University of Groningen

Neural substrate and the timing of behaviour in a multiple clock systemvan der Veen, Daniel Rutger

IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.

Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of record

Publication date:2007

Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database

Citation for published version (APA):van der Veen, D. R. (2007). Neural substrate and the timing of behaviour in a multiple clock system. s.n.

CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).

Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.

Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.

Download date: 13-01-2021

References

115

References

Akhtar, R. A., Reddy, A. B., Maywood, E. S., Clayton, J. D., King, V. M., Smith, A. G., Gant, T. W., Hastings, M. H. & Kyriacou, C. P. (2002) Circadian cycling of the mouse liver transcriptome, as revealed by cDNA microarray, is driven by the su-prachiasmatic nucleus. Curr Biol 12, 540-550.

Albrecht, U., Sun, Z. S., Eichele, G. & Lee, C. C. (1997) A differential response of two putative mammalian circadian regulators, mper1 and mper2, to light. Cell 91, 1055-1064.

Albrecht, U., Zheng, B., Larkin, D. W., Sun, Z. S. & Lee, C. C. (2001) MPer1 and mper2 are essential for normal resetting of the circadian clock. J Biol Rhythms 16, 100-104.

Albus, H., Bonnefont, X., Chaves, I., Yasui, A., Doczy, J., Van der Horst, G. T. J. & Meijer, J. H. (2002) Cryptochrome-deficient mice lack circadian electrical activity in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Curr Biol 12, 1130-1133.

Amy, S. P., Chari, R. & Bult, A. (2000) Fos in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of house mouse lines that reveal a different phase-delay response to the same light pulse. J Biol Rhythms 15, 95-102.

Aronin, N., Sagar, S. M., Sharp, F. R. & Schwartz, W. J. (1990) Light regulates expres-sion of a Fos-related protein in rat suprachiasmatic nuclei. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87, 5959-5962.

Aschoff, J. (1960) Exogenous and endogenous components in circadian rhythms. Cold spring harbor symposia on quantitative biology. pp. 11-28.

Bae, K. W., Jin, X. W., Maywood, E. S., Hastings, M. H., Reppert, S. M. & Weaver, D. R. (2001) Differential functions of mPer1, mPer2 and mPer3 in the SCN circadian clock. Neuron 30, 525-536.

Balsalobre, A., Damiola, F. & Schibler, U. (1998) A serum shock induces circadian gene expression in mammalian tissue culture cells. Cell 93, 929-937.

Ben-Barak, Y., Russell, J. T., Whitnall, M. H., Ozato, K. & Gainer, H. (1985) Neuro-physin in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. I. Production and charac-terization of monoclonal antibodies. J Neurosci 5, 81-97.

Bendová, Z., Sumová, A. & Illnerová, H. (2004) Development of circadian rhythmic-ity and photoperiodic response in subdivisions of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 148, 105-112.

Berson, D. M., Dunn, F. A. & Takao, M. (2002) Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Science 295, 1070-1073.

Boer, G. J., Van Esseveldt, K. E. L., Van der Geest, B. A. M., Duindam, H. & Rietveld, W. J. (1999) Vasopressin-deficient suprachiasmatic nucleus grafts re-instate circa-dian rhythmicity in suprachiasmatic nucleus-lesioned arrhythmic rats. Neurosci-ence 89, 375-385.

116

Bolles, R. C. & De Lorge, J. (1962) The rat’s adjustment to a-diurnal feeding cycles. J Comp Physiol Psychol 55, 760-762.

Boulos, Z., Rosenwasser, A. M. & Terman, M. (1980) Feeding schedules and the circa-dian organization of behavior in the rat. Behav Brain Res 1, 39-65.

Brown, S. A., Fleury-Olela, F., Nagoshi, E., Hauser, C., Juge, C., Meier, C. A., Chicheportiche, R., Dayer, J. M., Albrecht, U. & Schibler, U. (2005) The period length of fibroblast circadian gene expression varies widely among human indi-viduals. PLoS Biol 3, e338.

Bult, A., Van der Zee, E. A., Compaan, J. C. & Lynch, C. B. (1992) Differences in the number of arginine-vasopressin-immunoreactive neurons exist in the suprachias-matic nuclei of house mice selected for differences in nest-building behavior. Brain Res 578, 335-338.

Bult, A., Hiestand, L., Van der Zee, E. A. & Lynch, C. B. (1993) Circadian rhythms dif-fer between selected mouse lines: a model to study the role of vasopressin neurons in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Brain Res Bull 32, 623-627.

Bult, A. & Lynch, C. B. (1996) Multiple selection responses in house mice bidirection-ally selected for thermoregulatory nest-building behavior: crosses of replicate lines. Behav Genet 26, 439-446.

Bult, A. & Lynch, C. B. (1997) Nesting and fitness: lifetime reproductive success in house mice bidirectionally selected for thermoregulatory nest-building behavior. Behav Genet 27, 231-240.

Bult, A. & Lynch, C. B. (2000) Breaking through artificial selection limits of an adap-tive behavior in mice and the consequences for correlated responses. Behav Genet 30, 193-206.

Bult, A., Kobylk, M. E. & Van der Zee, E. A. (2001) Differential expression of protein kinase C betaI (PKCbetaI) but not PKCalpha and PKCbetaII in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of selected house mouse lines, and the relationship to arginine-vasopres-sin. Brain Res 914, 123-133.

Bunger, M. K., Wilsbacher, L. D., Moran, S. M., Clendenin, C., Radcliffe, L. A., Ho-genesch, J. B., Simon, M. C., Takahashi, J. S. & Bradfield, C. A. (2000) Mop3 is an essential component of the master circadian pacemaker in mammals. Cell 103, 1009-1017.

Cagampang, F. R., Yang, J., Nakayama, Y., Fukuhara, C. & Inouye, S. T. (1994) Circa-dian variation of arginine-vasopressin messenger RNA in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 24, 179-184.

Carr, A. J. & Whitmore, D. (2005) Imaging of single light-responsive clock cells re-veals fluctuating free-running periods. Nat Cell Biol 7, 319-321.

117

References

Cermakian, N., Monaco, L., Pando, M. P., Dierich, A. & Sassone-Corsi, P. (2001) Al-tered behavioral rhythms and clock gene expression in mice with a targeted muta-tion in the Period1 gene. EMBO J 20, 3967-3974.

Chambille, I., Doyle, S. & Serviere, J. (1993) Photic induction and circadian expression of Fos-like protein. Immunohistochemical study in the retina and suprachiasmatic nuclei of hamster. Brain Res 612, 138-150.

Chidambaram, R., Marimuthu, G. & Sharma, V. K. (2004) Effect of behavioural feed-back on circadian clocks of the nocturnal field mouse Mus booduga. Biol Rhythm Res 35, 213-227.

Coleman, G. J., Harper, S., Clarke, J. D. & Armstrong, S. (1982) Evidence for a sepa-rate meal-associated oscillator in the rat. Physiol Behav 29, 107-115.

Colwell, C. S. & Foster, R. G. (1992) Photic regulation of Fos-like immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the mouse. J Comp Neurol 324, 135-142.

Curran, T., MacConnell, W. P., Van Straten, F. & Verma, I. M. (1983) Structure of the FBJ Murine osteosarcoma virus genome: molecular cloning of its associated helper virus and the cellular homolog of the v-fos gene from mouse and human cells. Mol Cell Biol 3, 914-921.

Curran, T. & Morgan, J. I. (1995) Fos: an immediate-early transcription factor in neu-rons. J Neurobiol 26, 403-412.

Daan, S. & Slopsema, S. (1978) Short-term rhythms in foraging behavior in the com-mon vole, Microtus arvalis. J Comp Physiol [A] 127, 227.

Daan, S., Albrecht, U., Van der Horst, G. T. J., Illnerová, H., Roenneberg, T., Wehr, T. A. & Schwartz, W. J. (2001) Assembling a clock for all seasons: are there M and E oscillators in the genes? J Biol Rhythms 16, 105-116.

Daan, S., Merrow, M. & Roenneberg, T. (2002) External time-internal time. J Biol Rhythms 17, 107-109.

Damiola, F., Le Minh, N., Preitner, N., Kornmann, B., Fleury-Olela, F. & Schibler, U. (2000) Restricted feeding uncouples circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues from the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Genes Dev 14, 2950-2961.

Dardente, H., Klosen, P., Caldelas, I., Pévet, P. & Masson-Pévet, M. (2002) Phenotype of Per1- and Per2-expressing neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of a diurnal rodent (Arvicanthis ansorgei): comparison with a nocturnal species, the rat. Cell Tissue Res 310, 85-92.

Dardente, H., Menet, J. S., Challet, E., Tournier, B. B., Pévet, P. & Masson-Pévet, M. (2004) Daily and circadian expression of neuropeptides in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of nocturnal and diurnal rodents. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 124, 143-151.

118

Davidson, A. J., Poole, A. S., Yamazaki, S. & Menaker, M. (2003) Is the food-entrain-able circadian oscillator in the digestive system? Genes Brain Behav 2, 32-39.

De la Iglesia, H. O., Meijer, J. H., Carpino, A., Jr. & Schwartz, W. J. (2000) Antiphase oscillation of the left and right suprachiasmatic nuclei. Science 290, 799-801.

De Vries, G. J., Buijs, R. M. & Swaab, D. F. (1981) Ontogeny of the vasopressinergic neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus and their extrahypothalamic projections in the rat brain--presence of a sex difference in the lateral septum. Brain Res 218, 67-78.

DeCoursey, P. J. (1972) LD ratios and the entrainment of circadian activity in a noc-turnal and a diurnal rodent. J Comp Physiol [A] 78, 221-235.

Delville, Y., Mansour, K. M., Quan, E. W., Yules, B. M. & Ferris, C. F. (1994) Postnatal development of the vasopressinergic system in golden hamsters. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 81, 230-239.

Dinet, V., Ansari, N., Torres-Farfan, C. & Korf, H. W. (2007) Clock gene expression in the retina of melatonin-proficient (C3H) and melatonin-deficient (C57BL) mice. J Pineal Res 42, 83-91.

Earnest, D. J., Ouyang, S. & Olschowka, J. A. (1992) Rhythmic expression of Fos-relat-ed proteins within the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus during constant retinal illumi-nation. Neurosci Lett 140, 19-24.

Edelstein, K. & Amir, S. (1999) The role of the intergeniculate leaflet in entrainment of circadian rhythms to a skeleton photoperiod. J Neurosci 19, 372-380.

Edgar, D. M. & Dement, W. C. (1991) Regularly scheduled voluntary exercise syn-chronizes the mouse circadian clock. Am J Physiol 261, R928-R933.

Edmunds, S. C. & Adler, N. T. (1977) The multiplicity of biological oscillators in the control of circadian running activity in the rat. Physiol Behav 18, 930.

Falvey, E., Fleury-Olela, F. & Schibler, U. (1995) The rat hepatic leukemia factor (HLF) gene encodes two transcriptional activators with distinct circadian rhythms, tissue distributions and target preferences. EMBO J 14, 4307-4317.

Feillet, C. A., Ripperger, J. A., Magnone, M. C., Dulloo, A., Albrecht, U. & Challet, E. (2006) Lack of food anticipation in Per2 mutant mice. Curr Biol 16, 2016-2022.

Fonjallaz, P., Ossipow, V., Wanner, G. & Schibler, U. (1996) The two PAR leucine zipper proteins, TEF and DBP, display similar circadian and tissue-specific expres-sion, but have different target promoter preferences. EMBO J 15, 351-362.

Froy, O. (2007) The relationship between nutrition and circadian rhythms in mam-mals. Front Neuroendocrinol 28, 61-71.

119

References

Gachon, F., Fonjallaz, P., Damiola, F., Gos, P., Kodama, T., Zakany, J., Duboule, D., Petit, B., Tafti, M. & Schibler, U. (2004) The loss of circadian PAR bZip transcrip-tion factors results in epilepsy. Genes Dev 18, 1397-1412.

Gähwiler, B. H. (1984) Slice cultures of cerebellar, hippocampal and hypothalamic tissue. Experientia 40, 235-43.

Gekakis, N., Staknis, D., Nguyen, H. B., Davis, F. C., Wilsbacher, L. D., King, D. P., Takahashi, J. S. & Weitz, C. J. (1998) Role of the CLOCK protein in the mammalian circadian mechanism. Science 280, 1564-1569.

Gerkema, M. P., Groos, G. A. & Daan, S. (1990) Differential elimination of circadian and ultradian rhythmicity by hypothalamic lesions in the common vole, Microtus arvalis. J Biol Rhythms 5, 81-95.

Gerkema, M. P. & Van der Leest, F. (1991) Ongoing ultradian activity rhythms in the common vole, Microtus arvalis, during deprivations of food, water and rest. J Comp Physiol [A] 168, 591-597.

Gerkema, M. P., Daan, S., Wilbrink, M., Hop, M. W. & Van der Leest, F. (1993) Phase control of ultradian feeding rhythms in the common vole (Microtus arvalis): the roles of light and the circadian system. J Biol Rhythms 8, 151-171.

Gerkema, M. P., Van der Zee, E. A. & Feitsma, L. E. (1994) Expression of circadian rhythmicity correlates with the number of arginine-vasopressin-immunoreactive cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of common voles, Microtus arvalis. Brain Res 639, 93-101.

Gooley, J. J., Schomer, A. & Saper, C. B. (2006) The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucle-us is critical for the expression of food-entrainable circadian rhythms. Nat Neurosci 9, 398-407.

Griffin, E. A., Jr., Staknis, D. & Weitz, C. J. (1999) Light-independent role of CRY1 and CRY2 in the mammalian circadian clock. Science 286, 768-771.

Griffioen, H. A., Duindam, H., Van der Woude, T. P., Rietveld, W. J. & Boer, G. J. (1993) Functional development of fetal suprachiasmatic nucleus grafts in suprachi-asmatic nucleus-lesioned rats. Brain Res Bull 31, 145-160.

Guido, M. E., Goguen, D., De Guido, L., Robertson, H. A. & Rusak, B. (1999) Circadi-an and photic regulation of immediate-early gene expression in the hamster supra-chiasmatic nucleus. Neuroscience 90, 555-571.

Hara, R., Wan, K., Wakamatsu, H., Aida, R., Moriya, T., Akiyama, M. & Shibata, S. (2001) Restricted feeding entrains liver clock without participation of the suprachi-asmatic nucleus. Genes Cells 6, 269-278.

120

Hattar, S., Lucas, R. J., Mrosovsky, N., Thompson, S., Douglas, R. H., Hankins, M. W., Lem, J., Biel, M., Hofmann, F., Foster, R. G. & Yau, K. W. (2003) Melanopsin and rod-cone photoreceptive systems account for all major accessory visual functions in mice. Nature 424, 76-81.

Herzog, E. D., Grace, M. S., Harrer, C., Williamson, J., Shinohara, K. & Block, G. D. (2000) The role of Clock in the developmental expression of neuropeptides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Comp Neurol 424, 86-98.

Hiddinga, A. E., Beersma, D. G. & Van den Hoofdakker, R. H. (1997) Endogenous and exogenous components in the circadian variation of core body temperature in humans. J Sleep Res 6, 156-163.

Hochstetler, K. J., Garland, T., Swallow, J. G., Carter, P. A. & Bult-Ito, A. (2004) Num-ber of arginine-vasopressin neurons in the suprachiasmatic nuclei is not related to level or circadian characteristics of wheel-running activity in house mice. Behav Genet 34(1), 119-124.

Hogenesch, J. B., Gu, Y. Z., Jain, S. & Bradfield, C. A. (1998) The basic-helix-loop-he-lix-PAS orphan MOP3 forms transcriptionally active complexes with circadian and hypoxia factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95, 5474-5479.

Honma, K., Honma, S. & Hiroshige, T. (1986) Disorganization of the rat activity rhythm by chronic treatment with methamphetamine. Physiol Behav 38, 687-695.

Hoogenboom, I., Daan, S., Dallinga, J. H. & Schoenmakers, M. (1984) Seasonal change in the daily timing of behavior of the common vole (Microtue arvalis). Oecologia 61, 18-31.

Hut, R. A., Scheper, A. & Daan, S. (2000) Can the circadian system of a diurnal and a nocturnal rodent entrain to ultraviolet light? J Comp Physiol [A] 186, 707-715.

Hyodo, S., Yamada, C., Takezawa, T. & Urano, A. (1992) Expression of provasopres-sin gene during ontogeny in the hypothalamus of developing mice. Neuroscience 46, 241-250.

Ikeda, M. & Nomura, M. (1997) cDNA cloning and tissue-specific expression of a novel basic helix-loop-helix/PAS protein (BMAL1) and identification of alterna-tively spliced variants with alternative translation initiation site usage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 233, 258-264.

Ingram, C. D., Ciobanu, R., Coculescu, I. L., Tanasescu R. & Coculescu, M. (1998) Vasopressin neurotransmission and the control of circadian rhythms in the supra-chiasmatic nucleus. Prog Brain Res 119, 351-364.

Inouye, S. T. & Shibata, S. (1994) Neurochemical organization of circadian rhythm in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci Res 20, 109-130.

121

References

Isobe, Y., Nakajima, K. & Nishino, H. (1995) Arg-vasopressin content in the suprachi-asmatic nucleus of rat pups: circadian rhythm and its development. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 85, 58-63.

Isobe, Y. & Nishino, H. (1998) AVP rhythm in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in relation to locomotor activity under constant light. Peptides 19, 827-832.

Jagota, A., De la Iglesia, H. O. & Schwartz, W. J. (2000) Morning and evening circa-dian oscillations in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro. Nat Neurosci 3, 372-376.

Jansen, K., Van der Zee, E. A. & Gerkema, M. P. (1998) Concurrent decrease of vaso-pressin and protein kinase C-alpha immunoreactivity during the light phase in the vole suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci Lett.

Jansen, K., Van der Zee, E. A. & Gerkema, M. P. (1999) Organotypic suprachiasmatic nuclei cultures of adult voles reflect locomotor behavior: differences in number of vasopressin cells. Chronobiol Int 16, 745-750.

Jansen, K., Van der Zee, E. A. & Gerkema, M. P. (2000) Being circadian or not: vaso-pressin release in cultured SCN mirrors behavior in adult voles. Neuroreport 11, 3555-3558.

Jansen, K., Van der Zee, E. A. & Gerkema, M. P. (2003) Not only vasopressin, but also the intracellular messenger protein kinase Calpha in the suprachiasmatic nucleus correlates with expression of circadian rhythmicity in voles. Neuropeptides 37, 57-65.

Jác, M., Sumová, A. & Illnerová, H. (2000) c-Fos rhythm in subdivisions of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus under artificial and natural photoperiods. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 279, R2270-R2276.

Jin, X., Shearman, L. P., Weaver, D. R., Zylka, M. J., De Vries, G. J. & Reppert, S. M. (1999) A molecular mechanism regulating rhythmic output from the suprachias-matic circadian clock. Cell 96, 57-68.

Kalamatianos, T., Kallo, I. & Coen, C. W. (2004) Ageing and the diurnal expression of the mRNAs for vasopressin and for the V1a and V1b vasopressin receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of male rats. J Neuroendocrinol 16, 493-501.

Kalsbeek, A., Buijs, R. M., Engelmann, M., Wotjak, C. T. & Landgraf, R. (1995) In vivo measurement of a diurnal variation in vasopressin release in the rat suprachias-matic nucleus. Brain Res 682, 75-82.

Kalsbeek, A., Barassin, S., Van Heerikhuize, J. J., Van der Vliet, J. & Buijs, R. M. (2000) Restricted daytime feeding attenuates reentrainment of the circadian melatonin rhythm after an 8-h phase advance of the light-dark cycle. J Biol Rhythms 15, 57-66.

Katona, C., Rose, S. & Smale, L. (1998) The expression of Fos within the suprachias-matic nucleus of the diurnal rodent Arvicanthis niloticus. Brain Res 791, 27-34.

122

Kawamoto, T., Noshiro, M., Furukawa, M., Honda, K. K., Nakashima, A., Ueshima, T., Usui, E., Katsura, Y., Fujimoto, K., Honma, S., Honma, K., Hamada, T. & Kato, Y. (2006) Effects of fasting and re-feeding on the expression of Dec1, Per1, and other clock-related genes. J Biochem (Tokyo) 140, 401-408.

Kenagy, G. J. (1980) Center-of-gravity of circadian activity and its relation to free-running period in two rodent species. J Interdiscipl Cycle Res 11, 1-8.

King, D. P., Zhao, Y., Sangoram, A. M., Wilsbacher, L. D., Tanaka, M., Antoch, M. P., Steeves, T. D., Vitaterna, M. H., Kornhauser, J. M., Lowrey, P. L., Turek, F. W. & Takahashi, J. S. (1997) Positional cloning of the mouse circadian clock gene. Cell 89, 641-653.

Kononen, J., Koistinaho, J. & Alho, H. (1990) Circadian rhythm in c-fos-like immuno-reactivity in the rat brain. Neurosci Lett 120, 105-108.

Kornhauser, J. M., Nelson, D. E., Mayo, K. E. & Takahashi, J. S. (1990) Photic and cir-cadian regulation of c-fos gene expression in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neuron 5, 127-134.

Kornmann, B., Schaad, O., Bujard, H., Takahashi, J. S. & Schibler, U. (2007) System-driven and oscillator-dependent circadian transcription in mice with a condition-ally active liver clock. PLoS Biol 5, e34.

Krieger, D. T., Hauser, H. & Krey, L. C. (1977) Suprachiasmatic nuclear lesions do not abolish food-shifted circadian adrenal and temperature rhythmicity. Science 197, 398-399.

Kume, K., Zylka, M. J., Sriram, S., Shearman, L. P., Weaver, D. R., Jin, X., Maywood, E. S., Hastings, M. H. & Reppert, S. M. (1999) mCRY1 and mCRY2 are essential components of the negative limb of the circadian clock feedback loop. Cell 98, 193-205.

Landry, G. J., Simon, M. M., Webb, I. C. & Mistlberger, R. E. (2006) Persistence of a behavioral food-anticipatory circadian rhythm following dorsomedial hypotha-lamic ablation in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 290, R1527-R1534.

Le Minh, N., Damiola, F., Tronche, F., Schutz, G. & Schibler, U. (2001) Glucocorticoid hormones inhibit food-induced phase-shifting of peripheral circadian oscillators. EMBO J 20, 7128-7136.

Le Sauter, J. & Silver, R. (1999) Localization of a suprachiasmatic nucleus subregion regulating locomotor rhythmicity. J Neurosci 19, 5574-5585.

Leak, R. K. & Moore, R. Y. (2001) Topographic organization of suprachiasmatic nucleus projection neurons. J Comp Neurol 433, 312-334.

Li, H. & Satinoff, E. (1998) Fetal tissue containing the suprachiasmatic nucleus re-stores multiple circadian rhythms in old rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physi-ol 275, R1735-R1744.

123

References

Liu, A. C., Welsh, D. K., Ko, C. H., Tran, H. G., Zhang, E. E., Priest, A. A., Buhr, E. D., Singer, O., Meeker, K., Verma, I. M., Doyle III, F. J., Takahashi, J. S. & Kay, S. A. (2007) Intracellular coupling confers robustness against mutations in the SCN circadian clock network. Cell 129, 605-616.

Liu, B., Kwok, R. P. & Fernstrom, J. D. (1991) Colchicine-induced increases in immu-noreactive neuropeptide levels in hypothalamus: use as an index of biosynthesis. Life Sci 49, 345-352.

Liu, C., Weaver, D. R., Strogatz, S. H. & Reppert, S. M. (1997) Cellular construction of a circadian clock: period determination in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Cell 91, 855-860.

Lopez-Molina, L., Conquet, F., Dubois-Dauphin, M. & Schibler, U. (1997) The DBP gene is expressed according to a circadian rhythm in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and influences circadian behavior. EMBO J 16, 6762-6771.

Lynch, C. B. (1980) Response to divergent selection for nesting behavior in mus mus-culus. Genetics 96, 757-765.

Marchant, E. G. & Mistlberger, R. E. (1996) Entrainment and phase shifting of circa-dian rhythms in mice by forced treadmill running. Physiol Behav 60, 657-663.

Marchant, E. G. & Mistlberger, R. E. (1997) Anticipation and entrainment to feeding time in intact and SCN-ablated C57BL/6j mice. Brain Res 765, 273-282.

Mardia, K. V. (1972) Statistics of directional data. Academic press, inc., London.

Mendoza, J., Graff, C., Dardente, H., Pévet, P. & Challet, E. (2005) Feeding cues alter clock gene oscillations and photic responses in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of mice exposed to a light/dark cycle. J Neurosci 25, 1514-1522.

Mistlberger, R. E. (1991) Effects of daily schedules of forced activity on free-running rhythms in the rat. J Biol Rhythms 6, 71-80.

Mistlberger, R. E. (1994) Circadian food-anticipatory activity: formal models and physiological mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 18, 171-195.

Mistlberger, R. E. & Holmes, M. M. (2000) Behavioral feedback regulation of circa-dian rhythm phase angle in light-dark entrained mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 279, R813-R821.

Miyamoto, Y. & Sancar, A. (1998) Vitamin B2-based blue-light photoreceptors in the retinohypothalamic tract as the photoactive pigments for setting the circadian clock in mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95, 6097-6102.

Moore, R. Y. & Eichler, V. B. (1972) Loss of a circadian adrenal corticosterone rhythm following suprachiasmatic lesions in the rat. Brain Res 42, 201-206.

124

Moore, R. Y. & Card, J. P. (1994) Intergeniculate leaflet: an anatomically and func-tionally distinct subdivision of the lateral geniculate complex. J Comp Neurol 344, 403-430.

Moore, R. Y. (1996) Entrainment pathways and the functional organization of the circadian system. Prog Brain Res 111, 103-119.

Moore, R. Y., Speh, J. C. & Leak, R. K. (2002) Suprachiasmatic nucleus organization. Cell Tissue Res 309, 89-98.

Morin, L. P. (2007) SCN organization reconsidered. J Biol Rhythms 22, 3-13.

Mrosovsky, N. & Salmon, P. A. (1987) A behavioural method for accelerating re-en-trainment of rhythms to new light-dark cycles. Nature 330, 372-373.

Mrosovsky, N. (1988) Phase response curves for social entrainment. J Comp Physiol [A] 162, 35-46.

Mrosovsky, N. (1999) Masking: history, definitions, and measurement. Chronobiol Int 16, 415-429.

Muñoz, E., Brewer, M. & Baler, R. (2002) Circadian Transcription. Thinking outside the E-Box. J Biol Chem 277, 36009-36017.

Nagoshi, E., Brown, S. A., Dibner, C., Kornmann, B. & Schibler, U. (2005) Circadian gene expression in cultured cells. Methods Enzymol 393, 543-557.

Oishi, K., Miyazaki, K., Kadota, K., Kikuno, R., Nagase, T., Atsumi, G., Ohkura, N., Azama, T., Mesaki, M., Yukimasa, S., Kobayashi, H., Iitaka, C., Umehara, T., Horikoshi, M., Kudo, T., Shimizu, Y., Yano, M., Monden, M., Machida, K., Mat-suda, J., Horie, S., Todo, T. & Ishida, N. (2003) Genome-wide expression analysis of mouse liver reveals CLOCK-regulated circadian output genes. J Biol Chem 278, 41519-41527.

Panda, S., Antoch, M. P., Miller, B. H., Su, A. I., Schook, A. B., Straume, M., Schultz, P. G., Kay, S. A., Takahashi, J. S. & Hogenesch, J. B. (2002) Coordinated transcrip-tion of key pathways in the mouse by the circadian clock. Cell 109, 307-320.

Panda, S., Provencio, I., Tu, D. C., Pires, S. S., Rollag, M. D., Castrucci, A. M., Pletch-er, M. T., Sato, T. K., Wiltshire, T., Andahazy, M., Kay, S. A., Van Gelder, R. N. & Hogenesch, J. B. (2003) Melanopsin is required for non-image-forming photic responses in blind mice. Science 301, 525-527.

Pando, M. P., Morse, D., Cermakian, N. & Sassone-Corsi, P. (2002) Phenotypic rescue of a peripheral clock genetic defect via SCN hierarchical dominance. Cell 110, 107-117.

Peterson, G. M., Watkins, W. B. & Moore, R. Y. (1980) The suprachiasmatic hypotha-lamic nuclei of the rat. VI. Vasopressin neurons and circadian rhythmicity. Behav Neural Biol 29, 236-245.

125

References

Pickard, G. E., Ralph, M. R. & Menaker, M. (1987) The intergeniculate leaflet partially mediates effects of light on circadian rhythms. J Biol Rhythms 2, 35-56.

Pittendrigh, C. S. & Daan, S. (1976) A functional analysis of circadian pacemakers in nocturnal rodents. V. Pacemaker structure: a clock for all seasons. J Comp Physiol [A] 106, 333-355.

Preitner, N., Damiola, F., Lopez-Molina, L., Zakany, J., Duboule, D., Albrecht, U. & Schibler, U. (2002) The orphan nuclear receptor REV-ERBalpha controls circadian transcription within the positive limb of the mammalian circadian oscillator. Cell 110, 251-260.

Pugh, T. D., Oberley, T. D. & Weindruch, R. (1999) Dietary intervention at middle age: caloric restriction but not dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate increases lifespan and lifetime cancer incidence in mice. Cancer Res 59, 1642-1648.

Ralph, M. R., Foster, R. G., Davis, F. C. & Menaker, M. (1990) Transplanted suprachi-asmatic nucleus determines circadian period. Science 247, 975-978.

Rea, M. A. (1989) Light increases Fos-related protein immunoreactivity in the rat su-prachiasmatic nuclei. Brain Res Bull 23, 577-581.

Reebs, S. G., Lavery, R. J. & Mrosovsky, N. (1989) Running activity mediates the phase-advancing effects of dark pulses on hamster circadian rhythms. J Comp Physiol [A] 165, 811-818.

Reghunandanan, V., Reghunandanan, R. & Marya, R. K. (1991) Vasopressin: Its pos-sible role in circadian time keeping. Chronobiologia 18, 39-47.

Reppert, S. M. & Weaver, D. R. (2002) Coordination of circadian timing in mammals. Nature 418, 935-941.

Richter, C. P. (1922) A behavioristic study of the activity of the rat. Comp Psycho mono-graphs 1, 1-55.

Rusak, B., Robertson, H. A., Wisden, W. & Hunt, S. P. (1990) Light pulses that shift rhythms induce gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Science 248, 1237-1240.

Rusak, B., McNaughton, L., Robertson, H. A. & Hunt, S. P. (1992) Circadian varia-tion in photic regulation of immediate-early gene mRNAs in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus cells. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 14, 124-130.

Sakamoto, K., Nagase, T., Fukui, H., Horikawa, K., Okada, T., Tanaka, H., Sato, K., Miyake, Y., Ohara, O., Kako, K. & Ishida, N. (1998) Multitissue circadian expres-sion of rat period homolog (rPer2) mRNA is governed by the mammalian circa-dian clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the brain. J Biol Chem 273, 27039-27042.

Saper, C. B., Lu, J., Chou, T. C. & Gooley, J. J. (2005) The hypothalamic integrator for circadian rhythms. Trends Neurosci 28, 152-157.

126

Schumann, D. M., Cooper, H. M., Hofmeyr, M. D. & Bennett, N. C. (2006) Light-induced Fos expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the four-striped field mouse, Rhabdomys pumilio: A southern African diurnal rodent. Brain Res Bull 70, 270-277.

Schwartz, W. J., Takeuchi, J., Shannon, W., Davis, E. M. & Aronin, N. (1994) Tempo-ral regulation of light-induced Fos and Fos-like protein expression in the ventro-lateral subdivision of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neuroscience 58, 573-583.

Schwartz, W. J., Carpino, A., Jr., De la Iglesia, H. O., Baler, R., Klein, D. C., Nakabep-pu, Y. & Aronin, N. (2000) Differential regulation of fos family genes in the ventro-lateral and dorsomedial subdivisions of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci-ence 98, 535-547.

Sharma, V. K. (2003) Period responses to Zeitgeber signals stabilize circadian clocks during entrainment. Chronobiol Int 20, 389-404.

Shearman, L. P., Jin, X., Lee, C., Reppert, S. M. & Weaver, D. R. (2000) Targeted dis-ruption of the mPer3 gene: subtle effects on circadian clock function. Mol Cell Biol 20, 6269-6275.

Shearman, L. P., Sriram, S., Weaver, D. R., Maywood, E. S., Chaves, I., Zheng, B., Kume, K., Lee, C. C., Van der Horst, G. T. J., Hastings, M. H. & Reppert, S. M. (2000) Interacting molecular loops in the mammalian circadian clock. Science 288, 1013-1019.

Shinohara, K., Tominaga, K., Isobe, Y. & Inouye, S.-I. (1993) Photic regulation of pep-tides located in the ventrolateral subdivision of the SCN of the rat: Daily variations of VIP, GRP and NPY. J Neurosci 13, 793-800.

Shirley, M. (1928) Studies in activity II. Activity rhythms; age and activity; activity after rest. Comp Psycho 8, 159-185.

Sokolove, P. G. & Bushnell, W. N. (1978) The chi square periodogram: Its utility for analysis of circadian rhythms. J Theor Biol 72, 131-160.

Spoelstra, K. Dawn and dusk. (2005) Behavioural and molecular complexity in circa-dian entrainment.

Steinlechner, S., Jacobmeier, B., Scherbarth, F., Dernbach, H., Kruse, F. & Albrecht, U. (2002) Robust circadian rhythmicity of Per1 and Per2 mutant mice in constant light, and dynamics of Per1 and Per2 gene expression under long and short photo-periods. J Biol Rhythms 17, 202-209.

Stephan, F. K. & Zucker, I. (1972) Circadian rhythms in drinking behavior and loco-motor activity of rats are eliminated by hypothalamic lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 69, 1583-1586.

127

References

Stephan, F. K., Swann, J. M. & Sisk, C. L. (1979) Entrainment of circadian rhythms by feeding schedules in rats with suprachiasmatic lesions. Behav Neural Biol 25, 545-554.

Stephan, F. K. (1986) Interaction between light- and feeding-entrainable circadian rhythms in the rat. Physiol Behav 38, 127-133.

Stephan, F. K. (2002) The “other” circadian system: food as a Zeitgeber. J Biol Rhythms 17, 284-292.

Stokkan, K. A., Yamazaki, S., Tei, H., Sakaki, Y. & Menaker, M. (2001) Entrainment of the circadian clock in the liver by feeding. Science 291, 490-493.

Sumová, A., Trávnícková, Z., Peters, R., Schwartz, W. J. & Illnerová, H. (1995) The rat suprachiasmatic nucleus is a clock for all seasons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92, 7754-7758.

Sumová, A., Trávnícková, Z., Mikkelsen, J. D. & Illnerová, H. (1998) Spontaneous rhythm in c-Fos immunoreactivity in the dorsomedial part of the rat suprachias-matic nucleus. Brain Res 801, 254-258.

Sumová, A., Trávnícková, Z. & Illnerová, H. (2000) Spontaneous c-Fos rhythm in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: location and effect of photoperiod. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 279, R2262-R2269.

Sumová, A. & Illnerová, H. (2005) Effect of photic stimuli disturbing overt circadian rhythms on the dorsomedial and ventrolateral SCN rhythmicity. Brain Res 1048, 169.

Sun, Z. S., Albrecht, U., Zhuchenko, O., Bailey, J., Eichele, G. & Lee, C. C. (1997) RIGUI, a putative mammalian ortholog of the Drosophila period gene. Cell 90, 1003-1011.

Tamaru, T., Isojima, Y., Yamada, T., Okada, M., Nagai, K. & Takamatsu, K. (2000) Light and glutamate-induced degradation of the circadian oscillating protein BMAL1 during the mammalian clock resetting. J Neurosci 20, 7525-7530.

Tei, H., Okamura, H., Shigeyoshi, Y., Fukuhara, C., Ozawa, R., Hirose, M. & Sakaki, Y. (1997) Circadian oscillation of a mammalian homologue of the Drosophila pe-riod gene. Nature 389, 512-516.

Tominaga, K., Kazuyuki, s., Otori, Y., Fukuhara, C. & Inouye, S.-I. (1992) Circadian rhythms of vasopressin content in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat. Neurore-port 3, 809-812.

Tosini, G. & Menaker, M. (1996) Circadian rhythms in cultured mammalian retina. Science 272, 419-421.

128

Uhl, G. R. & Reppert, S. M. (1986) Suprachiasmatic nucleus vasopressin messenger RNA: circadian variation in normal and brattleboro rats. Science 232, 390-393.

Van den Pol, A. N. & Tsujimoto, K. L. (1985) Neurotransmitters of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus: immunocytochemical analysis of 25 neuronal antigens. Neuroscience 15, 1049-1086.

Van der Horst, G. T. J., Muijtjens, M., Kobayashi, K., Takano, R., Kanno, S., Takao, M., De Wit, J., Verkerk, A., Eker, A. P. M., Van Leenen, D., Buijs, R. M., Bootsma, D., Hoeijmakers, J. H. J. & Yasui, A. (1999) Mammalian Cry1 and Cry2 are essen-tial for maintenance of circadian rhythms. Nature 398, 627-630.

Van der Veen, D. R., Castillo, M. R., Van der Zee, E. A., Jansen, K., Gerkema, M. P. & Bult-Ito, A. (2005) Circadian dynamics of vasopressin in mouse selection lines: translation and release in the SCN. Brain Res 1060, 16-25.

Van der Veen, D. R., Le Minh, N., Gos, P., Arneric, M., Gerkema, M. P. & Schibler, U. (2006) Impact of behavior on central and peripheral circadian clocks in the com-mon vole Microtus arvalis, a mammal with ultradian rhythms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103, 3393-3398.

Van der Zee, E. A., Jansen, K. & Gerkema, M. P. (1999) Severe loss of vasopressin-immunoreactive cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of aging voles coincides with reduced circadian organization of running wheel activity. Brain Res 816, 572-579.

Van der Zee, E. A., Jansen, K. & Gerkema, M. P. (2000) The suprachiasmatic nucleus in organotypic slice cultures of the common vole (Microtus arvalis): comparison of development with rat and hamster and the effect of age. J Biol Rhythms 15, 37-47.

Van der Zee, E. A., Oklejewicz, M., Jansen, K., Daan, S. & Gerkema, M. P. (2002) Vasopressin immunoreactivity and release in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of wild-type and tau mutant Syrian hamsters. Brain Res 936, 38-46.

Vandesande, F., Dierickx, K. & De Mey, J. (1975) Identification of the vasopressin-neurophysin producing neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Cell Tissue Res 156, 377-380.

Veldhuis, J. D. & Johnson, M. L. (1986) Cluster analysis: A simple, versatile, and robust algorithm for endocrine pulse detection. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 250, E486-E493.

Vitaterna, M. H., King, D. P., Chang, A. M., Kornhauser, J. M., Lowrey, P. L., McDon-ald, J. D., Dove, W. F., Pinto, L. H., Turek, F. W. & Takahashi, J. S. (1994) Mutagen-esis and mapping of a mouse gene, Clock, essential for circadian behavior. Science 264, 719-725.

129

References

Vrang, N., Mrosovsky, N. & Mikkelsen, J. D. (2003) Afferent projections to the ham-ster intergeniculate leaflet demonstrated by retrograde and anterograde tracing. Brain Res Bull 59, 267-288.

Vuillez, P., Herbin, M., Cooper, H. M., Nevo, E. & Pévet, P. (1994) Photic induction of Fos immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the blind mole rat (Spalax ehrenbergi). Brain Res 654, 81-84.

Watanabe, K., Yamaoka, S. & Vanecek, J. (1998) Melatonin inhibits spontaneous and VIP-induced vasopressin release from suprachiasmatic neurons. Brain Res 801, 216-219.

Welsh, D. K., Yoo, S. H., Liu, A. C., Takahashi, J. S. & Kay, S. A. (2004) Biolumines-cence imaging of individual fibroblasts reveals persistent, independently phased circadian rhythms of clock gene expression. Curr Biol 14, 2289-2295.

Wollnik, F. & Bihler, S. (1996) Strain differences in the distribution of arginine-va-sopressin- and neuropeptide Y- immunoreactive neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of laboratory rats. Brain Res 724, 191-199.

Yagita, K., Yamaguchi, S., Tamanini, F., Van der Horst, G. T. J., Hoeijmakers, J. H. J., Yasui, A., Loros, J. J., Dunlap, J. C. & Okamura, H. (2000) Dimerization and nucle-ar entry of mPER proteins in mammalian cells. Genes Dev 14, 1353-1363.

Yamase, K., Takahashi, S., Nomura, K., Haruta, K. & Kawashima, S. (1991) Circadian changes in AVP level in the SCN in the rat. Neurosci Lett 130, 255-258.

Yamazaki, S., Numano, R., Abe, M., Hida, A., Takahashi, R.-I., Ueda, M., Block, G. D., Sakaki, Y., Menaker, M. & Tei, H. (2000) Resetting central and peripheral circadian oscillators in transgenic rats. Science 288, 682-685.

Yan, L., Takekida, S., Shigeyoshi, Y. & Okamura, H. (1999) Per1 and Per2 gene ex-pression in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: Circadian profile and the comparti-ment-specific response to light. Neuroscience 94, 141-150.

Yan, L. & Silver, R. (2002) Differential induction and localization of mPer1 and mPer2 during advancing and delaying phase shifts. Eur J Neurosci 16, 1531-1540.

Yoo, S. H., Yamazaki, S., Lowrey, P. L., Shimomura, K., Ko, C. H., Buhr, E. D., Siepka, S. M., Hong, H. K., Oh, W. J., Yoo, O. J., Menaker, M. & Takahashi, J. S. (2004) PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE real-time reporting of circadian dynamics reveals per-sistent circadian oscillations in mouse peripheral tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101, 5339-5346.

Yoshida, M., Iwasaki, Y., Asai, M., Takayasu, S., Taguchi, T., Itoi, K., Hashimoto, K. & Oiso, Y. (2006) Identification of a functional AP1 element in the rat vasopressin gene promoter. Endocrinology 147, 2850-2863.

130

Zheng, B., Larkin, D. W., Albrecht, U., Sun, Z. S., Sage, M., Eichele, G., Lee, C. C. & Bradley, A. (1999) The mPer2 gene encodes a functional component of the mam-malian circadian clock. Nature 400, 169-173.

Zheng, B., Albrecht, U., Kaasik, K., Sage, M., Lu, W., Vaishnav, S., Li, Q., Sun, Z. S., Eichele, G., Bradley, A. & Lee, C. C. (2001) Nonredundant roles of the mPer1 and mPer2 genes in the mammalian circadian clock. Cell 105, 683-694.

Zylka, M. J., Shearman, L. P., Weaver, D. R. & Reppert, S. M. (1998) Three period ho-mologs in mammals: differential light responses in the suprachiasmatic circadian clock and oscillating transcripts outside of brain. Neuron 20, 1103-1110.