surface: light red 2.5YR6/6, core: light red 2.5YR7/6; medium small white grits; hard fired. This type is characteristic of the Byzantine period and continues into the Islamic period with few changes. At Khirbet ed-Deir this open form is more common than the closed vessels (Calderon 1999: 138).References: Khirbet Shema, late 4th to 7th century CE (Meyers et al. 1976: 189, Pl. 7.13: 8); Caesarea, 4th to 5th century CE (Magness 1992a: 132-133, Fig. 68: 5); Jerusalem, first half of 6th century CE (Magness 1993: 211, 212: 3); Khirbet ed-Deir, late 5th to mid 7th century CE (Calderon 1999: 138, Pl. 2: 4-7); Ramot-Nof, 6th to mid 7th century CE (Ustinova and Nahshoni 1994: 162, Fig. 6: 7).

28. Lid L111, B1059/2: Ring handle, with a depression below the handle. Handle surface: light red 2.5YR6/6, core: red 2.5YR5/6; hard clay with small white grits. Lids of this type were used to cover open cooking bowls. The lid and casserole originated in the late Roman period and continued into the Abbasid period (Watson 1992: 235). This form is well known in numerous sites throughout Israel during the Byzantine period.References: Khirbet Shema, 5th to mid 7th century CE (Meyers et al. 1976: 203-204, Pl. 7.17: 14); Caesarea, mid 4th to mid 7th century CE (Magness 1995: 135, Fig. 3: 9); Kellia, late 4th to beginning of 5th century CE (Egloff 1977: 180, Pl. 55: 7); Ramat Hanadiv, 6th to early 7th century CE (Calderon 2000: 142, Pl. XXIII: 53, 54); Alexandria, 6th century CE (Rodziewicz 1984: 235, Pl. 30: 79).

29. Frying pan L111, B1037/3: Hollow wishbone shaped handle and a beveled rim. Rim diameter 26.2 cm; surface: reddish brown 2.5YR4/3, core: reddish brown 5YR6/4; average small white grits; hard fired. The type is characteristic to Jerusalem region and south Israel in the late Byzantine period (Magness 1993: 171, 213).References: Ramat Hanadiv, 6th to 7th century CE (Calderon 2000: 142-143, Pl. XXIII: 58); Caesarea, 6th to 7th century CE (Adan Bayewitz 1986: 107, Fig. 3: 22); Jerusalem, third quarter of 6th century CE (Tushingham 1985: 92, Fig. 27: 30); Kellia, 7th century CE (Egloff 1977: 106, Pl. 54: 6).

VI. Local Amphorae (Figure 6)Four types of local amphorae were retrieved in the excavation. The first (figure 6: 30, 31) is characterized by a low, vertical neck, a bag-shaped body, shoulders whose combing is very narrow when compared with the grooves on the body, a plain zone separating the grooves of the shoulder from those on the body, a sandy fabric, and accretions of clay bellow the rim and


Figure 6: Local Amphorae.

on the shoulders. The color of the clay in this type varies between light red to light reddish brown. Amphora of this type have a long history in Israel and during the Byzantine period this variant was more common than any other. In the Late Byzantine building at Caesarea this variant accounted for about 39% of the rims, handles and bases (Adan-Bayewitz 1986: 91). Throughout the sixth and seventh centuries this amphora was used as wine transporter in the Mediterranean region: Carthage (Riley 1981: 102), Marseille (Bonifay and Piéri 1995: 112-113), Histria, Chios and Sardis (Kingsley 1994-95: 49). This amphora is dated to the sixth and first half of the seventh centuries and there are variants that occur until the end of the early Islamic period.

The second type, represented by figure 6: 32, is hard fired amphorae with thin walls. These vessels, known as “Beth She’an” amphorae, are characterized by the color of the ware which were fired until the exterior surface turned gray.

The third type is known as “Gaza” amphorae (figure 3: 33). They have tall, cylindrical bodies, sloping shoulders, and hollow bases that are either pointed or flattened. These amphorae have thickened rims, which vary from inward grooved rims to everted, pointed rims. Two ring handles are attached at the shoulders. Ribbing occurs at the level of the handles and below them, with wide ribbing appearing on the base. There are accretions of clay attached below the rim and to the shoulder, and the wall of these amphora is thickened. The ware varies between brown and reddish brown and contains many white grits. Amphorae of this type are recorded at sites throughout the Mediterranean region and dated to late fourth until the mid seventh centuries. Egloff suggests the end of the Omayyad period for its latest production date (Egloff 1977: 116-117).


The fourth type, represented by figure 6: 34, is a crudely made Pithos distinguished by its large size and thick walls. It is made of local material.

30. Local amphora L111, B1066/1: Everted round rim, convex neck, narrow grooving on shoulder. Rim diameter 10 cm; surface: light red 2.5YR6/6, core: red 10R5/8; hard clay with many small white grits. References: Caesarea, 6th to mid 7th century CE (Adan-Bayewitz 1986: 91-97, Fig. 1: 6); Tel Farah, 6th to 7th century CE (Tubb 1986: 56-60, Fig. 3: 1); Ramot Nof, 6th to 7th century CE (Ustinova and Nahshoni 1994: 161, Fig. 4: 5); Khirbet ed-Deir, 6th to 7th century CE (Calderon 1999: 135, Pl. 1: 2).

31. Local amphora L111, B1059/1: Beveled rim, concave neck. Rim diameter 10.2 cm; surface: light reddish 5YR6/4, core: yellowish red 5YR4/6; hard clay with many average white grits. References: Caesarea, 6th century CE, (Riley 1975: 26, 3); Caesarea, 6th to mid 7th century CE (Adan-Bayewitz 1986: 91-97, Fig. 1: 6); Caesarea, mid 6th century CE (Magness 1992a: 129, 136, Fig. 58: 20); Tel Farah, 6th to 7th century CE (Tubb 1986: 56-60, Fig. 4: 1); Tel Farah, 6th to 7th century CE (Tubb 1986: 56-60, Fig. 3: 1); Ramot Nof, 6th to 11th century CE (Ustinova and Nahshoni 1994: 161, Fig. 4: 5); Khirbet ed-Deir, late 6th to 7th century CE (Calderon 1999: 135, Pl. 1: 1); Pella, first half of 7th century CE (Smith et al. 1992: 168, Pl. 115: 5); Carthage, beginning of 7th century CE (Riley 1981: 102, Fig. 8: 72).

32. Local amphora L111, B1037/5: Square rim, short bulged neck. Rim diameter 9 cm; surface: dark gray 7.5YR4/1, core: very dark gray 7.5YR3/1; many average white grits; hard fired. References: Capernaum, 4th to mid 7th century CE (Loffreda 1974: 43-44, Fig. 8: 2); Ramat Hanadiv, 6th to early 7th century CE (Calderon 2000: 131, Pl. XVIII: 18).

33. Local amphora L111, B1037/2: Inverted rim and sloping shoulder. Clay Accretions on the rim. Rim diameter 11.5 cm; surface: light brown 7.5YR6/4, core: yellowish red 5YR5/6; hard clay with many small white grits. References: Caesarea, 7th century CE (Adan-Bayewitz 1986: 97-99, Fig. 1: 8, 9); Caesarea, mid 6th century CE (Magness 1992a: 129, Fig.59: 6-8); Jerusalem, mid 4th to mid 7th century CE (Magness 1992b: 165, Fig. 12: 14); Ras Abu Ma‘aruf, 4th to 7th century CE (Rapuano 1999: 179, Fig. 7: 108); Tel Farah, 6th to 7th century CE (Tubb 1986: 51-55, Fig. 2: 3); Gerasa, 6th century CE (Uscatescu 1996, 174, Fig. 95: 627); Kellia, 5th to 7th century CE (Egloff 1977: 116-117, Pl. 60: 3); Catalunya, 5th to 6th century CE (Keay 1984: 278-281, Fig. 283: 7); Carthage, 5th to 6th century CE (Peacock 1984b: 121, Fig. 35: 12); Benghazi, 5th to early 6th

century CE (Riley 1979: 219-222, Fig. 92: 351).

34. Pithos L117, B1054/6: Thickened folded rim. Rim diameter 34 cm; surface: light reddish brown 5YR6/4, core: yellowish red 5YR5/6; hard clay with many white and black and gray grits. References: Meiron, 5th century CE (Meyers et al. 1981: 128, Pl. 8.21: 8); Jalame, second half of 4th century CE (Johnson 1988: 222, Fig. 7-57: 852).


VII. Imported Amphorae (Figure 7)The imported amphorae found at Bat Galim include vessels from across the Mediterranean region. Amphora number 35 is an example of a common type of amphora found in Byzantine sites in the Mediterranean region and known as Yassi Ada amphora. Productions centers of this type were noted by Empereur and Picon (1989: 237) along the bay of Iskenderun in south-east Turkey. Three more sites of manufacture were found in Cyprus (Empereur and Picon 1989: 242). Riley (1981: 120) and Peacock (1984a: 22) suggest the Antioch region, in Hatay province as an additional possible source of this amphora.

Amphorae numbers 36-38 are from Tunisia and are dated to late Byzantine period. Amphora number 39 is of a type that seems to originate in the Aegean region (Riley 1979: 219). Bass supports this origin, referencing Radulescu’s research that suggests Bodrum region of Turkey as a production site (Bass 1982: 165). Amphorae numbers 41 and 42 originate in western Asia Minor, and Hayes places their production in the Meander valley (Riley 1979: 184). This is supported by Peacock who suggests, based on petrographic analysis, an origin near Sardis (Keay 1984: 287).

35. Imported amphora L104, B1029/1: Everted round rim, cylindrical neck, ridged handles attached just below rim. Rim diameter 8.8 cm; surface: very pale brown 10YR7/4, core: light brown 7.5YR6/4; hard clay with many average black and white grits. References: Ḥorvat ‘Ovesh, 6th and early 7th century CE (Avshalom-Gorni 1998: 81-82, Fig. 10: 5); Caesarea, 7th century CE (Adan-Bayewitz 1986: 102, Fig. 2: 5); Caesarea, mid 4th to mid 7th century CE (Magness 1995: 142, Fig. 2: 1); Rehovot in the Negev, 6th to 7th century CE (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1988: 86-87, Pl. III: 127); Pella, 6th-7th century CE (Smith et al. 1992: 177, Pl. 113: 1); Gerasa, 6th to beginning of 7th century CE (Uscatescu 1996: 177, Fig. 96: 637); Yassi Ada, early 7th century CE (Van Alfen 1996: 200, Fig. 12); Athenian Agora, early 6th century CE (Robinson 1959: 115, Pl. 32: M333).

36. Imported amphora L103, B1007/2: Rim diameter 12 cm; surface: white wash 10YR8/2, core: red 2.5YR5/6; hard clay with few small white grits.References: Catalunya, 4th to 6th century CE (Keay 1984: 100-109, Type XXXB).

37. Imported amphora L103, B1007/1: Thickened everted rim. Rim diameter 11 cm; surface: very pale brown 10YR8/2, core: red 2.5YR5/6; hard clay with many small white grits. References: Catalunya, mid 6th century CE (Keay 1984: 293-298, Fig. 127: 5); Carthage, 6th

century CE (Peacock 1984b: 130, Fig. 39: 58).

38. Imported amphora L111, B1045/1: Rim diameter 13 cm; surface: white 10YR8/1, core: gray 2.5YR4/1; hard clay with many small to large white grits. References: Carthage, 6th century CE (Peacock 1984b: 130, Fig. 39: 60).

39. Imported amphora L111, B1045/4: Everted cup rim. Rim diameter 10.3 cm; surface: pale brown 10YR 8/3 - 7/3, core: yellowish- red 5YR5/6; hard clay with average small black grits, average small-large white grits, many minute mica grits.


Figure 7: Imported Amphorae.

References: Yassi-Ada, 625/626 CE (Van-Doorninck 1989: 250, Fig. 1: 7); Catalunya, mid to late 6th century CE (Keay 1984: 352-357, Fig. 165); Carthage, late 5th to beginning of 6th century CE (Peacock 1984b: 121, Fig. 34: 3); Athenian Agora, mid 4th century CE (Robinson 1959: 109, Pl. 40: M272); Gaule, 6th to 7th century CE (Bonifay and Villedieu 1989: 25-27, Fig.5: 3); North Sinai, mid 4th to late 5th century CE (Arthur and Oren 1998: 207, Fig. 5: 6); Caesarea, late 4th to early 5th century CE (Tomber 1999: 319, Fig. 8: 131).

40. Imported amphora L111, B1066/3: Everted rim. Rim diameter 15 cm; surface: very pale brown 10YR8/3, core: light red 2.5YR6/8; hard clay with small white grits. References: No parallels.

41. Imported amphora L111, B1045/3: Hollowed base. Base diameter 3.5 cm; surface: red 2.5YR6/8, core: dark red 2.5YR4/8; hard clay with common minute flecks of mica. References: Jalame, before mid 4th to late 4th century CE (Johnson 1988: 211, Fig.7-50: 731); Caesarea, late 4th to early 5th century CE (Tomber 1999: 301, Fig. 5: 90); Kellia, late 4th to late 5th century CE (Egloff 1977: 116, Pl. 60: 2); Athenian Agora, early 3rd to mid 4th century CE (Robinson 1959: 95-96, 108, Pl. 23: M125, M126, Pl. 28: M240, M256).

42. Imported amphora L104, B1029/2: Screw ribbed solid base. Base diameter 3.5 cm; surface: red 2.5YR5/6, core: dark red 2.5YR4/4; hard clay with many minute flecks of mica.


References: Catalunya, early 6th century CE (Keay 1984: 286-289, Fig. 124: 17-18); Benghazi, before 5th century CE (Riley 1979: 121, Fig. 34: 5); Carthage, 5th century CE (Peacock 1984b: 121, Fig. 34: 5).

43. Imported amphora L111, B1045/6: Base fragment, surface: red 2.5YR5/6, core: red 2.5YR4/6; hard clay with occasional white grits. Peg spike.References: Carthage, from mid 5th century CE (Peacock 1984b: 137, Fig. 44: 129).

44. Imported amphora L111, B1059/3: Toe base. Base diameter 2 cm; surface: trails of white wash, core: red YR5/8; hard clay with few white grits and many flecks of mica. References: Anemurium, 5th century CE (Williams 1989: 118, Fig. 55: 557, 560).

VIII. Oil Lamps (Figures 8, 9)The oil lamps found range in period through the late Byzantine period and the beginning of the early Islamic period. These forms are the most prominent among the Transitional Period types of Caesarea (Arnon, forthcoming). The lamps are mold-made and characterized by an oval pointed shape, sunken discus, a small filling hole, a shallow channel that extends to the nozzle and a conical knob handle. The shoulders are decorated with bunches of grapes, pomegranates, leaves (figure 9: 50, 51), lines and semicircles (figure 8: 45, 46), rosettes (figure 8: 48), birds (figure 9: 53), dolphins (figure 9: 52) and a cross (figure 8: 47). The clay is hard and the color is light red.

45. Lamp fragment L109, B1042/1: Decorated fragment. Surface: pale red 10R6/4, core: light red 10R6/6; hard clay with few minute white grits. Discus is sunken and surrounded by a ridge. Radial decoration on the shoulder. Length 4.7 cm, width 5.2 cm.References: Ḥorvat Ḥermeshit, 7th century CE (Greenhut 1998: 142, Fig. 26: 13); Caesarea, 6th to mid 7th century CE (Vine and Hartelius 1987: 391-392, Fig. 56) Similar in shape to Hammat Gader, 7th century CE (Coen Uzzielli 1997: 326, Pl. VI: 2).

46. Lamp fragment L120, B1072/1: Decorated fragment. Surface: reddish yellow 5YR7/6, core: reddish yellow 5YR7/6; few hard clay with few small white grits. Design of round lines on the shoulder. Length 5 cm, width 2.5 cm.References: Beth She‘arim, 6th to 8th century CE (Avigad 1976: 191, Pl. LXXI: 43).

47. Lamp fragment L120, B1072/2: Decorated fragment. Surface: reddish yellow 5YR7/6, core: reddish yellow 5YR6/6; soft clay. A cross design on the shoulder. Length 3.4 cm, width 2.2 cm.References: Ḥorvat Ḥermeshit, 6th to 8th century CE (Greenhut 1998: 129, Fig. 11: 1).

48. Lamp fragment L111, B1045/6: Decorated fragment. Surface: very pale brown 10YR8/4, core: reddish yellow 5YR7/6; hard clay with small white grits. Wheel pattern, rosettes, and geometric shapes on the shoulder. Length 3 cm, width 5 cm.References: Beth She‘arim, 6th to 8th century CE (Avigad 1976: 193, Pl. LXXI: 50).

49. Lamp fragment L119, B1067/1: Almost complete lamp. Oval elongated body; a sunken


Figure 8: Oil Lamps.

discus surrounded by a ridge which extends to the nozzle and defines a shallow channel. Small filling hole. Beveled shoulders and a low handle. Floral pattern on the shoulder and geometric ornament surrounding the filling hole. An oval base. Surface: light red 2.5YR7/6, core: light red 2.5YR7/8; hard clay with small white grits. Length 9.5 cm, width 6.3 cm, height 3.3 cm.References: Khirbet el-Shubeika, 6th to 8th century CE (Tacher 2002: 269, Fig. 7: 3), north Israel; Ḥorvat ‘Ovesh, 6th to 7th century CE (Aviam and Getzov 1998: 71, Fig. 11: 4).

50. Lamp fragment L101, B1070/2: Decorated fragment. Surface: pale red 2.5YR7/4, core:


Figure 9: Oil Lamps.

light red 2.5YR7/6; hard clay with small white grits. Design of bunches of grapes and pomegranates on the shoulder. Length 5 cm, width 2.3 cm.References: Caesarea, 8th century CE (Brosh 1986: 71, Fig. 5: 11).

51. Lamp fragment L101, B1070/1: Decorated fragment with small knob handle. Surface: light red 2.5YR7/6, core: reddish yellow 5YR7/6; hard clay with small white grits. Design of leaves and branches on the shoulder, prominent lines on the discus. Length 3 cm, width 3.5 cm. References: No parallels.

52. Lamp fragment L111, B1055/1: Decorated fragment. Surface: light red 2.5YR7/6,


core: red 2.5YR6/6; hard clay with small white grits. Design of dolphins and geometric ornaments on the shoulder, prominent lines on the discus. The fragment length is 9 cm, its width is 7 cm.References: Khirbet el-Shubeika, 6th to 8th century CE (Tacher 2002: 269, Fig. 5: 10).

53. Lamp fragment L111, B1068/1: Decorated fragment. Surface: reddish yellow 5YR7/6 core: reddish yellow 5YR6/6; hard clay with small white grits. On the shoulder two birds face a vase. Length 6.3 cm, width 2.5 cm. References: Similar to Beth She‘arim, 6th to 8th century CE (Avigad 1976: 190-191, Pl. LXXI: 40).

IX. Miscellaneous (Figure 10)54. Basin L109, B1039/1: Thickened flat rim, round worked walls, decorated handle. Rim diameter 30 cm. References: Similar in shape to Ḥorvat Ḥermeshit, 6th to 8th century CE (Greenhut 1998: 135, Fig. 27: 2).

SummaryThe ceramic material discussed above signifies clearly a settlement during the Byzantine and early Islamic periods. Most of the material should be assigned to the Byzantine period, primarily the sixth and seventh centuries CE. Some forms, such as the oil lamps, extend into the early Islamic period. Ordinary household wares, such as cooking vessels, imported bowls, and jugs were found together with local and imported amphorae. The imported vessels indicate the trade connections of the ancient port of Haifa with North Africa, east Mediterranean and Syria.

Figure 10: Stone Basin.


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