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UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

REGULATION, SCHEME AND SYLLABUS

OF

BSc MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

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BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

Regulations, scheme and syllabus for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Medical Microbiology

Objectives of the course: At the end of the course the candidates shall be: 1. Aware of the principle underlying the organization of a clinical laboratory. 2. Able to do routine and special investigative procedures pertaining to medical Microbiology laboratory practice. 3. Provide a good theoretical and practical education who plan to work with in the field of medical microbiology and science. 4. Develop knowledge and skill in accordance with the society’s demand in medical microbiology. 5. Qualify the students for official approval as medical microbiologist. 6. Able to operate and maintain all equipments used in microbiology laboratory. 7. Able to establish and manage a clinical or Research laboratory.

Programme description : The course of study enhances student’s knowledge and skills in several major categorical areas of medical microbiology. The degree in medical microbiology provides advanced skills to practicing professionals in health administration, leadership, quality assurance and health informatics. Name of the course

Name of the course shall be the

“BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY” – BSc (MMB)

Duration of the course

The duration of the course shall be eight semesters extending over a period of four years. Each semester shall be of six months duration , with each academic year spread over a period of 240 working days

Eligibility for admission

Candidates who have passed Higher Secondary examination of the Board of Higher Secondary Education, Kerala, or examinations recognized equivalent (regular course of study) thereto, with 50% marks in Biology separately, and 50% marks in Physics, Chemistry and Biology put together, are eligible. Relaxation in minimum marks for eligibility allowed by the Government of Kerala to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other Backward Classes shall be made.

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Candidates with higher qualifications are also eligible for admission, provided they possess the minimum qualification mentioned in the syllabus.

Course structure

The course shall comprise of both theory and practical studies in different branches of Medical Microbiology and its related subjects such as : 1. Anatomy 2. Physiology 3. General Biochemistry 5. General Methodology 6. General microbiology 7. Parasitology & Entomology 8. Methodology & Clinical biochemistry 9. Industrial and Pharmaceutical Microbiology 10. Systemic Bacteriology 11. Immunology , immunochemistry & serology 12. Virology & Mycology 13. Immunopathology & blood banking 14. General and Clinical Pathology 15. Microbial pathology and cytology 16. Clinical Microbiology and Laboratory management In addition to these regular subject papers like Special English, Health education, Community medicine, Biostatistics and Computer applications are included as these are important elements in epidemiology, diagnostic and research field. Teaching/Learning methods

- Regular clinical Laboratory posting to pick up practical skill and practice techniques on laboratory responsibility and supervision. - Lecture,discussion and practical classes. - Students should present seminars in various subjects in medical microbiology to attain presentation skill

Internal assessment marks

Internal assessment marks shall be awarded to the candidates in each paper as detailed in the scheme of examinations. The award shall be on the basis of the assessment made by the teachers from the candidate’s performances in the terminal/semester examinations conducted by the department, class tests, seminars, assignment, attendance, laboratory work and record work, during the course of study. The marks secured by the candidates in each paper/subject shall be forwarded to the University at the end of the course for the examinations. The failed candidates will be allowed a separate internal assessment for both theory and practical. Compulsory clinical internship Every candidate admitted to BSc Medical Microbiology degree course shall undergo six(6) months of compulsory internship in the institution as recognized by the university, and those who successfully complete the internship as evidenced by the attendance statement and

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conduct certificate issued by the hospital authorities , shall only be issued the final Degree certificate . Students should also submit a report regarding the routine diagnostic procedures done in the laboratory during the internship period. Attendance requirements

Regarding attendance requirements it will be 80% with the provision for condonation up to 10% on medical grounds.

University examinations

There shall be University examinations at the end of every two semesters as detailed in the scheme of examinations. Candidates who fail to secure a pass in any particular paper shall appear for that paper in order to secure a pass, in the subsequent regular examination. Candidates who fail in one or more papers in an examination need appear for only those papers for securing complete pass in the examination. All the students who complete the course in prior to the examination and register for the examination shall be promoted to the subsequent semester.

Candidates who complete the course of study and secure pass in all the papers of the four examinations shall be declared to have qualified for the degree. Such candidates shall be placed in the second class. Candidates who qualify for the degree passing all the examinations with in the course duration securing not less that 65% marks of the aggregate of all University examinations and internal assessment take in together shall be declared to passed in the first class and those who secure not less than 75% of the aggregate marks shall be declared to have passed in first class with distinction.

Provisions for ranking students.

a) Up to third ranks for an intake of 25 students b) Up to fifth ranks for an intake of 50 students

There shall be no provision for improvement of results in any examinations

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CURRICULAM, CREDIT HOURS & COURSE DURATION

First Year B.Sc Medical Microbiology ( 1st &2

nd semester )

Paper Subject Hours of

instruction

I Anatomy

Theory

Practical

Tutorials

Total

180

120

40

340

II Physiology and Clinical

Haematology

Theory

Practical

Tutorial

Total

200

120

40

360

III General Biochemistry

Theory

Practical

Tutorial

Total

180

80

40

300

IV Special English, Health

Education, Community

Medicine, Biostatistics and

Computer Applications

Internal Assessment

(Theory and Practical)

140(T)

40(P)

T : 180

V General Methodology

Theory

Practicals

Total

180

80

260

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IInd Year B.Sc Medical Microbiology ( 3rd

& 4th

Semester )

Hospital laboratory posting at the end of 4th semester : 140hrs

Paper Subject Hours of

instruction

VI

General Microbiology

Theory

Practical

Tutorial

Total

180

140

40

360

VII

Parasitology and Entomology

Theory

Practical

Tutorial

Total

180

140

40

360

VIII

Methodology and Clinical

biochemistry

Theory

Practicals

Tutorial

Total

180

140

40

360

XI

Industrial and pharmaceutical

microbiology

Theory

Practical

Total Marks

180 40 220

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III Year B.Sc Medical Microbiology (5th

& 6th

Semester )

Paper Subject Hours of

instruction

X

Systematic Bacteriology

Theory

Practicals

Tutorials

Total

100

140

40

420

XI

Immunology,Immunopathology

and Blood banking

Theory

Practicals

Tutorials

Total

280

140

40

460

XII

Virology and Mycology Theory Practicals

Tutorials

Total

240 140 40 420

Hospital laboratory posting at the end of 6th semester : 140hrs

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IV B.Sc Medical Microbiology (7th

& 8th

Semester )

Paper Subject Hours of

instruction

XIII

Microbiological pathology and

cytology

Theory Practicals

Tutorials

Total

120 80 40 300

XIV

Clinical microbiology and

laboratory management

Theory Practicals

Tutorials

Total

200

180

40

420

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SCHEME OF EXAMINATION

I B.Sc.(Medical Microbiology) Examination ( At the end of second semester)

Paper Subject Duration Max. Marks Min. for pass

I Anatomy

Theory

Practical

Orals

Internal Assessment

Total Marks

3 hrs

3 hrs

50

50

50

50

200

20

20

-

-

100

II Physiology and Clinical

Haematology

Theory

Practical

Orals

Internal Assessment

Total Marks

3 hrs

3 hrs

50

50

50

50

200

20

20

-

-

100

III General Biochemistry

Theory

Practical

Orals

Internal Assessment

Total Marks

3 hrs

3hrs

50

50

50

50

200

20

20

-

-

100

IV Special English, Health

Education, Community

Medicine, Biostatistics and

Computer Applications

Internal Assessment

(Theory and Practical)

100

50

V General Methodology

Theory

Internal Assessment

Total Marks

3 hrs

100

50

150

40

-

75

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II B.Sc(Medical Microbiology) Examination (At the end of fourth semester)

VI General Microbiology

Theory

Practical

Orals

Internal Assessment

Total Marks

3 hrs

6 hrs

100

100

100

100

400

40

40

-

-

200

VII Parasitology and Entomology

Theory

Practical

Orals

Internal Assessment

Total Marks

3 hrs

6 hrs

100

100

100

100

400

40

40

-

-

200

VIII

Methodology and Clinical

biochemistry

Theory

Practicals

Orals

Internal Assessment

Total Marks

3 hrs

6hrs

100

100

100

100

400

40

40

-

200

XI

Industrial and pharmaceutical

microbiology

Theory

Internal Assessment

Total Marks

3 hrs

100

50

150

40

-

75

Practical examination for Papers VI & VII can be conducted simultaneously during a single 6 hours span

by a single team of examiners

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III B.Sc (Medical Microbiology) Examination (At the end of sixth semester)

X Systematic Bacteriology

Theory

Practicals

Orals

Internal Assessment

Total Marks

3 hrs

6 hrs X 3

days

100

100

100

100

400

40

40

-

-

200

XI Immunology,Immunopathology

and Blood banking

Theory

Practicals

Orals

Internal Assessment

Total Marks

3 hrs

6 hrs X 3

days

100

100

100

100

400

40

40

-

-

200

XII

Virology and Mycology Theory

Practicals

Orals

Internal Assessment

Total Marks

3 hrs

6 hrs X 3

days

100

100

100

100

400

40

40

-

-

200

Practical examinations for Papers X , XI & XII shall be conducted by simultaneously during the single 6

hours X 3 days span of time by a single team of examiners.

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IV B.Sc (Medical Microbiology) Examination (At the end of eighth semester)

XIII Microbiological pathology and

cytology

Theory

Practicals

Orals

Internal Assessment

Total Marks

3 hrs

6 hrs X 3

days

100

100

50

50

300

40

40

-

-

150

XIV Clinical microbiology and

laboratory management

Theory

Practicals

Orals

Internal Assessment

Total Marks

3 hrs

6 hrs X 3

days

100

100

100

100

400

40

40

-

-

200

Practical examinations for paper XV shall be conducted simultaneously during the same 6 hours x 3 days

span of time by a single team of examiners.

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Scheme of question paper – Theory (3hrs duration)

First year examination ( 1& 2nd

Semester )

1 ANATOMY Section A 2 PHYSIOLOGY & CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY Section A & B 3 GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY Section A 4 SPECIAL ENGLISH,HEALTH EDUCATION, COMMUNITY MEDICINE,

BIOSTATISTICS & COMPUTER ----------------

5 GENERAL METHODOLOGY

Section A,B,C

Second year examination ( 3& 4th

Semester ) 6 GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY Section A 7 PARASITOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY Section A & B 8 METHODOLOGY & CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY Section A 9 INDUSTRIAL & PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY Section A & B

Third year examination ( 5& 6th

Semester ) 10 SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY Section A 11 IMMUNOLOGY, IMMUNO PATHOLOGY & BLOOD BANKING Section A 12 VIROLOGY & MYCOLOGY Section A & B

Fourth year examination ( 7& 8th

Semester ) 13 MICROBIAL PATHOLOGY & CYTOLOGY Section A 14 CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND LABORATORY MANAGEMENT Section A

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1st

YEAR

1st &

2nd

semester

PAPER 1 – ANATOMY

1. Introduction to the course and the subject of anatomy

2. Orientation to: systems of the body, anatomical terminologies, learning methodologies in anatomy, embryology.

3. Microscopic anatomy: Structure of cell, Types of tissues, cell cycle, and division introduction to generics.

4. Respiratory system: Embryology, parts of the system gross and microscopic structure of the lungs, applied aspects.

5. Circulatory system: Embryology with emphasis on fetal circulation, parts, Microscopic anatomy of vessels, gross and microscopic structure of heart, blood vessels both arteries and veins in relation, attachment and relations of major vessels to the heart, distribution and tributaries of major arteries and veins, applied aspects.

6. Digestive system: Embryology, location, parts and functions of the system – gross and microscopic structure, location of digestive glands – gross and microscopic structure applied aspects.

7. Urogenital system:

a) Reproductive system: Developmental considerations of the male and female systems, gross and microscopic parts of both male and female systems, primary and secondary sexual organs and function, applied aspects.

b) Urinary system: Developmental considerations, parts – gross kidney in detail – gross and microscopic structure applied aspects.

8. Musculo skeletal system: Classification, location of the bones and muscles in the body, muscle attachment to bones – only brief description, gross features of bones and parts, microscopic features of muscle and bone, joints, classification, bones involved, movements and muscles that produce movements, applied aspects.

9. Nervous system: Developmental considerations, parts and division into central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system, gross and microscopy of brain and spinal cord, naming of cranial nervous, functions served by each of them brief account of degeneration and regeneration of nerves, applied aspects.

10. Endocrinology: Brief saline of location and function of the endocrine glands. 11. Special senses: Eye, ear, nose, tongue

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12. Miscellaneous topics: Skin and appendages (microscopic structure) General considerations of upper limb, lower limb, head and neck, thoracic and abdominal cavities, pelvic cavity.

PRACTICALS

1. Demonstration of systems of the body. 2. Microscopic demonstration for histology, 3. Osteology demonstration 4. Practical and applied anatomy demonstration depending on the topic

Recommended books

1. B D Chaurasia's Human Anatomy (VOL 1-3)

Regional and Applied Publisher : CBS Publishers & Distributors

2. Gray's Anatomy for Students Author : Richard L. Drake, A. Wayne Vogl , Adam W. M. Mitchell Publisher: Churchill Livingstone 3. Textbook Of Human Histology With Colour Atlas Author : Inderbir Singh

Publisher: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers

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PAPER – II – PHYSIOLOGY& CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY

1. Blood: Composition of blood, structure and functions of RBC, WBC, and platelets blood coagulation, blood groups, reticuloendothelial system, structure and function of spleen, Jaundice, Anemia

2. Cardiovascular system: Structure and properties of cardiac muscles, nerve supply to hear, structure and function of blood vessels, cardiac cycle and pressure changes, heart sounds, cardiac output, heart rate, cardiovascular reflexes, blood pressure hemorrhage, ECG, changes in muscular exercises.

3. Respiratory system: Physiological anatomy, mechanism of respiration, lung volumes and capacities, breath sounds, types of respiration, artificial respiration, transport of blood gases, regulation of respiration, hypoxia effects of exercise.

4. Digestive system: Digestion in mouth, stomach, intestine, digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, control of secretion, absorption, structure and functions of liver.

5. Excretory system: Structure (gross and minute) of kidney, formation of urine, OTR, tubular function, renal function tests, micturition.

6. Muscle: Structure of muscle, muscle contraction.

7. Nervous system: Structure of nervous, nerve impulse, structure and function of spinal cord, spinal reflexes and pathways, structure, and function of different parts of brain, autonomic nervous system, neurohumoral transmission CSF, physiology of touch, smell, taste, hearing, and vision – reflexes.

8. Endocrine system: Structure and functions of pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, thymus and pancreas.

9. Reproductive system: Sex determination and development, puberty, structure and function of male and female reproductive system, pregnancy, parturition, location, and foetal circulation.

Clinical Hematology :

1. Introduction – composition and function of blood 2. Normal and abnormal blood cell morphology - erythrocytes, leukocytes. platelets and reticulocyte

count. Knowledge about anemia and leukemia

3. Collection of specimen, difference between capillary and artery and venous blood specimens

4. Preparation (smear preparation, staining methods including buffers and special stains), examination and interpretation of thin , thick and wet blood films

5. Methods of measuring haemoglobin, including spectrophotometry , PCV ( Haematocrit – macro

and micro methods), MCH, MCHC, MCV & ESR

6. Total and differential WBC count, RBC count, absolute eosinophil – different methods, interpretation.

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7. Platelets function, disorders, platelet count methods and interpretation.

8. Bleeding and clotting time - significance and estimation methods PRACTICALS 1 . Red blood cell count 2 . Total and differential white blood cell count 3 . Platelet count 4 . Absolute Eosinophil count 5 . Calculation of Red cell indices 6 . Hemoglobin estimation 7 . Determination of ESR 8 . Determination of BT, CT. 9 . Osmotic fragility and blood groups 10. Blood smear preparation and staining 11. Measurement of BP in man. 12. Respiratory movements, methods of artificial respiration.

13. TPR charts , examination of sensory system, motor system, reflexes, cranial nerve, 14. ECG / EEG 15. Cardiac efficiency test.

Recommended books

1. Essentials of Medical Physiology

Author : K Sembulingam , Prema Sembulingam Publisher: Jaypee

2.Concise Medical Physiology

Author : Sujit K Chaudhuri

Publisher : New Central Book Agency

3. Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Author : Kim E. Barrett , Susan M. Barman , Scott Boitano , Heddwen Brooks Publisher: McGraw-Hill Medical 4.Textbook of Medical Physiology Author : Arthur C. Guyton , John E. Hall Publisher: Saunders

5. Dacie & Lewis Practical Haematology Author: S. Mitchell Lewis BSc MD FRCPath DCP FIBMS , Barbara J. Bain FRACP FRCPath , Imelda Bates MD FRCP FRCPath , John Dacie MD(Lond) FRCP(Lond) FRCPath FRS , Malcolm I. Levene Publisher: Churchill Livingstone

6. Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology (2 Vol. Set) Author : John P. Greer, John Foerster , John N. Lukens Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

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7. Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods Editor : John Bernard Henry MD , Frederick R. Davey MD , Chester J. Herman MD PhD, Richard A. McPherson MD, Matthew R. Pincus MD PhD , Gregory A. Threatte MD , Gail L. Woods MD . Publisher: Saunders

8. de Gruchy's Clinical Haematology in Medical Practice Author : Frank Firkin , C. Chesterman , D. Penington , B. Rush Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

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PAPER – III – GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY

1. Carbohydrates: Classification, chemistry, properties of mono-di- and polysaccharides, carbohydrate metabolism.

2. Proteins: classification of proteins and amino acids, their properties, structure of proteins and amino acids, plasma proteins, general reactions of amino acids, lipoproteins – characterization, classification.

3. Lipids: Classification of lipids, properties of fatty acids, phospholipids and sterols biosynthesis of lipids metabolism,

4. Mineral - introduction, classification, metabolism and clinical significance

5. Vitamins – introduction, classification, chemistry and clinical significance

6. Enzymes: General properties, classification and clinical significance

7. Physical biochemistry: Methods of expressing concentration, law of mass action and chemical equation, solubility products – partition coefficient, colloidal state and donnan membrane equilibrium, diffusion, dialysis, osmosis, reverse, osmosis, surface tension, viscosity and absorption, acids, bases, buffers, indicators.

8. Haemoglobin – Chemistry, properties and synthesis, metabolism of pigments, Hb derivatives- Abnormal Hb, Hb electrophoresis. Porphyrins and disorders of porphyrin metabolism, chemistry of porphyrins, primary and secondary disorders of haem synthesis, analytical procedures.

PRACTICALS

Reactions of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Disccharides, polysaccharides, fructose, maltose, lactose, sucrose, starch glycogen.

Reactions of proteins : Color reaction and precipitation reaction, reaction of albumin, globulin, peptones, gelatin, casein.

Recommended books

1. Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students Author: DM Vasudevan MD FAMS FRCPath, S Sreekumari MD & Vaidyanathan Kannan MD

Pub: Jaypee medical

2. Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana U.Satyanarayana and. U.Chakrapani

Pub : Books & Allied (P) Ltd.-Kolkata

3. Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, Authors : Robert Murray , Victor Rodwell , David Bender , Kathleen M. Botham ,

P. Anthony Weil , Peter J. Kennelly Pub: McGraw-Hill Medical

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PAPER – IV

SPECIAL ENGLISH, HEALTH EDUCATION, COMMUNITY MEDICINE, BIOSTATISTICS AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS.

SPECIAL ENGLISH

(English for Medical Sciences)

Students of professional courses have a tendency to neglect the language content. The paper “English for special purpose” is introduced with a view to developing the communication sills of the participants in written and spoken English. The emphasis will be fully on the practical aspects of language use, and not on literature. The course content may also help the students to take up overseas examinations in English proficiency like the TOEFL.

1. Writing skills Composition

Writing effective paragraphs ability to describe objects, people, process and ideas and narrating incidents – note taking / making summaries. Writing telegrams, advertisements preparing laboratory reports.

Letter writing

Business letters applying for a job for higher studies preparing curriculum vitae subscribing to a journal requesting for information ordering equipments – letters to the Editor

2. Foundation English

Revision of basic grammar, common errors in English, Language functions in medical writing use of passive voice particularly in scientific and official writing, expressing obligation use of must should ought expressions of possibility, likelihood, certainly degrees of comparison, expression of necessity must, have to need to expressions of generalization and emphasis.

3. Vocabulary The language of doctor and patient, general description and medical description medical terminology roots, prefixes and suffixes, medical abbreviations.

4. Spoken English A course in speech and conversation with focus not on phonetics and grammar, but on developing their ability to talk about object and experiences around them. Fixing appointments: Getting information managing medical representatives telephoning in hospital. The objective is to provide practice influent conversation. Focus is on specific expressions typical of familiar situations in medical practice Technique of discussion at medical meeting, making presentation.

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COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. General concepts of health and diseases with reference to natural history of disease with pre-pathogenic and pathogenic phases. The role of socio-economic and cultural environment in health and disease. Epidemiology and scope.

2. Public health administration: An overall view of the health administration set up at central and state level.

3. The National Health programme – highlighting the role of social economic and cultural factors in the implementation of the national programme.

4. Health problem of vulnerable groups – pregnant and lactating women on infants and school going children, occupational groups (see below) genetics

5. Occupational health: Definition occupational disease, prevention of the occupational diseases and hazards.

6. Social security and other measures for the protection of occupational hazards, accidents and diseases. Details of compensation acts.

7. Family planning objectives of national family planning methods - A general idea of advantages and disadvantages of the method

8. Mental health community aspects of mental health role of physiotherapists, therapists in mental health problems such as mental retardation etc.

9. Communicable diseases: An overall view of the communicable diseases, classification according to the principal mode of transmission, role of insects and other vectors.

10. International Health Agencies

HEALTH EDUCATION

1. Review of benefits, values, norms, habits and taboos among practices. More in human groups and their importance learning and change process.

2. Review of concepts on perception, attitudes, socialization process, learning and theories of learning, social change change process, motivation, needs and drive.

3. Principle and process of communication. 4. Health education philosophy, main principles and objectives. Health education vs.

propagandas. 5. Methods and tools of health education – individual and group methods A critical evaluation of

theories, tools and health education. 6. The role of profession in health education role of other personnel in health education, co-

ordination and co-operation in health with other members of the health team. 7. Elements of planning a health education programme.

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

Course Description:

The course enables the students to understand the fundamentals of computer and its applications.

Introduction to Data processing:

- Features of computers, Advantages of using computers. :

Getting data into / out of computers. Role of computers. What is Data processing? Application areas of computers involved in Data processing. Common activities in processing. Types of Data processing, Characteristics of information. What are Hardware and Software?

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- Hardware Concepts :

Architecture of computers, Classification of computers, Concept of damage. Types of storage devices. Characteristics of disks, tapes, Terminals, Printers, Network.Applications of networking concept of PC System care, Floppy care, Data care.

- Concept of Software.

Classification of software: System software. Application of software. Operating system. Computer system. Computer virus. Precautions against viruses. Dealing with viruses. Computers in medical electronics

- Basic Anatomy of Computers

Principles of programming Computer application - principles in scientific research ; work processing, medicine, libraries, museum , education, information system.

- Data processing . .

BIOSTATISTICS

Course Description:

Introduction to basic statistical concepts: methods of statistical analysis; and interpretation of data

Behavioural Objectives:

Understands statistical terms. Possesses knowledge and skill in the use of basic statistical and research methodology.

I : Introduction

- Meaning, definition, characteristics of statistics.

- Importance of the study of statistics.

- Branches of statistics.

- Statistics and health science including nursing.

- Parameters and estimates.

- Descriptive and inferential statistics.

- Variables and their types.

- Measurement scales

II : Tabulation of Data

- Raw data, the array, frequency distribution.

- Basic principles of graphical representation.

- Types of diagrams - histograms, frequency polygons, smooth frequency polygon,

- Cumulative frequency curve, ogive.

- Normal probability curve.

III : Measure of Central Tendency

- Need for measures of central tendency

- Definition and calculaton of mean - ungrouped and grouped

- Meaning, interpretation and calculation of median ungrouped and grouped.

- Meaning and calculation of mode.

- Comparison of the mean, and mode.

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- Guidelines for the use of various measures of central tendency. IV : Measure of Variability

- Need for measure of dispression.

- The range, the average deviation.

- The variance and standard deviation.

- Calculation of variance and standard deviation ungrouped and grouped.

- Properties and uses of variance and SO

V : Probability and Standard Distributions.

- Meaning of probability of standard distribution.

- The Binominal distribution.

- The normal distribution.

- Divergence from normality - skewness, kurtosis.

VI : Sampling Techniques

- Need for sampling - Criteria for good samples.

- Application of sampling in Community.

- Procedures of sampling and sampling designs errors.

- Sampling variation and tests of significance .

VII : Health Indicator

- Importance of health Indicator.

- Indicators of population, morbidity, mortality, health services.

- Calculation of rates and rations of health

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PAPER – V – GENERAL METHODOLOGY

BIOCHEMISTRY

1. Preparation of cleaning solution for glassware cleaning and care of laboratory glasswares and instruments.

2. Calibration of pipettes and other volumetric apparatuses 3. Methods of measuring liquids, weighing of solids 4. Volumetric analysis, preparation of standard solutions and reagents 5. Familiarization with kipps apparatus, blowing of glass capillary tube and Pasteur pipette. 6. Storage and handling of dangerous chemical and reagents to prevent accidents 7. Immediate first aid management of minor accidents in the laboratory 8. Cleaning and preparation of syringes and needles for sterilization (autoclaving) 9. Labeling and registering of specimen. 10. Anticoagulant, preservatives, and preparation of anticoagulant bottles for blood collection for

different parameters. 11. Preparation and storage of distilled, double distilled and deionised water. 12. Expression of concentration of solutions, properties of colloids, emulsions, partition

coefficient, absorption. 13. pH& pH measurements.

PATHOLOGY

1. General introduction to clinical laboratory procedures

2. Organization of a clinical laboratory, its lay out and design.

3. Laboratory accidents and precautions, first aid in laboratory accidents.

4. General laboratory glasswares, method of production of chemically pure water.

5. Analytical balance- Parts, Principle of use and care

6. General knowledge of the principle, use and care of the hot air oven, water baths, refrigerators and centrifuges.

7. Anticoagulants and their functions, capillary and venous blood collection, preparation of thin blood smear and bone marrow smear, preparation of normal saline.

8. General introduction to quality control in different laboratories, laboratory record keeping.

9. Organisation of the cytopathology laboratory, design and layout of a histopathology laboratory, essential components in histopathology laboratory, their use and care.

MICROBIOLOGY

1. Evaluation and history of microbiology. 2. Classification of microorganisms, morphology of bacteria. 3. Bacterial growth and nutrition. 4. Microscopy, optical microscope, phase contrast microscopy, dark field microscopy, interference

microscope, polarization microscope, electron microscope. 5. Staining methods. 6. Sterilization and disinfection – methods of sterilization, disinfectants – different types, methods

and application cleaning and preparation of glass wares, measurements. 7. Culture media- Introduction, Classification, preparation. 8. Methods of Cultivation of bacteria, anaerobic culture methods.

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9. Microbiology lab design, specifications, safely precautions in microbiology laboratory lab associated infection, safety codes of laboratory practice.

10. The care and management of laboratory animals the basic knowledge of the feeding, housing, breeding and care of the following animals Rabbit, mouse, guinea pig, rat, sheep, fowl, monkeys etc. collection of blood samples, killing of animals and postmortem examination, different routes of animal inoculation.

11. Automation in microbiology.

PRACTICALS

a. Students should be familiar with the use of simple autoclaves, incubators, hot air oven, water bath, and steamer

b. Staining methods ( simple, differential) c. Hanging drop examination for motility d. Preparation of culture media, demonstration of culture methods e. Preparation of buffer solution f. PH measurement g. Handling of laboratory animals

Recommended books :

1. Prescott/Harley/Klein's Microbiology

Author’s: Joanne Willey, Linda Sherwood, Chris Woolverton Publisher: McGraw-Hill Science

2. Mackie & McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology J. Gerald Collee CBE MD(Edin) FRCPath FRCP(Edin) FRSE (Author), Andrew G. Fraser MD(Edin) BSc (Author), Barrie P. Marmion AO DSc MD(Lond) FRAC HonDocUnivAdelaide (Author), Anthony Simmons MA MB BChir PhD MRCPath (Author) Publisher: Churchill Livingstone

3. Microbiology: An Introduction Author’s: Gerard J. Tortora Berdell R. Funke , Christine L. Case Publisher: Benjamin Cummings 4. Microbiology: Principles and Explorations Author : Jacquelyn G. Black Publisher: Wiley

5. Ananthanarayan and Paniker’s Textbook of Microbiology Ananthanarayan, R. & Paniker, CK Jayaram Publisher: Universities press

6. Medical Laboratory Technology (Volume 1-3) Kanai, L Mukherjee Pub: Mc Graw Hill Education

7. Textbook of Medical Laboratory Technology by Praful B Godkar, Darshan P Godkar Pub : Bhalani Publishing House

8. Practical Clinical Biochemistry

Harold Varley (Author) Pub: CBS Publishers & Distributors

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26

2nd

Year

3rd

and 4th

semester

PAPER VI : GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

1. Introduction, Historical review and scope of Microbiology

2. Bacterial taxonomy: Nomenclature, systems of classification – phylogenetic, numerical, genetic, Bergeys manual

3. Growth and nutrition of Bacteria: Nutrient requirements – carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen,

sulphur, phosphorus and other elements, and growth factor, nutritional classification, bacterial growth curve, measurement of growth – cell mass, total count, viable count, cell constituents, physical factors influencing growth – oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH, osmotic pressure, light, mechanical and sonic stresses.

4. Identification of bacteria: Depending on morphology, staining reaction, cultural characters,

fermentation and other biochemical reactions, principle of biochemical tests.

5. Food microbiology : 5.1 Food as a susbstrate

• Microorganisms important in food microbiology – Bacteria, yeasts and moulds. • Factors influencing microbial growth in food. 5.2 Food Spoilage

• General principles underlying food spoilage and contamination. • Spoilage of canned food, sugar products, vegetables, fruits, meat and meat products, milk and milk products fish, seafood and poultry. 5.3 Food poisoning

• Bacterial food borne infections and intoxications-Brucella, Bacillus,Clostridium, Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus, Vibrio, and Yersinia. • Non- bacterial food borne infections and intoxications- Nematodes, protozoa, algae, fungi, and viruses. • General methods for diagnosis of infections, intoxications and preventive measures. 5.4 Food preservation – Basic understanding on

• Principles of food preservation – Asepsis, removal of microorganisms, anaerobic conditions, high and low temperatures, drying. • Chemical preservatives and food additives. • Food packaging. 5.5 Food fermentations

• Food fermentations and food produced by microbes, bread, cheese vinegar, • Fermented dairy products • Production of alcohol and fermented beverages.

27

6. Microbial genetics

- History, Structure and types of DNA and RNA.

- Prokaryotic genome- comparison with eukaryotic genome.

- DNA replication, repair and recombination.

- Transcription and post-transcriptional modifications.

- Translation and post-translational modifications.

- Genetic code and control of gene expression .

- Bacterial variation – mutation and mutants.

- Genetic recombination : Gene transfer in bacteria, Transformation- Competence, DNA uptake, artificially induced competence, electroporation.

- Transposable elements, Plasmid- Structure, properties and types of plasmids.

- Transduction- Generalized and specialized transduction, Abortive.

- Conjugation- F factor, characters of donor and recipient. Steps in conjugation, sexduction, formation of Hfr and F prime cells.

- Extra chromosomal genetic elements and their inheritance. Gene mapping

PRACTICALS

- Staining methods: Monochrome staining, gram staining, capsule staining, volutin granule staining, spirochete staining, flagella staining, AFB staining etc.

- Methods of motility testing: hanging drop preparation

- Preparation of common culture media liquid and solid media

- Sterilization methods

- Culture methods: streak, stroke, lawn, stab, pour plate

- Sterilization methods

- Study of cultural characters of bacteria

- Biochemical tests used for identification of bacteria

- Anaerobic culture methods

- Gradation of milk by Methylene Blue Reduction Test.

- Isolation of organisms from food sources.

- Production of Beer and wine

- Production of Bakers yeast

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Recommended books

1. Prescott/Harley/Klein's Microbiology

Author’s: Joanne Willey, Linda Sherwood, Chris Woolverton Publisher: McGraw-Hill Science

2. Mackie & McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology Author: J. Gerald Collee CBE MD(Edin) FRCPath FRCP(Edin) FRSE, Andrew G. Fraser MD(Edin) BSc , Barrie P. Marmion AO DSc MD(Lond) FRAC HonDocUnivAdelaide , Anthony Simmons MA MB BChir PhD MRCPath. Publisher: Churchill Livingstone

3. Microbiology: An Introduction Author’s: Gerard J. Tortora Berdell R. Funke , Christine L. Case Publisher: Benjamin Cummings 4. Microbiology: Principles and Explorations Author : Jacquelyn G. Black Publisher: Wiley

5. General microbiology

Author : Roger Y. Stanier Publisher : Macmillan

6 . Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology Author: Jeffrey C. Pommerville Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Publishers

7. Microbiology

Author: Michael J. Pelczar Publisher: McGraw-Hill Companies

8. Ananthanarayan and Paniker’s Textbook of Microbiology Ananthanarayan, R. & Paniker, CK Jayaram Publisher: Universities press

9. Food Microbiology Author : William C. Frazier , Dennis C. Westhoff Publisher: Mcgraw-Hill

10. Foodborne Pathogens: An Illustrated Text Author : Alan H. Varnam , M. G. Evans Publisher: Mosby-Year Book

11. Food Microbiology M.R. Adams (Author), M.O. Moss (Author) Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry

12. Food Microbiology & Laboratory Practice Author : Chris Bell , Paul Neaves , Anthony P. Williams Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

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29

PAPER VII – PARASITOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY

1. An elementary study of types of animal associations – parasitism, commensalisms symbiosis, types of parasites, classification of protozoa and helminthes.

2. An elementary knowledge of the structure, life history of parasitesbelonging to the following

general with reference to forms seen in human pathological material, and the methods used to identify them.

i) Protozoa: Entamoeba, dientamoeba, iodamoeba, embadomonas, trichomonas, chilomastix, enteromonas, trypanosoma, leishamania, giardia, plasmodium, isopora, eimeria and balantidium, toxoplasma, cryptosporium

ii) Platyhelminthes: diphyllobothrium, sparganum, tacnia, enchinococcus, hymcnolcpsis, schistosoma, fasciola, fasciolopsis, colonorchis, paragonimus

iii) Nematihelminthes : ascaris, ancylostoma, necator, strongylocides, trichinlla, enterobius, trichuris, wucheraria, brugia, loa, onchoccrca, dracunculus.

3. Collection and preservation of specimens for parasitologic examination, preservation of

specimens of parasitic eggs and embryos, preserving fluids, transport of specimens 4. Detection of intestinal parasites: Detection and identification of amoebae and other intestinal

protozoans and other parasites

5. Examination of blood parasites: Thick and thin smear preparation for malaria and filarial, other parasites and concentration methods.

6. Examination of biopsy material and other body fluids: brief account of spleen puncture for

diagnosis of kala azar, bone marrow biopsy, lymph node puncture, and skin biopsy for parasites, examination of vaginal swabs.

PRACTICALS:

- Identification of parasites – Microscopic and Macroscopic

- Identification of parasite cysts, ova, larva, etc.

- Laboratory diagnostic procedures in parasitic diseases

- Collection, transportation and processing of specimens

- Microscopy, macroscopy and cultivation procedures

- Intradermal tests for the diagnosis of parasitic diseases.

ENTOMOLOGY

1. Introduction: Classification of arthropods of public health importance

2. Role of Arthropods in the transmission of diseases

3. Mosquito: Morphology and Binomics of anopheles, culex, aedes, and mansonia

4. Insecticides used for the control of arthropods of public health importance

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5. Mosquito control: Various method 6. Mosquito borne diseases and their control

7. Phlebotomus (sand fly) Morphology, life history and control

8. House fly: Morphology life cycle, disease relationship and control

9. Tse-Tse fly (glossina) Morphology, life cycle, and public health importance

10. Fleas: Morphology life cycle, disease transmitted and control

11. Louse: Morphology, life cycle, disease transmitted and control

12. Bed bugs: Life cycle and control

13. Ticks: Morphology, life cycle, disease transmitted and control

14. Cyclops and public health importance PRACTICALS

- Identification of arthropods of medical importance dealt in theory

- Collection and preservation of arthropods

- Dissection of Mosquito

Recommended books

1. Medical Parasitology

RL Ichhpujani , Rajesh Bhatia Pub: Jaypee

2. Medical Parasitology C.K.Jayaram Paniker Pub: Jaypee

3. Human Parasitology Burton J. Bogitsh (Author), Clint E. Carter (Author) Pub: Elsevier 4. Medical Parasitology: A Self-Instructional Text Ruth Leventhal (Author), Russell Cheadle (Author) Publisher: F.A. Davis Company

5. Textbook Of Medical Parasitology P.Chakraborty Pub: New central Book Agency (P) Ltd

6. Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, Parasitology, F. E. G. Cox (Editor), Derek Wakelin (Editor), Stephen Gillespie (Editor), Dickson D. Despommier (Editor) Publisher: Wiley Grou

7. Foundations of Parasitology

Gerald D. Schmidt (Author), Larry S. Roberts (Author), John, Jr. Janovy (Author) Publisher: McGraw-Hill Medical

31

8. Encyclopedia of Entomology John L. Capinera Publisher: Springer

9. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries, Part 1 Monica Cheesbrough (Author) Publisher: Cambridge University Press

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-

32

PAPER VIII – METHODOLOGY AND CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

1. Centrifugation: Principle, RCF, RPM, differential centrifugation, rate – zonal centrifugation, isopycnic centrifugation, equilibrium isodensity centrifugation, density gradient materials, rotors fixed angle and swing out, zonal rotors, types of centrifuges general purpose, high speed, ultra centrifuges, applications of centrifugation.

2. Chromatography: Theory, partition coefficient, adsorption chromatography, paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, gel chromatography, lon-exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, HPLC, two dimensional chromatography, reverse phase chromatography.

3. Electrophoresis: Theory, factors affecting electrophoresis mobility, types of electrophoresis free electrophoresis, zone electrophoresis Isoelectric focusing, two dimensional electrophoresis.

4. Enzyme linked immunosorbent essay : Principle, competitive and non-competitive, common enzyme labels and substrates, applications.

5. Radioisotopic techniques: Radioimmuno essay – principle, applications

6. Colorimetry and spectrophotometry : Principle and applications.

Clinical biochemistry: -

1. Collection, reception and recording of specimens, maintenance of laboratory records 2. Normal and abnormal constituents of urine – analysis and clinical significance 3. Liver function tests – introduction, laboratory tests for liver disorders - Bilirubin, Total protein,

albumin, AST, ALT, ALP, icteric index, Van den barg reaction. 4. Lipid profile – implications and significance 5. Glucose metabolism- Blood sugar fasting and post prandial, GTT, GCT, urine glucose 6. Enzymes and hormones in clinical diagnosis - 7. Cardiac profile test – introduction, laboratory tests for heart diseases , troponin TM(

qualitative and quantitative) 8. Renal function test - introduction, laboratory tests for renal disorders. 9. Acid - base balance 10. Osmolality - clinical significance. 11. Buffers – methods for determination of blood pH, anion gap. 12. Quality control in clinical biochemistry laboratory

PRACTICALS :

Practical Course: -

A : Estimation of following constituents in blood :

Glucose, urea, uric acid, creatinine, proteins (total proteins, A/G ratio), S.G.P.T., S.G.O.T, alkaline phosphatase. Acid phosphatase, Amylase, bilirubin, calcium phosphates, Na, K, Cholesterol, Triacyl glycerol, prothrombin time., C.S.F. (estimation of glucose, proteins, chlorides), Urine analysis.

B : Spots: Colour and precipitation reactions of proteins, instruments and appliances,

reagents, tests, electrophoresis, chromatography separation, G.T.T. curves

33

Recommended books

1. Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students Author: DM Vasudevan MD FAMS FRCPath, S Sreekumari MD & Vaidyanathan Kannan MD

Pub: Jaypee medical

2. Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana U.Satyanarayana and. U.Chakrapani

Pub : Books & Allied (P) Ltd.-Kolkata

3. Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, Authors : Robert Murray , Victor Rodwell , David Bender , Kathleen M. Botham ,

P. Anthony Weil , Peter J. Kennelly

Pub: McGraw-Hill Medical 4. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry,

Authors : Carl A. Burtis, Edward R. Ashwood, David Bruns Pub: Elsevier 5. Practical Clinical Biochemistry

Harold Varley (Author) Pub: CBS Publishers & Distributors

6. Manipal Manual Of Clinical Biochemistry

Author : Shivananda Nayak B Pub : Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers

7. Biophysical Chemistry (Principles and Techniques)

Author : Avinash Upadhyay, Kakoli Upadhyay, Nirmalendu Nath Publisher: Himalaya

8. Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry Editor : Keith Wilson, John Walker Publisher: Cambridge University Press

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34

PAPER IX : INDUSTRIAL & PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY

Pharmaceutical microbiology

1. Introduction and selection of antimicrobial agents. Concept of bioassay, therapeutic index, MIC and LD50, Definition and classification of antibiotics, their mechanism of action, antibacterial spectrum, structural activity and relationship, acquisition of drug resistance, pharmacokinetics and adverse drug effects of beta lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, peptide antibiotics, sulphonamides, quinolones, co- tromoxazole, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim

2. Definition, classification, mechanism of action and examples of chemical disinfectants,

antiseptics and preservatives.

3. Definition, classification, mechanism of action and examples of antiviral agents, antifungal agents and antitumor (bleomycin, ductinomycin) antibiotics.

4. Manufacturing procedure and in- process control of pharmaceutical products- antibiotics,

bacterial and viral vaccine, and sterile injectables. Production of DNA vaccines, synthetic, peptide vaccines, multivalent subunit vaccines, edibile vaccines.

5. Microbial production and applications of therapeutic/diagnostic enzymes: aspaginase,

streptokinase, glucose oxidase and betalactamases.

6. FDA, govt regulatory practices and policies. Microbial limit test of pharma products. Sterility testing, pyrogen testing of sterile pharma products.

7. Testing for microbial contamination. Microbial loads from syrups, suspensions, creams

and other preparation.

8. Production of recombinant pharmaceuticals. Recombinant insuline Growth hormone. FSH and cytokine production for therapeutic purpose by rDNA technology. Production of recombinant vaccine – HBV vaccine

Industrial microbiology :

I: Fundamentals of Industrial Microbiology

• General concepts of industrial microbiology. • Primary and secondary screening • Strain development strategies. . Fermentation - aerobic and anaerobic • Sterilization of fermentor, media and air.

II: Fermentor Design . (General description of different types - Stirred Tank, Bubble column, Air Lift, Packed-bed

Bioreactor) • Types of fermentation processes.( static, submerged, agitated, solid phase, batch, feed-batch, continuous) • Design of typical batch fermentor. • Factors affecting fermentor design. • Control of agitation, aeration, pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen. • Types of fermentors.

35

III: Scale up and down stream processing

• Inoculum development. • Scale up of fermentation process. • Raw material for media preparation. • Harvesting and product recovery.

I V: Industrial production – II

• Production of antibiotics- Penicillin & semi-synthetic penicillins, cephalosporins &

streptomycin

• Production of solvent- Ethanol. • Production of Vitamins- Cyanocobalamin. • Production of Organic Acids- Acetic Acid. • Production of Amino Acids- Glutamic Acid. • Production of enzymes- Amylase.

•Immobilization of enzymes and applications of immobilized enzymes.

Practicals :

1. Preparation of media and standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing 2. Antibiotic disk preparation 3. Disk diffusion methods – kirby bauer and stokes method 4. Determination of MIC and MBC of give bacterial strain 5. Detection of antibiotic resistance – ESBL , MRSA 6. E test 7. Sampling of pharmaceuticals for microbial contamination and load (syrups, Suspensions, creams and ointments, ophthalmic preparations)

8. Demonstration of beer and wine production

Recommended books

1. Industrial Microbiology: An Introduction Michael J. Waites (Author), Neil L. Morgan (Author), John S. Rockey (Author), Gary Higton (Author)

2. Textbook of Industrial Microbiology, Author- A. H. Patel.

3. Industrial Microbiology, Author- L. E. Cassida

4. Industrial Microbiology, Author- G. Reed.

5. Industrial Microbiology, Author- Agarwal And Parihar. 6. Biology of Industrial Microorganisms. A.L. Demain.

7. Principles of Fermentation Technology, Authors- Standbary, Whitaker and Hall. 8. Pharmaceutical Microbiology – Edt. by W.B.Hugo & A.D.Russell ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

36

3nd

Year

6th

and 7h semester

PAPER X – SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY

Systematic study of different bacterial species of medical importance , their morphology, staining reactions, cultural characters, biochemical reactions, antigenic characters, extra cellular products and toxins, pathogenicity and pathogenesis, methods for isolation and identification, antibiotic sensitivity etc.

Staphylococci Streptococci Pneumococci Neisseria

Corynebacterium Bacillus Mycobacterium clostridium

Nonsporing anaerobes

E. coli Klebsiella Salmonella

Shigella Proteus Vibrio Pseudomonana

Pasteurella, Francisella Haemophilius Bordetella

Brucella Spirochaetes Listeria, Erysipelothrix, Alcaligenes

Campylobacter Acinetobacter Rickettsiae Chlamydiae

Mycoplasma Actinomycetes

PRACTICALS

14. Preparation of media for isolation and identification of bacteria 15. Identification of various pure and mixed bacterial cultures – microscopy, culture,

biochemical reactions

Recommended books

1. Ananthanarayan and Paniker’s Textbook of Microbiology Ananthanarayan, R. & Paniker, CK Jayaram Publisher: Universities press

2. Medical Microbiology, 24th edition (Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology) Geo. Brooks (Author), Karen C. Carroll (Author), Janet Butel (Author), Stephen Morse (Author) Publisher: McGraw-Hill Medical

3. Medical Microbiology: A Guide to Microbial Infections: Pathogenesis, Immunity, Laboratory Diagnosis and Control Author : David Greenwood , Richard C. B. Slack , John F. Peutherer , Michael R. Barer Publisher: Churchill Livingstone

4. Mackie & McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology Author : J. Gerald Collee CBE MD(Edin) FRCPath FRCP(Edin) FRSE , Andrew G. Fraser MD(Edin) BSc , Barrie P. Marmion AO DSc MD(Lond) FRAC , Anthony Simmons MA MB BChir PhD MRCPath . Publisher: Churchill Livingstone

37

5. Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, 2 Volume Set, Bacteriology, 10th Edition S. Peter Borriello (Editor), Patrick R. Murray (Editor), Guido Funke (Editor) Publisher: Wiley Group

6. Infectious Diseases Sherwood L. Gorbach (Editor), John G. Bartlett(Editor), Neil R. Blacklow (Editor) Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

7. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology VOL-1,2 (Part A,B,C)

Editor-in-Chief: George M. Garrity Published by Springer , New York --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

38

PAPER XI – IMMUNOLOGY, IMMUNOPATHOLOGY AND BLOOD BANKING

1. Introduction to immunology: Infection, definition, classification, sources, methods of transmission, factors predisposing to microbial pathogenicity, route of infection, types of infectious diseases. Immunity, innate immunity, definition, species immunity, racial immunity, individual immunity, mechanisms of innate immunity epithelial and mucosal surfaces, physiological barriers, microbial antagonism, cellular factors, inflammation, acute phase proteins, factors influencing innate immunity acquired immunity characteristics, active and passive, natural and artificial, active immunization different types of vaccines, properties of good vaccine, complications associated with active immunization, passive immunization, common agents used, risks associated with passive immunization, local immunity, herd immunity.

2. Structure and functions of immune systems: Cells of the immune system lymphocytes (cell, T cells, Null cells, NK cells) phagocytes, macrophages, APCs, lymphoid organs, central and peripheral

3. Antigens: Immunogenicity and antigenicity – definition, determinants of antigenicity, biological classes of antigens, T cell dependent and T-cell independent, super antigens, contribution of biological system to Immunogenicity genotype of recipient animal, dosage, route of administration, adjuvant etc.

4. Immunoglobulins: Definition, basic structure, classes of Immunoglobulins – biological properties, abnormal Immunoglobulins, immunoglobulin specificities – isotypic allotypic, idiotypic, monoclonal antibodies production and uses.

5. Immune response: Humoral and cell mediated primary and secondary clonal restriction, theories of immune response – selective and instructive, antigen processing and presentation, activation of T cells, activation of B cells and TC cells, role of cytokines, factors influencing antibody production genetic, antibody feedback, regulatory immune complexes, idiotypic, TS cells, immunological tolerance, cytokines, properties and functions of important cytokines.

6. Complement system: Components, activation – classical pathway, alternative pathway, regulation of activation, and biological effects of complement.

7. Antigen – Antibody interaction: General features, precipitation reaction, mechanism, methods and applications, zone phenomenon, agglutination reaction mechanism, coomb’s test, haemaglutination, bacterial agglutination, passive agglutination, agglutination inhibition, complement fixation test–direct & indirect, opsonisation, neutralization tests, immunofluorescence, RIA, ELISA, immunoblotting.

Immunopathology :

1. Hypersensitivity : Definition, gel and coomb’s classification, type – 1 mechanism, components, mediators of type I reaction, systemic anaphylaxis, localized anaphylaxis. Allergic rhinitis, Asthma, food allergies, atopic dermatitis, detection of type I reaction, therapy for type I reaction. Type – II – Mechanism, transfusion reactions, haemolytic disease of newborn, drug – induced hemolytic anemia, type III Mechanism, localized and generalized type IV delayed hypersensitivity.

39

2. Autoimmunity : Definition, criteria for establishing the autoimmune etiology of a disease, mechanism of autoimmunization, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, autoimmune anemia’s, good Pasteur’s syndrome, IDDM, grave’s disease, myasthenia gravis, SLE, Multiple sclerosis, Rheumatoid arthritis, animal models.

3. Immune deficiency diseases : Definition, primary and secondary immune deficiencies, phagocyte deficiencies, humoral deficiencies X-linked agammaglobulinemia, X-linked hyper 1gM syndrome, common variable hypogammaglobulinemia, selective immunoglobulin deficiencies, cellular immunodeficiencies – Di George syndrome, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis combined immuno deficiencies SCID, Nezelof syndrome. Ataxia telengiectasia, wiskott Aldrich syndrome, disorders of complement.

4. Immunology of transplantation: Definition of terminologies, autograft, allograft, syngraft, transplantation, transfusion, mechanism of allograft rejection, role of T cells in rejection, role of cytokines, types of rejection, hyper acute, acute, chronic, prevention of rejection.

5. Tumour immunology : Immune surveillance theory, tumour antigents, immune response, evasion of immune system, immune diagnosis, immunotherapy, cancer of immune system.

6. Immunobiology of AIDS : Stages of AIDS, lymphocyte infection, immunological abnormalities, animal models, treatment, methods for diagnosis, trends in vaccine development.

7. Immunohistochemistry – introduction, methodologies, uses

Blood banking :

1. Historical aspects of blood transfusion, composition of blood, Blood group genetics, Synthesis of blood group antigens, distribution of blood group antigens on cells & fluid.

2. Procedure of blood collection & grouping.

3. ABO & Rh grouping.

4. Laboratory tests related to blood group abnormalities

5. Comb’s test/Antiglobulin test. (Direct & Indirect)

6. Titration of ABO & Rh antibodies.

7. Organization of camps & selection of donors.

8. Collection of blood from donor (Phlebotomy)

9. Autologous blood transfusion, its indication & hazards.

40

10. Compatibility testing –

i) Major cross matching

ii) Minor cross matching

iii) Coomb’s cross matching

iv) Cross matching of Universal donors.

11. Blood components - Preparation & storage, aphaeresis, blood & its products.

12. Complication of blood transfusion

13. Investigation in case of mismatched transfusion.

14. Quality control & maintenance of blood bank safety.

15. Current developments in blood banking

16. Commercial preparation of synthetic blood.

PRACTICALS

- Study of antigen- antibody interactions:

- Agglutination,

- Precipitation,

- Complement fixation,

- Immunodiffusion etc.

- Demonstration of phagocytosis

- Screening and diagnostic serological tests for bacterial, viral, fungal infections in routine hematology laboratory

- Tests for diagnosing autoimmune disorders

- Delayed hypersensitivity tests.

- Coombs test - direct and indirect - Cross matching procedures for transfusion

Recommended books 1. Kuby Immunology Richard A. Goldsby (Author), Thomas J. Kindt (Author), Barbara A. Osborne (Author), Janis Immunology Kuby (Author) Publisher: W H Freeman & Co

2. Immunology

David Male, MA, PhD; Jonathan Brostoff, MA, DM, DSc(Med) FRCP, FRCPath; David Roth and Ivan Roitt, MA, DSc (Oxon), Hon FRCP (Lond), FRCPath, FRS Publisher : Mosby

41

3. Medical Immunology Tristram G. Parslow (Author), Daniel P. Stites (Author), Abba I. Terr (Author), John B. Imboden (Author) Publisher: McGraw-Hill/Appleton & Lange

4. Ananthanarayan and Paniker’s Textbook of Microbiology Ananthanarayan, R. & Paniker, CK Jayaram Publisher: Universities press

5. Janeway's Immunobiology (Immunobiology: The Immune System (Janeway) Kenneth M. Murphy (Author), Paul Travers (Author), Mark Walport (Author) Publisher: Garland Science

6. Cellular and Molecular Immunology Abul K. Abbas MBBS (Author), Jordan S. Pober MD PhD (Author), Andrew H. Lichtman MD PhD (Author) Publisher: Saunders; 4 edition

7. Manual of Molecular and Clinical Laboratory Immunology Author: Volume Editors: Barbara Detrick, Robert G. Hamilton, and James D. Folds Publisher: ASM Press

8. Immunology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series) Thao Doan MD (Author), Roger Melvold (Author), Susan Viselli PhD (Author), Carl Waltenbaugh PhD (Author) Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

9. Roitt's Essential Immunology

Peter J. Delves (Author), Seamus J. Martin (Author), Dennis R. Burton (Author), Ivan M.

Roitt (Author)

Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

10. Compendium of Transfusion Medicine- Practice of Safe Blood Transfusion By : Dr. R. N. Makroo, M.B.B.S.; D.I.B.T., M.D., Kongposh publications

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42

PAPER XII – VIROLOGY AND MYCOLOGY

VIROLOGY :

1. General properties of viruses: Morphology, chemical properties, viral multiplication, methods for cultivation of viruses, detection of growth in cell cultures, viral essays, classification and nomenclature, prions.

Bacterophage – Ultrastructure, Multiplication, Lytic cycle, Lysogenic cycle, phage typing.

2. Systematic study of important viruses: Their biological properties, pathogenicity, techniques for isolation and identification from clinical specimens, antiviral agents, immunoprophylaxis etc.

- Pox viruses

- Herpes viridae

- Picorna viruses – polio viruses

- Orthomyxoviruses – influenza

- Paramyxoviruses – Mumps, measles, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus

- Arboviruses – Alpha viruses, flavivirus – yellow fever, encephalitis, dengue, KFD etc.

- Rhabdoviruses – Rabies virus

- Hepatitis viruses – Hepatitis A, B, Delta, Non A&H viruses

- Oncogenic viruses- important DNA and RNA viruses causing oncogenesis

- Human immunodeficiency virus – AIDS

- Miscellaneous viruses – rubella, papova virus.

MYCOLOGY :

1. Introduction to mycology: Classification of fungi, general properties, Techniques used in mycology, Collection, transport and processing of clinical specimens, examination of fungal cultures, slide culture technique, mounting fluids, stains and media used in mycology, maintenance of fungal culture collections, mycotoxins.

2. Superficial mycoses: Tinea versicolor, Tinea nigra, black piedra, white piedra

3. Cutaneous mycoses : General characteristics, Dematophytes, Classification, Morphology and physiology of trichophyton, microsporum, epidermophyton

4. Yeasts of medical importance : General characters, classification of yeast-like fungi, methods used in isolation and identification – candida cryprococcus, geotrichum, trichosporon, porulopsis.

43

5. systemic mycoses : Blastomycosis, Histoplasmosis, sporotrchosis, chromoblastomycosis, maduromycosis, paracoccidiodomycosis, coccidiodomycosis, coccidiodomycosis.

6. Opportunistic mycosis : Aspergillosis, phycomycosis, pencillosis, rhinosporidiosis, cladosporiosis.

PRACTICALS

- Egg inoculation methods for cultivation of viruses

- Isolation of bacteriophage from sewage

- Serological techniques

- Demonstration of cell lines

- Cultivation methods and microscopy of contaminant fungi

- Culture and study of cultural characters of common fungal pathogens

Recommended books

Virology :- 1. Ananthanarayan and Paniker’s Textbook of Microbiology

Ananthanarayan, R. & Paniker, CK Jayaram Publisher: Universities press

2. Fields Virology (2-Volume Set) Bernard N. Fields (Editor), David M. Knipe (Editor), Peter M. Howley (Editor), Robert M. Chanock (Editor), Thomas P. Monath (Editor), Joseph L. Melnick (Editor), Bernard Roizman (Editor), Stephen E. Straus (Editor) Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

3. Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections: Virology (Topley & Wilson's Microbiology & Microbial Infections) Brian W J Mahy (Editor), Volker ter Meulen (Editor) Publisher: Wiley Group

4. Medical Microbiology: A Guide to Microbial Infections: Pathogenesis, Immunity, Laboratory Diagnosis and Control David Greenwood (Author), Richard C. B. Slack (Author), John F. Peutherer (Author), Michael R. Barer (Author) Publisher: Churchill Livingstone

5. Medical Microbiology, 24th edition (Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology)

Geo. Brooks (Author), Karen C. Carroll (Author), Janet Butel (Author), Stephen Morse (Author) Publisher: McGraw-Hill Medical

6 . Medical Virology, D. E. White (Author), Frank J. Fenner (Author). Publisher: Academic Press

44

7. Clinical Virology Douglas D. Richman MD (Editor), Richard J. Whitley MD (Editor), Frederick G. Hayden MD (Editor) Publisher: Churchill Livingstone

8. Clinical Virology Manual, 4th Edition Editors: Steven Specter, Richard L. Hodinka, Stephen A. Young, Danny L. Wiedbrauk Publisher: ASM Press 9. Infectious Diseases

Sherwood L. Gorbach (Editor), John G. Bartlett(Editor), Neil R. Blacklow (Editor) Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Mycology :-

1. Text Book of Medical Mycology

Jagdish Chander (Author) Publisher: Mehta Publishers

2. Clinical Mycology Elias J. Anaissie MD (Author), Michael R. McGinnis PhD (Author), Michael A. Pfaller MD (Author) Publisher: Churchill Livingstone

3. Topley & Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, Volume 4: Medical Mycology Libero Ajello, Roderick J. Hay Publisher: Wiley Group

4. Medical Mycology. The Pathogenic Fungi and Pathogenic Actinomycetes. By John Willard Rippon Publisher: Saunders (W.B.) Co Ltd

5. Mycology for the Clinical Laboratory

Gary S. Moore and Douglas M. Jaciow. Reston Publishing Co

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45

4th

YEAR

7th

and 8th

semester

PAPER XIII - MICROBIAL PATHOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY

1. Introduction 2. Categories of infectious agents

- Bacteria, Chlamydia,Rickettesia,Mycoplasma - Protozoa, helminthes,ectoparasites - Viruses, bacteriophages,plasmids,transposons - Fungi

3. Transmission and dissemination of microbes

- Host barriers to infection - Spread and dissemination of microbes - Microbial egress and transmission

4. Microbial pathogenesis Mechanism of disease/ tissue injury caused by

- Bacteria, Virus, Fungi,protozoa

5. Immune response and evasion mechanism by microbial pathogens Spectrum of inflammatory response tp infection

- suppurative - Mononuclear & granulomatous - Cytopathic – cytoproliferative - Necrotising - Chronic inflammation and scarring

6. Pathology and pathogenesis of microbial infections: Histopathological & cytological changes/features associated with microbial infections

Tuberculosis, Leprosy, Whooping cough, Diptheria, Anthrax, Plague, Gonorrhoea, Typhoid fever, Cholera, Shigellosis, Clostridial infections (- Gangrene , tetanus, botulism), Malaria, Filaria, Entamoeba, Leishmaniasis , Toxoplasmosis, Helminthic infections, Herpes viral infections, Hepatitis, Rabies, Poliomyelitis, Mumps, measles, Skin and soft tissue infection (

Staphylococcal, Streptococcal infections ),CNS infections , Rhinosporidiosis, Candidiasis,

Cryptococcosis

PRACTICALS

1. Tissue reception, labeling. Fixation of tissue, different kinds of fixatives.

2. Different types of embedding viz. wax, resin, cryostat etc.

3. Decalcification-methods, assessment and solution.

46

4. Processing of tissue, dehydration, impregnation in the wax, manual and automatic tissue processor, gelatin embedding.

5. Microtome- principal, use in section cutting, parts and working of commonly used microtome, different types of microtome, microtome knives, homing and stropping knives. Hndling and care of microtome sharpening of razors.

6. Section cutting of paraffin sections, section preparation from frozen sections, fixing if tissue to slide. Staining techniques, natural dyes, synthetic dyes, basic and acidic dyes, haematoxylin staining.

7. Demonstration of pathological changes in tissues during bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections.

Recommended books:

1. Robbins Basic Pathology, Vinay Kumar (Editor), Ramzi S. Cotran (Editor), Stanley L. Robbins (Editor) Publisher: Saunders

2. Anderson's Pathology Ivan Damjanov MD PhD (Author), James Linder MD (Author) Publisher: Mosby

3.Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques, John D. Bancroft (Author), Marilyn Gamble (Author) Publisher: Churchill Livingstone

4. Textbook of Pathology

Author: Harsh Mohan Publisher: Jaypee Brothers

5. Textbook of Pathology

Author: BN Datta

Publisher: Jaypee Brothers

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47

PAPER XIV – CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY & LABORATORY MANAGEMENT

1. Normal microbial flora of the human body

2. Epidemiology of communicable diseases, Host, reservoir, carrier, vector, infective agents – modes and routes of infection, pathogenesis and symptoms, control and eradication of infections diseases.

3. Laboratory safety in microbiology – general principles, levels of laboratory safety cabinets

4. General principles in Specimen collection, transport, storage, isolation of pathogen. 5. Detailed procedures in laboratory diagnosis of diseases of multiple etiology, urinary tract

infections, upper & lower respiratory tract infections, meningitis/encephalitis, skin and soft tissue infections, bacteremia /septicemia, gastrointestinal tract & food poisoning, infections of the eye & ear, PUO, nosocomial infections.

6. Laboratory procedures in the diagnosis of viral infections. 7. Laboratory procedures in the diagnosis of fungal infections. 8. Quality control in microbiology laboratory

9. Molecular techniques in microbiology –

10. Plasmid profiling

11. mol% G+C content

12. Nucleotide sequencing

13. Restriction fragment length profiling (RFLP)

14. Pulse field Gel electrophoresis (PFGE)

15. Nucleic acid hybridization techniques – PCR

16. Amplification techniques (signal amplification, probe amplification & target amplification)

17. Bacteriology of air, water and milk. 18. Sterility tests.

- LABORATORY MANAGEMENT AND QC 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Benefits of quality 1.2 Continuous quality improvement 1.3 Users’ Perception of health laboratory services 1.4 Good laboratory practices 1.5 International standards organization 1.6 Traceability 2. FACTORS INFLUENCING QUALITY

2.1 Pre-analytical factors 2.2 Analytical factors 2.3 Post-analytical factors

48

3. OVERVIEW OF QUALITY ASSURANCE

3.1 Quality assurance 3.2 QUality assurance programme 3.2 Objectives of quality assurance 3.3 Components of a quality assurance programme 5. DOCUMENTATION IN THE LABORATORY

5.1 Value of documentation 5.2 Types of documentation 5.3 Layers of documentation 5.4 Documentation structure 5.5 Review and revision 5.6 Document control 5.7 Dangers of overdocumentation 5.8 Laboratory records 6. STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES

6.1 Structure of SOP 6.2 Dos and don’ts on SOPs 7. ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY

7.1 Monitoring 7.2 Assessment of quality 7.3 Organization of EQAS 7.4 Scoring system in EQA 7.5 Internal quality assessment

9. QUALITY AUDIT AND ACCREDITATION

9.1 Quality audit 9.2 Accreditation of laboratories 10. WASTE MANAGEMENT 11. QUALITY ASSURANCE IN CLINICAL LABORATORY

11.1 Quality assurance parameters 11.2 Monitoring and evaluating tests and use of test results 12. QUALITY CONTROL OF LABORATORY MATERIALS

12.1 Pipettes 12.2 Cleaning glassware 12.3 Reagents and standards 12.4 Chemicals 12.5 Reference sera 12.6 Proper use of reagents and standards 13. QUALITY CONTROL OF MEDIA AND STAINS

13.1 Quality control of media 13.2 Performance of plated media

49

13.3 Quality control of stains

14. QUALITY CONTROL OF BACTERIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES

15. QUALITY ASSURANCE IN ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING

15.1 Indications for routine susceptibility testing 15.2 Choice of drugs 15.3 Direct versus indirect susceptibility tests 15.4 General Principles of antimicrobial susceptibility testing 15.5 Clinical definitions of terms resistant and susceptible: the three-category system 15.6 Need for quality control in susceptibility test 15.7 Standard procedure for quality control 15.8 Frequency of quality control testing 16. QUALITY CONTROL IN SEROLOGY 16.1 Procedure manual 16.2 Selection of test or procedure 16.3 Collection of specimen 16.4 Control sera 16.5 Reagents 16.6 Equipment and instruments 16.7 Performance of tests 16.8 Reporting and record keeping

17. QUALITY CONTROL IN STERILIZATION 17.1 Indicators of the sterilization process 17.2 General principles for testing sterilizing agents 18. QUALITY CONTROL FOR EQUIPMENT

18.1 Purchase of equipment 18.2 Function checks

18.3 Documentation

18.4 Preventive maintenance PRACTICALS

19. Laboratory investigations on clinical specimens

20. Demonstration of PCR, western blotting

21. Tests for detection of coliforms in water samples

22. Phosphate tests

Recommended books

1. Koneman's Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology Author(s): Washington C Winn Jr, MD ; Stephen D Allen MD ; William M Janda PhD ; Elmer W Koneman ; Paul C Schreckenberger PhD ; Gary W Procop MD; MS Gail L Woods MD. Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

50

2. Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology, (Diagnostic Microbiology) Betty A. Forbes PhD D(ABMM) F(AAM) (Author), Daniel F. Sahm PhD D(ABMM F(AAM) (Author), Alice S. Weissfeld PhD D(ABMM) F(AAM) (Author) Imprint: Mosby

3. Manual of Clinical Microbiology Patrick R. Murray (Editor), Ellen Jo Baron (Editor), James Jorgensen (Editor), Michael Pfaller (Editor), Marie Louise Landry (Editor) Publisher: American Society for Microbiology

4. Mackie & McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology J. Gerald Collee CBE MD(Edin) FRCPath FRCP(Edin) FRSE (Author), Andrew G. Fraser MD(Edin) BSc (Author), Barrie P. Marmion AO DSc MD(Lond) FRAC HonDocUnivAdelaide (Author), Anthony Simmons MA MB BChir PhD MRCPath (Author) Publisher: Churchill Livingstone

5. Microbiology in Clinical Practice D. C. Shanson (Author) Publisher: Hodder Arnold Publishers

6. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases (2 vol) By Gerald L. Mandell, MD, MACP, John E. Bennett, MD, MACP, and Raphael Dolin, MD Imprint: Churchill Livingstone

7. Infectious Diseases Sherwood L. Gorbach (Editor), John G. Bartlett(Editor), Neil R. Blacklow (Editor) Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

8. Medical Microbiology Cedric Mims BSc MD FRCPath (Author), Hazel Dockrell BA (Mod) PhD (Author), Richard Goering BA MSc PhD (Author), Ivan Roitt DSc HonFRCP FRCPath FRS (Author), Derek Wakelin BSc PhD DSc FRCPath (Author), Mark Zuckerman BSc (Hons) MB BS MRCP MSc FRCPath (Author) Publisher: Mosby

9. Methods for General and Molecular Microbiology

C. A. Reddy (Editor), Terry J. Beveridge (Editor), John A. Breznak (Editor) Publisher: ASM Press

10. Microbiology: A Clinical Approach

Anthony Strelkauskas (Author), Jennifer Strelkauskas (Author), Danielle Moszyk-Strelkauskas (Author) Publisher: Garland Science

11. Manual of commercial methods in clinical microbiology Allan L. Truant Publisher: American Society for Microbiology (ASM) 12. Quality Assurance in Bacteriology and Immunology World health organization WHO Regional Publication, South-East Asia Series

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51

BSc MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

REGULATION, SCHEME AND SYLLABUS

Centre for Health Sciences University of Calicut

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

Regulations, scheme and syllabus for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Medical biochemistry

Objectives of the course: At the end of the course the candidates shall be: 1. Aware of the principle underlying the organization of a clinical laboratory. 2. Able to do routine and special investigative procedures pertaining to Medical Biochemistry laboratory practice. 3. Provide a good theoretical and practical education who plan to work with in the field of Medical Biochemistry and science. 4. Develop knowledge and skill in accordance with the society’s demand in Medical Biochemistry. 5. Qualify the students for official approval as medical Biochemist 6. Able to operate and maintain all equipments used in clinical laboratory. 7. Able to establish and manage a clinical or Research laboratory.

Programme description :

The course of study enhances student’s knowledge and skills in several major categorical areas of Medical Biochemistry. The degree in Medical Biochemistry provides advanced skills to practicing professionals in health administration, leadership, quality assurance and health informatics. Name of the course

Name of the course shall be the

“BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY” – BSc (MB)

Duration of the course

The duration of the course shall be eight semesters extending over a period of four years. Each semester shall be of six months duration , with each academic year spread over a period of 240 working days

Eligibility for admission

Candidates who have passed Higher Secondary examination of the Board of Higher Secondary Education, Kerala, or examinations recognized equivalent (regular course of study)

thereto, with 50% marks in Biology separately, and 50% marks in Physics, Chemistry and Biology put together, are eligible. Relaxation in minimum marks for eligibility allowed by the Government of Kerala to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other Backward Classes shall be made.

Candidates with higher qualifications are also eligible for admission, provided they possess the minimum qualification mentioned in the draft syllabus.

Course structure

The course shall comprise of both theory and practical studies in different branches of Medical Microbiology and its related subjects such as : 1. Anatomy 2. Physiology 3. Biomolecules and bio physical chemistry

5. General Methodology 6. General microbiology 7. Parasitology and clinical microbiology 8. instrumentation& Clinical biochemistry 9. Metabolism and inborn errors of metabolism 10. nutrition 11. Immunology , immunochemistry & serology 12. cell biology, molecular biology and genetics 13.Pathology & blood banking 14. diagnostic biochemistry 15.laboratory organisation and management In addition to these regular subject papers like Special English, Health education, Community medicine, Biostatistics and computer applications are included as these are important elements in epidemiology, diagnostic and research field. Teaching/Learning methods

- Regular clinical Laboratory posting to pick up practical skill and practice techniques on laboratory responsibility and supervision. - Lecture and practical classes. - Students should present seminars in various subjects in medical microbiology to attain presentation skill

Internal assessment marks

Internal assessment marks shall be awarded to the candidates in each paper as detailed in the scheme of examinations. The award shall be on the basis of the assessment made by the teachers from the candidate’s performances in the terminal/semester examinations conducted by the department, class tests, laboratory work and record work, etc. during the course of study. The marks secured by the candidates in each paper/subject shall be forwarded to the University at the end of the course for the examinations. The failed candidates will be allowed a separate internal assessment for both theory and practical. Compulsory clinical internship Every candidate admitted to BSc Medical Biochemistry degree course shall undergo six(6) months of compulsory internship in the institution as recognized by the university, and those

who successfully complete the internship as evidenced by the attendance statement and conduct certificate issued by the hospital authorities , shall only be allowed to attend the final year examination . Students should also submit a report regarding the routine diagnostic procedures done in the laboratory during the internship period. Attendance requirements

Regarding attendance requirements it will be 80% with the provision for cantonment up to 10% on medical grounds.

University examinations

There shall be University examinations at the end of every two semesters as detailed in the scheme of examinations. Candidates who fail to secure a pass in any particular paper shall appear for that paper in order to secure a pass, in the subsequent regular examination. Candidates who fail in one or more papers in an examination need appear for only those papers for securing complete pass in the examination. All the students who complete the course in prior to the examination and register for the examination shall be promoted to the subsequent semester.

Candidates who complete the course of study and secure pass in all the papers of the four examinations shall be declared to have qualified for the degree. Such candidates shall be placed in the second class. Candidates who qualify for the degree passing all the examinations in the first attempt securing not less that 65% marks of the aggregate of all University examinations and internal assessment take in together shall be declared to passed in the first class and those who secure not less than 75% of the aggregate marks shall be declared to have passed in first class with distinction.

Provisions for ranking students.

1. Up to third ranks for an intake of 25 students 2. Up to fifth ranks for an intake of 50 students

There shall be no provision for improvement of results in any examinations

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Scheme of question paper – Theory (3hrs duration)

first year examination ( 1& 2nd semester )

1 ANATOMY Section A 2 PHYSIOLOGY & CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY Section A & B 3 GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY (BIOMOLECULES AND BIO PHYSICAL

CHEMISTRY) Section A

4 GENERAL METHODOLOGY Section A &B 5 SPECIAL ENGLISH, HEALTH EDUCATION, COMMUNITY

MEDICINE, BIOSTATISTICS &

COMPUTER APPLICATION

-------------

second year examination ( 3& 4th semester ) 6 METABOLISM I-- CARBOHYDRATE ,LIPID AND AMINO ACID

METABOLISM

Section A

7 ENZYMOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY Section A 8 CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY Section A &B 9 ANALYTICAL METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION Section A

third year examination ( 5& 6th semester ) 10 METABOLISM—II ( NUTRITION, HEME AND NUCLEOTIDE

METABOLISM )

Section A

11 IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNO HEMATOLOGY Section A 12 DIAGNOSTIC BIOCHEMISTRY –I Section A

13 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS Section A fourth year examination ( 7& 8th semester ) 14 DIAGNOSTIC BIOCHEMISTRY_--II (ORGAN FUNCTION TESTS) Section A 15 ORGANIZATION OF LAB AND LAB MANAGEMENT Section A

CURRICULAM, CREDIT HOURS AND COURSE DURATION

PAPER SUBJECT YEAR THEORY PRACTICAL TUTORIAL TOTAL

Paper I ANATOMY I year 180 120 40 340

Paper II PHYSIOLOGY AND CLINICAL

HEMATOLOGY I year 180 120 40 340

Paper III GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY

(BIOMOLECULES AND BIO PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY)

I year 180

80 40 300

Paper IV GENERAL METHODOLOGY I year 180

80 200

Paper V SPECIAL ENGLISH, HEALTH

EDUCATION, COMMUNITY

MEDICINE, BIOSTATISTICS

&

COMPUTER APPLICATION

I year 140

40 180

Paper VI METABOLISM I--

CARBOHYDRATE LIPID AND

AMINO ACID METABOLISM

II year

200

160 40 400

Paper VII ENZYMOLOGY AND

ENDOCRINOLOGY II year 200 140 40 380

Paper

VIII

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY

MICROBIOLOGY II year 160 120 40 320

Paper IX ANALYTICAL METHODS AND

INSTRUMENTATION II year 160 40 200

HOSPITAL LABORATORY POSTING AT THE END OF

SECOND YEAR

II year 140

one

month

Paper X METABOLISM—II,

NUTRITION,HEME AND

NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM

III year

200

140 40 380

Paper XI IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNO

HEMATOLOGY III year 160 120 40 320

Paper XII D DIAGNOSTIC

BIOCHEMISTRY –I

III year 200 160 40 400

Paper

XIII

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND

GENETICS III year 200 200

HOSPITAL LABORATORY POSTING AT THE END OF

THIRD YEAR

140

one

month

Paper

XIV

DIAGNOSTIC

BIOCHEMISTRY_--II

(ORGAN FUNCTION TESTS)

IV year 200 140 40 380

Paper XV ORGANIZATION OF LAB AND

LAB MANAGEMENT IV year 200 100 40 340

HOSPITAL LABORATORY POSTING AT THE END OF

SIXTH SEMESTER

IV year 720

6 months

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION

I B.Sc.(Medical Biochemistry) Examiantion ( At the end of second semester)

Paper Subject Duration Max. Marks Min. for pass

I Anatomy Theory

Practical

Orals

Internal Assessment

Total Marks

3 hrs

3 hrs

50

50

50

50

200

20

20

-

-

100

II Physiology and clinical

hematology Theory

Practical

Orals

Internal Assessment

Total Marks

3 hrs

3 hrs

50

50

50

50

200

20

20

-

-

100

III General Biochemistry (Biomolecules and bio physical chemistry) Theory

Practical

Orals

Internal Assessment

Total Marks

3 hrs

3hrs

50

50

50

50

200

20

20

-

-

100

IV General Methodology Theory

Internal Assessment

Total Marks

3 hrs

100

50

150

40

-

75

V Special English, Health

Education, Community

Medicine, Biostatistics and

Computer Applications

Internal Assessment (Theory and Practical)

100

50

II B.Sc(Medical Biochemistry) Examination (At the end of fourth semester)

Paper Subject Duration Max. Marks Min. for pass

VI Metabolism I--

Carbohydrate lipid and

amino acid metabolism Theory

Practical

Orals

Internal Assessment

Total Marks

3 hrs

6 hrs

100

100

100

100

400

40

40

-

-

200

VII Enzymology and Endocrinology Theory

Practical

Orals

Internal Assessment

Total Marks

3 hrs

6 hrs

100

100

100

100

400

40

40

-

-

200

VIII Clinical Pathology and

microbiology

Theory

Practical

Orals

Internal Assessment

Total Marks

3 hrs

6 hrs

100

100

50

50

300

40

40

-

-

150

IX Analytical methods and

instrumentation

Theory

Internal Assessment

Total Marks

3 hrs

100

50

150

40

-

75

III B.Sc (Medical Biochemistry) Examination (At the end of sixth semester)

Paper Subject Duration Max. Marks Min. for pass

X Metabolism—II, nutrition,

heme and nucleotide

metabolism

Theory

Practicals

Orals

Internal Assessment

Total Marks

3 hrs

6 hrs

100

100

100

100

400

40

40

-

-

200

XI Immunology and immuno

hematology

Theory

Practicals

Orals

Internal Assessment

Total Marks

3 hrs

6 hrs

100

100

50

50

300

40

40

-

-

150

XII Diagnostic biochemistry –I

Theory

Practicals

Orals

Internal Assessment

Total Marks

3 hrs

6 hrs

100

100

100

100

400

40

40

-

-

200

XIII Molecular biology and

Genetics

Theory

Internal Assessment

Total Marks

3 hrs

100

50

150

40

-

75

IV B.Sc (Medical Biochemistry) Examination (At the end of eighth semester)

Paper Subject Duration Max. Marks Min. for pass

XIV diagnostic biochemistry_--II

(organ function tests)

Theory

Practicals

Orals

Internal Assessment

Total Marks

3 hrs

6 hrs

100

150

100

100

450

40

60

-

-

225

XV Organization of Lab and lab

management Theory

Practicals

Orals

Internal Assessment

Total Marks

3 hrs

6 hrs

100

100

100

100

400

40

40

-

-

200

1st YEAR(1

st & 2

nd semester)

PAPER 1 – ANATOMY

Unit 1 Introduction to the course and the subject of anatomy. Orientation to:

systems of the body, anatomical terminologies, learning methodologies in

anatomy, embryology. Microscopic anatomy: Structure of cell, types of tissues,

cell cycle and division introduction to genesis.

Unit 2 Respiratory system: Embryology, parts of the system gross and

microscopic structure of the lungs, applied aspects. Circulatory system:

Embryology with emphasis on fetal circulation, parts, Microscopic anatomy of

vessels, gross and microscopic structure of heart, blood vessels both arteries and

veins, attachment and relations of major vessels to the heart, distribution and

tributaries of major arteries and veins, applied aspects.

Unit 3 Digestive system: Embryology, location, parts and functions of the system

– gross and microscopic structure, location of digestive glands – gross and

microscopic structure applied aspects.

Urogenital system: a) Reproductive system: Developmental considerations of

the male and female systems, gross and microscopic parts of both male and female

systems, primary and secondary sexual organs and function, applied aspects.

b)Urinary system: Developmental considerations, parts – gross kidney in detail –

gross and microscopic structure applied aspects.

Unit 4 Musculo skeletal system: Classification, location of the bones and muscles

in the body, muscle attachment to bones – only brief description, gross features of

bones and parts, microscopic features of muscle and bone, joints, classification,

bones involved, movements and muscles that produce movements, applied

aspects.

Unit 5 Nervous system: Developmental considerations, parts and division into

central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system,

gross and microscopy of brain and spinal cord, naming of cranial nervous,

functions served by each of them brief account of degeneration and regeneration

of nerves, applied aspects.

Unit 6 Endocrinology: Brief saline of location and function of the endocrine

glands. Special senses: Eye, ear, nose, tongue. Miscellaneous topics: Skin and

appendages (microscopic structure) General considerations of upper limb, lower

limb, head and neck, thoracic and abdominal cavities, pelvic cavity.

PRACTICALS

3. Demonstration of systems of the body.

4. Microscopic demonstration for histology,

5. Osteology demonstration

6. Practical and applied anatomy demonstration depending on the

topic

Recommended books

1. B D Chaurasia's Human Anatomy (VOL 1-3)

Regional and Applied

2. Gray's Anatomy for Students Author : Richard L. Drake, A. Wayne Vogl , Adam W. M. Mitchell

3. Textbook Of Human Histology With Colour Atlas

Author : Inderbir Singh

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-----------------------------

PAPER – II – PHYSIOLOGY& CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY

Unit 1 Blood: Composition of blood, structure and functions of RBC, WBC, and

platelets blood coagulation, blood groups, reticulo endothelial system, structure

and function of spleen, Jaundice, Anemia

Unit 2 Cardiovascular system: Structure and properties of cardiac muscles, nerve

supply to hear, structure and function of blood vessels, cardiac cycle and pressure

changes, heart sounds, cardiac output, heart rate, cardiovascular reflexes, blood

pressure hemorrhage, ECG, changes in muscular exercises.

Unit 3 Respiratory system: Physiological anatomy, mechanism of respiration,

lung volumes and capacities, breath sounds, types of respiration, artificial

respiration, transport of blood gases, regulation of respiration, hypoxia effects of

exercise.

Unit 4 Digestive system: Digestion in mouth, stomach, intestine, digestion of

carbohydrates, fats and proteins, control of secretion, absorption, structure and

functions of liver. Excretory system: Structure (gross and minute) of kidney,

formation of urine, OTR, tubular function, renal function tests, micturition.

Unit 5 Muscle: Structure of muscle, muscle contraction. Nervous system:

Structure of nervous, nerve impulse, structure and function of spinal cord, spinal

reflexes and pathways, structure, and function of different parts of brain,

autonomic nervous system, neurohumoral transmission CSF, physiology of touch,

smell, taste, hearing, and vision – reflexes.

Unit 6 Endocrine system: Structure and functions of pituitary, thyroid, adrenal

glands, thymus and pancreas. Reproductive system: Sex determination and

development, puberty, structure and function of male and female reproductive

system, pregnancy, parturition, location, and foetal circulation.

Clinical Hematology :

Unit 1 Introduction – composition and function of blood .Normal and abnormal

blood cell morphology - erythrocytes, leukocytes. platelets and reticulocyte count.

Knowledge about anemia and leukemia.

Unit 2 Collection of specimen, difference between capillary and artery and venous

blood specimens. Preparation (smear preparation, staining methods including

buffers and special stains), examination and interpretation of thin , thick and wet

blood films .

Unit 3 Methods of measuring haemoglobin, including spectrophotometry , PCV

( Haematocrit – macro and micro methods), MCH, MCHC, MCV & ESR.Total

and differential WBC count, RBC count, absolute eosinophil – different methods,

interpretation.Platelets function, disorders, platelet count methods and

interpretation. Bleeding and clotting time - significance and estimation methods

PRACTICALS

1 . Red blood cell count

2 . Total and differential white blood cell count

3 . Platelet count

4 . Absolute Eosinophil count

5 . Calculation of Red cell indices

6 . Hemoglobin estimation

7 . Determination of ESR

8 . Determination of BT, CT.

9 . Osmotic fragility and blood groups

10. Blood smear preparation and staining

11. Measurement of BP in man.

12. Respiratory movements, methods of artificial respiration.

13. TPR charts , examination of sensory system, motor system, reflexes,

cranial nerve,

14. ECG / EEG

15. Cardiac efficiency test.

Recommended books

1. Essentials of Medical Physiology

Author : K Sembulingam , Prema Sembulingam

2.Concise Medical Physiology

Author : Sujit K Chaudhuri

3. Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Author : Kim E. Barrett , Susan M. Barman , Scott Boitano , Heddwen Brooks

4.Textbook of Medical Physiology Author : Arthur C. Guyton , John E. Hall

5. Dacie & Lewis Practical Haematology Author: S. Mitchell Lewis BSc MD FRCPath DCP FIBMS , Barbara J. Bain FRACP

FRCPath , Imelda Bates MD FRCP FRCPath , John Dacie MD(Lond) FRCP(Lond) FRCPath

FRS , Malcolm I. Levene

6. Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology (2 Vol. Set) Author : John P. Greer, John Foerster , John N. Lukens

7. Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods Editor : John Bernard Henry MD , Frederick R. Davey MD , Chester J. Herman

MD PhD, Richard A. McPherson MD, Matthew R. Pincus MD PhD , Gregory A.

Threatte MD , Gail L. Woods MD .

8. de Gruchy's Clinical Haematology in Medical Practice Author : Frank Firkin , C. Chesterman , D. Penington , B. Rush

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------

Paper III- General biochemistry-

Biomolecules and bio physical chemistry

Uint 1 Carbohydrates – functions, classification, structure of carbohydrates.

Isomerism of glucose - stereo isomerism, optical isomerism, epimerism,

anomerism, muta-rotation. general reactions of monosaccharides- oxidation,

reduction, methylation, Benedict's test, Fehling's test, Seliwanoff's test, osazone

test. Reducing and non- reducing sugars. Disaccharides- structure of maltose,

lactose, sucrose, trehalose. Derived sugars- amino sugars, glycosides.

Polysaccharides- homopolysaccharides- starch, glycogen, cellulose, agar, pectin.

Heteropolysaccharides - glycosaminoglycans- hyaluronic acid, heparin, keratin

sulphate, dermatan sulphate.

Unit 2 Aminoacids and proteins. Structure and classification of amino acids.

Classification based on structure, metabolic fate, side chain character, nutritional

importance. Isoelectric point and amphoteric nature of amino acids, general

reactions in the body- transamination, deamination, decarboxylation. Ninhydrin

reaction. Biologically important peptides. Proteins- structural organization-

primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. Structure of insulin,

collagen and Hb. Classification of proteins- simple, conjugated and derived

proteins. Precipitation reactions of proteins – salting out, isoelectric precipitation,

precipitation by acidic and basic agents, alcohol precipitation, heat coagulation.

Denaturation of proteins.

Unit 3 Lipids – classification- simple, compound lipids, derived lipids. Structure

and functions of each class. Fatty acids –classification and structure. saturated and

unsaturated fatty acids, PUFA, essential fatty acids. Saponification number, acid

number, iodine number. Structure of phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol and

lipoproteins. Monolayers bilayers, micelles and liposomes.

Unit 4 Vitamins, heme and nucleotides. Classification of vitamins- fat soluble

vitamins –structure of A D E K. Structure of water soluble vitamins- B-complex

and vitamin C. Daily requirements and sources of water soluble and fat soluble

vitamins. Heme- structure, structure of Hemoglobin, binding sites of heme and

oxygen. Properties of heme. Heme containing proteins. Structure of purines and

pyrimidines- structure of adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil. Structure

of AMP, ADP and ATP. Properties of nucleotides.

Unit 5 Biophysical chemistry- Law of mass action and solubility product.

Colloids: properties applications in biological systems. Mechanism and biological

applications of the following- Donnan membrane equilibrium, dialysis.

Diffusion, Osmosis and osmotic pressure, Viscosity, surface tension, adsorption.

Ion channels and membrane transport.

Practicals Reactions of amino acids

Reactions of proteins

Reactions of carbohydrates

Reactions of lipids

Analysis of unknown carbohydrates and proteins

Determination of pH of acid and bases by using pH paper, indicators and pH meter

Preparation of acetate buffer with varying pH

Preparation of phosphate buffer with varying pH

Determination of pH of buffers

Volumetric analysis

Titration of NaOH with HCl

Paper IV general methodology

Basic laboratory knowledge

Unit 1 Clinical Laboratory glasswares. Calibration of pipettes and the volumetric

apparatus. Preparation of cleaning solution for glasswares. Cleaning and care of

laboratory glassware and instruments. Storage and handling of dangerous

chemicals and agents to prevent accidents. Immediate first aid management of

minor accidents in the laboratory.

Unit 2 Methods of expressing concentration. Preparation of normal solutions and

molar solutions. Calculation of normality, molarity, milliequivalents/l, ppm.

Preparation of normal saline. Methods of measuring liquids, weighing of solids.

Volumetric analysis-method to find normality and weight per liter. Preparation of

standard solutions and reagents. Preparation and storage of distilled, double

distilled and de-inonized water. Parts and working of analytical balance, hot air

ovens, water baths, refrigerators, centrifuges and Laminar flow.

Unit 3 Cleaning and preparation of syringes and needles for sterilization

(Autoclaving). Labeling and registering of specimen. Collection, transport and

preservation of blood, CSF, urine, pleural fluid, synovial fluid. Anticoagulants,

preservatives and preparation of anticoagulant bottles for blood collection for

different parameters.

Unit 4 Acids, bases and buffers – definition of acids and bases, ionization of acids,

ionic product of water, H+ concentration, strong acids and bases, weak acids and

bases, strength of acids. Titration curves of acids and bases, PH- definition,

calculation of pH, Henderson Hasselbalch equation, measurement of pH, pH

meter. Buffers- Definition, components, weak and strong buffers. PK of buffers,

preparation of buffers, buffers in biological system, commonly used buffers in

labs.

Unit 5 Properties of commonly used acids and bases- Sulfuric acid, hydrochloric

acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, potassium hydroxide, sodium

hydroxide, sodium carbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonia. Properties of

commonly used salts- ammonium chloride, ammonium sulphate, sodium

sulphate, sodium chloride, zinc sulphate. Properties of chloroform, formalin.

Properties of commonly used solvents- Methanol, ethanol, xylene, benzene,

acetone.

MICROBIOLOGY

Unit 6 History of Microbiology. Classification of Microorganism. Morphology

of bacteria- shape and structure- plasma membrane, internal membrane systems,

cytoplasmic matrix, inclusion bodies, nucleoid, cell wall- peptidoglycan structure,

gram negative cell walls, flagella, endospore.

Unit 7 Microscopy : Optical Microscope- resolution and magnification, parts and

working of compound microscope, phase contrast microscopy dark field

microscopy, electron microscope, fluorescence microscopy. Staining methods-

Smear preparation and fixation from liquid media and solid media. Principle,

procedure and uses of- simple staining, differential staining and special staining

techniques.

Unit 8 Control of microbial growth -Sterilization and disinfection- definition,

Physical methods- different methods- by dry and moist heat, factors influencing

and mechanism of killing. Radiation- ionising and non-ionising, mode of action.

Filtration- technique of filtration, different filters like membrane, HEPA and

candle filters. Disinfection- characteristics of ideal disinfectant, different classes

of disinfectants in detail. Disinfectant testing.

Unit 9 Bacterial growth and nutrition- nutritional requirements-carbon, nitrogen,

hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, phosphorus, other elements and growth factors.

Nutritional classification. Bacterial Growth curve. Measurement of growth- cell

mass, total count, viable count and cell constituents. Physical factors influencing

growth- oxygen, CO2 pH osmotic pressure, light, mechanical and sonic stress.

Unit 10 Culture media- common ingredients, classification, preparation of

important culture media in microbiology. Cultivation of microbes- culture

methods- streak, stroke, lawn, stab, pour plate, sweep plate and anaerobic culture

methods.

Unit 11 Safety precautions in Microbiology lab, Lab associated infection, safety

codes of laboratory practice. The care and Management of Laboratory animals-

basic knowledge of feeding, housing, breeding and care of the following animals:

Rabbit, Mouse, Guinea pig, Rat sheep, Fowls, Monkeys etc. Collection of blood

samples- Killing of animals and postmortem examination. Different routes of

animal inoculation. Animals house records.

Practicals

Familiarity with the use of simple autoclaves, incubator, hot air oven, water

bath, steamer, laminar flow. Preparation of culture media sterilization

methods.

PAPER –V

SPECIAL ENGLISH, HEALTH EDUCATION, COMMUNITY MEDICINE,

BIOSTATISTICS AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS.

SPECIAL ENGLISH (English for Medical Sciences)

Students of professional courses have a tendency to neglect the language content.

The paper “English for special purpose” is introduced with a view to developing

the communication sills of the participants in written and spoken English. The

emphasis will be fully on the practical aspects of language use, and not on

literature. The course content may also help the students to take up overseas

examinations in English proficiency like the TOEFL.

1. Writing skills Composition

Writing effective paragraphs ability to describe objects, people,

process and ideas and narrating incidents – note taking / making

summaries. Writing telegrams, advertisements preparing laboratory

reports.

Letter writing

Business letters applying for a job for higher studies preparing

curriculum vitae subscribing to a journal requesting for information

ordering equipments – letters to the Editor

2. Foundation English

Revision of basic grammar, common errors in English, Language

functions in medical writing use of passive voice particularly in

scientific and official writing, expressing obligation use of must should

ought expressions of possibility, likelihood, certainly degrees of

comparison, expression of necessity must, have to need to expressions of

generalization and emphasis.

3. Vocabulary

The language of doctor and patient, general description and medical

description medical terminology roots, prefixes and suffixes, medical

abbreviations.

4. Spoken English

A course in speech and conversation with focus not on phonetics and

grammar, but on developing their ability to talk about object and

experiences around them.

Fixing appointments: Getting information managing medical

representatives telephoning in hospital. The objective is to provide

practice influent conversation. Focus is on specific expressions typical

of familiar situations in medical practice Technique of discussion at

medical meeting, making presentation.

COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. General concepts of health and diseases with reference to natural history of

disease with pre-pathogenic and pathogenic phases. The role of socio-

economic and cultural environment in health and disease. Epidemiology

and scope.

2. Public health administration: An overall view of the health administration

set up at central and state level.

3. The National Health programme – highlighting the role of social economic

and cultural factors in the implementation of the national programme.

4. Health problem of vulnerable groups – pregnant and lactating women on

infants and school going children, occupational groups (see below) genetics

5. Occupational health: Definition occupational disease, prevention of the

occupational diseases and hazards.

6. Social security and other measures for the protection of occupational

hazards, accidents and diseases. Details of compensation acts.

7. Family planning objectives of national family planning methods - A general

idea of advantages and disadvantages of the method

8. Mental health community aspects of mental health role of physiotherapists,

therapists in mental health problems such as mental retardation etc.

9. Communicable diseases: An overall view of the communicable diseases,

classification according to the principal mode of transmission, role of

insects and other vectors.

10. International Health Agencies

HEALTH EDUCATION

1. Review of benefits, values, norms, habits and taboos among practices.

More in human groups and their importance learning and change

process.

2. Review of concepts on perception, attitudes, socialization process,

learning and theories of learning, social change change process,

motivation, needs and drive.

3. Principle and process of communication.

4. Health education philosophy, main principles and objectives. Health

education vs. propagandas.

5. Methods and tools of health education – individual and group methods A

critical evaluation of theories, tools and health education.

6. The role of profession in health education role of other personnel in

health education, co-ordination and co-operation in health with other

members of the health team.

7. Elements of planning a health education programme.

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

Course Description:

The course enables the students to understand the fundamentals of

computer and its applications.

Introduction to Data processing:

- Features of computers, Advantages of using computers. :

Getting data into / out of computers. Role of computers. What

is Data processing? Application areas of computers involved in Data

processing. Common activities in processing. Types of Data processing,

Characteristics of information. What are Hardware and Software?

- Hardware Concepts : Architecture of computers, Classification of computers,

Concept of damage. Types of storage devices. Characteristics of disks,

tapes, Terminals, Printers, Network.Applications of networking concept

of PC System care, Floppy care, Data care.

- Concept of Software. Classification of software: System software. Application of

software. Operating system. Computer system. Computer virus.

Precautions against viruses. Dealing with viruses. Computers in

medical electronics

- Basic Anatomy of Computers Principles of programming Computer application - principles

in scientific research ; work processing, medicine, libraries, museum ,

education, information system.

- Data processing . .

BIOSTATISTICS

Course Description:

Introduction to basic statistical concepts: methods of statistical analysis; and

interpretation of data

Behavioural Objectives: Understands statistical terms. Possesses knowledge and skill in the use of

basic statistical and research methodology.

I : Introduction - Meaning, definition, characteristics of statistics.

- Importance of the study of statistics.

- Branches of statistics.

- Statistics and health science including nursing.

- Parameters and estimates.

- Descriptive and inferential statistics.

- Variables and their types.

- Measurement scales

II : Tabulation of Data - Raw data, the array, frequency distribution.

- Basic principles of graphical representation.

- Types of diagrams - histograms, frequency polygons, smooth frequency

polygon,

- Cumulative frequency curve, ogive.

- Normal probability curve.

III : Measure of Central Tendency - Need for measures of central tendency

- Definition and calculaton of mean - ungrouped and grouped

- Meaning, interpretation and calculation of median ungrouped and

grouped.

- Meaning and calculation of mode.

- Comparison of the mean, and mode.

- Guidelines for the use of various measures of central tendency.

IV : Measure of Variability - Need for measure of dispression.

- The range, the average deviation.

- The variance and standard deviation.

- Calculation of variance and standard deviation ungrouped and grouped.

- Properties and uses of variance and SO

V : Probability and Standard Distributions. - Meaning of probability of standard distribution.

- The Binominal distribution.

- The normal distribution.

- Divergence from normality - skewness, kurtosis.

VI : Sampling Techniques

- Need for sampling - Criteria for good samples.

- Application of sampling in Community.

- Procedures of sampling and sampling designs errors.

- Sampling variation and tests of significance

.

VII : Health Indicator

- Importance of health Indicator.

- Indicators of population, morbidity, mortality, health services.

- Calculation of rates and rations of health

II year (3rd

and 4th

semester)

Paper VI

Metabolism I-- Carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolism

Unit 1 Metabolism of carbohydrates: Digestion and absorption of

Carbohydrates. Major Metabolic pathways of Glucose – Glycolysis, fates of

Pyruvate, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen metabolism, HMP shunt pathway, Uronic

acid pathway, regulation of these pathways. Inborn errors of metabolism of

carbohydrates. Glycogen storage diseases, essential fructosuria, pentosuria,

lactose intolerance, galactosuria, G6PD deficiency. Metabolism of other sugars-

Fructose, Galactose. TCA cycle. Reactions and significance.- Shuttle systems,

electron transport chain, mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation, inhibitors. High

energy compounds.

Unit 2 Metabolism of Lipid: Digestion and absorption of Lipids. Oxidation of

Fatty acids – Beta, Alpha, Omega and peroxisomal Oxidation of unsaturated Fatty

acids, Odd chain fatty acids. De novo synthesis of fatty acids, chain elongation,

synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. PUFA and their importance. Elcosanoids-

classification and biological functions. Metabolism of adipose tissue. Synthesis

and break down of TAG, fatty liver and lipotropic factors- lipid storage diseases.

Synthesis of cholesterol, regulation, functions of cholesterol. Bile acids synthesis.

Ketone bodies- synthesis and utilization, ketosis.

Unit 3 Metabolism of amino acids: General reactions of amino acids-

Transamination, Oxidative Deamination, Transdeamination.- Removal of

Ammonia-sources and utilization of ammonia. Hyperammonemias. Glucogenic

and Ketogenic amino acids. Overall metabolism of different naturally occuring

amino acids. Detailed metabolism of Glycine, cysteine, methionine, Phenyl

alanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan and histidine. Creatinine, glutathione,

Catacholamines, polyamines, nitric oxide, carnitine, serotonin melanin, histamine

metabolism. Digestion and absorption of Proteins. Inborn errors of metabolism

of amino acid- hyperoxaluria, hyperglycinemia, MSUD, homocysteinuria,

cystinosis, cystinuria, homosysteinurias, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, albinism,

hypertyrosinemia, Hartnup's disease. Clinical importance of FIGLU, VMA,

HIAA.

Practicals Estimation of Blood Sugar by Folin Wu method.

Estimation of Blood Sugar by Glucose oxidase method.

Estimation of Serum total Cholesterol by Zak’s method

Estimation of Serum total Cholesterol by CHOD-POD method

Estimation of Serum Triglycerides

Estimation of Serum Phopholipids.

Estimation of Serum Total Proteins- Biuret method.

Estimation of Serum Total Proteins- Lowry's method.

Estimation of Serum Albumin and A/G ratio

Estimation of serum Urea.

Estimation of urine urea

Estimation of serum creatinine

Estimation of serum creatine

Estimation of urine creatinine

Estimation of serum uric acid

Estimation of serum bilirubin

Paper VII Enzymology and endocrinology

Unit 1 Properties, classification, naming of enzymes. prosthetic group, coenzyme,

cofactors , metalloenzymes and metal activated enzymes. Specificity of enzyme –

stereo-specificity, reaction specificity, substrate specificity. Factors affecting

enzyme action- temperature, pH, concentration of substrate product and enzyme,

inhibitors, co-enzyme, time.

Unit 2 Reaction rate and equilibrium of enzyme catalyzed reactions- enzyme

units, turn over number. Mechanism of enzyme action- lock and key model,

Koshland's fit model. Active site and catalytic groups. Action of chymotrypsin and

lysozyme. Enzymes kinetics- Km, Vmax, Michaeli’s Menton Law, Line weaver

Burke plot.

Unit 3 Enzyme inhibition- reversible inhibition- competitive, non-competitive and

un-competitive inhibition, irreversible inhibition- uncompetitive and suicide

inhibition, Regulation of enzyme action-allosteic regulation -K- series- V-series,

activation of latent enzymes, compartmentation, control of enzyme synthesis,

enzyme degradation.

Unit 4 Isoenzymes-properies, LDH, CK. multienzyme complex- importance, fatty

acid synthase. Ribozyme. Isolation and purification of enzymes.

Unit 5 Clinical enzymology- Functional and nonfunctional serum enzymes.

Clinical importance of the following enzymes- AsT, AlT, ALP, CK, LDH, ACP, 5-

nucleotidase, amylase, lipase, GGT. Enzyme profile in various disease conditions

like MI, liver diseases, bone diseases, pancreatic disease and Malignancies.

Therapeutic enzymes.

Unit 6 Hormones – definition, Classification of hormones based on origin.

hormone receptors- description of insulin receptor. Second messengers- cAMP,

cGMP, Ca, DAG, ITP. Mechanisms of hormone action- interaction with nuclear

chromatin, membrane receptors, stimulation of enzyme synthesis at the ribosomal

level, direct activation at enzyme level, action through second messengers.

Unit 7 Hypothalamic hormones—classification structure and site of action.

Pituitary hormones- classification structure and functions – anterior pituitary

hormones- classification- glycoprotein family, prolactin chorionic

asomatomammotropin family and corticotropin family - growth hormone,

gonadotropins, thyrotropin, corticotropin, MSH. Posterior pituitary hormones-

oxytocin and vasopressin.

Unit 8 Thyroid and parathyroid hormones- structure synthesis, transport and

mechanism of action, metabolic functions and disorders. T3, T4, reverse T3,

thyroglobulin, iodine trapping, hyper and hypothyroidism- goitre, Grave's disease,

cretinism. Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.

Unit 9 Adrenal hormones-- classification- adrenal cortical and medullary

hormones. Brief description on synthesis , functions and disorders of mineralo

corticoids, gluco corticoids, sex corticoids and catecholamines- epinephrine, nor-

epinephrine. Gonadal hormones- Classification, site of formation and functions.

Ovarian cycle.

Unit 10 Pancreatic hormones – insulin- structure, formation, mechanism of action,

function and disorders— proinsulin, C-peptide, metabolic role in carbohydrate,

lipid and protein metabolism. Glucagon – synthesis, mechanism of action and

metabolic role. Hormones from gastro intestinal tract, kidney, thymus and pineal

gland.

Practicals Estimation of ALP

Estimation of ACP

Estimation of Amylase

Estimation of LDH,

Estimation of CPK.

Estimation of GGT

T3, T4, TSH

I7 ketosteroids

VMA

PAPER VIII

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY

PATHOLOGY Unit 1 Organization, lay out and design of cytopathology laboratory and

histopathology laboratory. Different branches of pathology. Pathological

importance of urine, stool, sputum, pleural, pericardial, ascitic fluids, CSF and

semen. Requirements in pathology lab-maintenance and use of the following:

Microscope, Automatic tissue processor, vacuum embedding bath, microtomes

(various types with working of each), hot plates, refrigerators, cryocut.

Unit 2 Histopathology techniques-Collection of samples for histopathological

examination. Preparation of samples- fixation, mordening, decalcification.

Processing of tissues- tissue processing and embedding. Preparations of sections-

technique of section cutting. Routine staining procedures in histopathology-

preparation of sections for staining. Principle and importance of hematoxylene

and eosin staining, phosphotungstic acid hematoxylene staining, PAS staining,

crystal violet staining, toluidine blue stain, grams staining. Post staining

procedures. Frozen section technique. Museum methods — mounting of

specimens, preparation of mounting medium, sealing the jars.

Unit 3 Cytological aspects of body fluids- ascitic fluid, pleural fluid synovial

fluid. Laboratory techniques in diagnostic cytology- preparation of specimens for

cytological evaluation- concentrating specimen by centrifugation. Preparation of

smear, fixation. Principles and importance of different cytological staining

techniques-papinicolaou staining, crystal violet staining. Importance of FNAC.

Preparation of thin blood smear and bone narrow smears. Morphological features

of normal cell, benign tumor cell and cancerous cells. Elementary knowledge on

fluorescent staining methods in pathology.

MICROBIOLOGY

Unit 1 Identification of bacteria based on morphology, culture and biochemical

reactions- sugar fermentation test, urease test, nitrate test, TSI test, mannitol utility

test, oxidase, catalase and coagulase test, OF test IMV(i)C test. Importance of

staining methods in bacteriology. Inoculation and examination of inoculated

plates- importance in clinical diagnosis. Antibiotics- classification, antibiotic

sensitivity testing, basic techniques of plating and preparation of antibiotic discs.

Unit 2 The general principles of the methods employed in identifying an

unknown organism. Mode of infection, basic pathogenicity, causative agents and

detection methods of following diseases- viral diseases- small pox, rabies, HIV,

rubella, anthrax, polio, hepatitis. Bacterial diseases-TB, leprosy, cholera, tetanus,

botulism, typhoid, dysentry, siphilis, leptospirosis.

Unit 3 Basic pathogenicity and detection methods of fungal diseases- candidiasis,

aspergillosis, histoplasmosis. Parasitological techniques and elementary

knowledge of life cycle, basic pathogenicity and lab diagnosis of common

parasites- amoeba, filaria, malaria, toxoplasmosis, schistosomiasis, worm

infections and liver fluke infections.

Practicals Demonstration of tissue processing, block preparation, section cutting and

different staining methods.

Preparation of slide preparation for cytological examination of urine, faeces and

sputum.

Peripheral blood smear preparation.

Different microbial staining- simple staining, gram staining, acid fast staining,

spirochete staininig, endospore staining.

Biochemical tests- coagulase test, IMViC test.

Antibiotic sensitivity testing.

Demonstration of fugal culture techniques and viral culture technique.

Demonstration of parasitological methods for the detection of parasites.

Paper IX

Analytical Methods and Instrumentation

Unit 1 Colorimetry – Properties of light, Beer Lambert’s Law, Applications of

BeerLambert’s law, Photoelectric colorimoter, Spectrophotometer, Flame

photometer, Atomic absorption spectrophotometer, Fluorimeter, Nephelometry and

Turbidimetry.

Unit 2 Chromatography: General Principles. Partition and adsorption principles

of paper Chromatography, Column Chromatography, TLC, Ion exchange

chromatography, Molecular exclusion chromatography, Affinity chromatography,

HPLC, GLC.

Unit 3 Electrophoresis: Theory and factors affecting electrophoresis. Principle,

technique and applications of paper electrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis—types of

gels, solubilizers, tracking dye, coomassie brilliant blue, flourescamine, anilino

naphthalein sulphonate, ethidium bromide, PAGE. Applications of gel

electrophoresis. Immuno electrophoresis, Iso-electric focusing.

Unit 4 Centrifugation and Sedimentation: Principle, RCF, rpm. Types of

centrifuge. Different types of rotors. Ultra centrifugation, density gradient

centrifugation, determination of molecular weight using centrifugation. Cell

fractionation by differential centrifugation. Isopycnic centrifugation or

equilibrium isodensity centrifugation. Density gradient materials, applications of

centrifugation.

Unit 5 ELISA techniques- Different methods, substrates and enzymes used for

ELISA. Applications of ELISA. RIA techniques: different methods, labeled

probes. Applications of RIA.

Unit 6 Radioactivity: Isotopes, radioactive rays, radioactive decay.

Measurement of radioactivity- Scintillation and GM counter, Use of RA isotopes

in Biochemistry and Medicine, Biological effects of radiation. General laboratory

rules for handling radioactive isotopes, radiation protection and disposal of

radioactive wastes.

Practical

Verification of Beer Lambert’s Law

Estimation proteins by Biuret method

Estimation proteins by Lowry's method

Estimation of glucose by Folin-wu method

Estimation of lipid by Zak's method

Estimation of urea by DAM method

Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography

Demonstration of electrophoresis

Demonstration of immunoelectrophoresis

III Year( 5th

and 6th

semester)

Paper X

METABOLISM II

NUTRITION, HEME AND NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM

Unit 1 Vitamins: Classification, metabolism and deficiency diseases of fat soluble

vitamins-A, D, E and K. Vitamin C, functions, daily requirements and deficiency

diseases. B-complex vitamins- different B-complex vitamins- their functions

daily requirements and deficiency diseases in brief. Folic acid and Vit.B12

metabolism in detail. Wald's visual cycle, xerophthalmia, bitot's spot,

keratomalacia, rickets, osteomalacia, scurvy, beri-beri, pellagra, burning foot

syndrome, megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia. vitamin antioxidants, anti-

vitamins.

Unit 2 Minerals: Introduction, classification of minerals- major minerals, macro

minerals, microminerals, toxic minerals. Detailed metabolism, sources daily

requirements and deficiency diseases of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus,

iron, copper, zinc, iodine. Specific functions, sources, daily requirements and

deficiency diseases of magnesium, chloride, sulphur, selenium, manganese,

molybdenum, chromium, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, lead, mercury.

Unit 3 Nutrition: Nutrition and energy supply- energy content of foods,

calorific value RQ of food stuffs. Utilization of energy- BMR, specific dynamic

action and physical activity. Bomb calorimeter, BMI- measurement and

importance. Nutritional importance of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.

Assessment of nutritive value of proteins- PER, BV, NPU, chemical score.

Glycemic index. Importance of fiber in nutrition, Importance of PUFA, omega 3

fatty acids, essential amino acids, nitrogen balance, essential fatty acids.

Balanced diet. Deficiency disorders- Kwashiorker, marasmus. Obesity- factors

contribute obesity. Complications in obesity. Atherosclerosis. Food allergy,

preservatives, adulterants in food. Probiotics and its uses.

Unit 4 Xenobiotics: Detoxification. phase I and phase II reactions- cytochrome

450, oxidation, reduction dehalogenation, dealkylation reaction reactions in phase

I. Phase II conjugation reactions- glutathione, amino acid, sulphate, glucuronate

conjugations. Biological effects of heavy metals and pesticides. Toxic effects of

ethanol. Detoxification of ethanol.

Unit 5 Nucleotide and heme metabolism: de-novo synthesis of nucleotides.

Salvage pathway for the synthesis of nucleotides. Degradation of nucleotides.

Disorders of nucleotide metabolism- gout, orotic aciduria. Heme metabolism –

synthesis and degradation. disorders- porphyrria. Metabolism of bilirubin,

jaundice- types and biochemical features.

Practicals

Estimation of Ca, P.

Estimation of total cholesterol, HDL and LDL.

Estimation of total protein and albumin.

Estimation of urea.

Estimation of uric acid.

Estimation of bilirubin.

Estimation of Fe and TIBC.

Estimation of serum electrolytes- Na, K, Cl, Cu, Bicarbonate.

Analysis of milk.

Estimation of fructose in honey.

Estimation of lactose in milk.

Paper XI

Immunology and immunohematology

Unit 1 Infection: sources of Infection, Methods of transmission of infection.

Routes of Infection. Immunity: Innate immunity- Mechanism of innate immunity.

Acquired immunity-active and passive immunity, natural and artificial immunity.

Unit 2 Structure and functions of immune system: Lymphoid organs. Primary and

secondary Lymphoid Organs, Cells involved in immune system- Lymphocytes,

antigen presenting cells-functions, surface receptors.

Unit 3 Antigens: Characteristics, determinants of antigenicity, Antigenic

specificity–epitope-characteristics. Hapten, Adjuvants. Antibodies:Classification,

Structure and functions of immunoglobulins. Monoclonal antibodies – Their

synthesis and significance. Vaccines.

Unit 4 Immune response: Humoral and cell mediated immune response.

Complement system: General properties, components, complement activation,

classical and alternate pathway. Deficiency diseases.

Unit 5 Antigen antibody reactions: General features, Precipitation reaction,

Immunodiffusion, Agglutination, Complement fixation tests.

Unit 6 Immunodeficiency diseases: Humoral and cellular immunodeficiency

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, disorders of specific immunity, disorders

of complement, disorders of phagocytosis.

Unit 7 Hypersensitivity- classification, basic mechanism. Autoimmunity –

Mechanism of autoimmunisation, various types. MHC-classification, location

and its importance. Immune response in cancer. Immunotherapy of cancer.

Unit 8 Historical aspects of blood transfusion, composition of blood, blood group

genetics, synthesis of blood group antigens, distribution of blood group antigens

on cells & fluids. Procedure of blood collection & grouping, ABO & Rh

grouping. Laboratory tests related to blood group abnormalities- Comb’s

test/Antiglobulin test (Direct & Indirect), Titration of ABO & Rh antibodies.

Organization of camps & selection of donors. Collection of blood from donor

(Phlebotomy). Autologous blood transfusion, its indication & hazards.

Unit 10 Compatibility testing – Major cross matching, Minor cross matching

Coomb’s cross matching, Cross matching of Universal donors. Blood components

- Preparation & storage, aphaeresis, blood & its products. Complications of blood

transfusion. Investigation in case of mismatched transfusion. Quality control &

maintenance of blood bank safety. Current developments in blood banking.

Commercial preparation of synthetic blood.

PRACTICALS

Study of antigen- antibody interactions:

Agglutination.

Precipitation.

Complement fixation.

Immunodiffusion etc.

Demonstration of phagocytosis.

Screening and diagnostic serological tests for bacterial, viral, fungal infections in

routine hematology laboratory.

Tests for diagnosing autoimmune disorders.

Delayed hypersensitivity tests.

Coombs test - direct and indirect.

Cross matching procedures for transfusion

Paper XII

Diagnostic biochemistry I

Unit 1 Water and electrolyte balance and imbalance. Water intake and loss.

Regulation of water and electrolyte balance- renin-angiotensin system. Blood

osmolality and osmolarity, extracellular and intracellular cations and anions.

Electrolyte imbalance- dehydration and water intoxication. Acid base balance –

Blood buffers- bicarbonate, phosphate, protein buffers. mechanism of action-renal

regulation of pH, respiratory regulation of pH. Disturbances in acid base balance-

Acidosis and Alkalosis- both respiratory and metabolic. biochemical features of

acidosis and alkalosis, compensatory mechanisms, anion gap.

Unit 2 Plasma proteins- fractionation – salting out, Cohn's fractionation,

electrophoretic characterisation, pattern changes in diseases. Classification-

albumin, globulins and fibrinogen, functions and clinical importance- disease

conditions in which hyper and hypoproteinemias. Proteinurias (albuminuria )-

functional proteinuria, organic proteinuria- renal, prerenal and post renal

conditions.

Unit 3 Plasma Lipids. Transport of exogenous and endogenous lipids. Plasma

lipoprotein metabolism - chylomicrons, HDL, LDL, VLDL- structure, tissue site

of formation and functions. Apolipoproteins- classification and importance.

NEFA. Atherosclerosis- cholesterol and atherosclerosis, inflammation and

atherosclerosis, risk factors. Free radicals and antioxidants- Sources and

generation of free radicals, harmful effects of free radicals, lipid peroxidation by

free radicals. Antioxidants – their functions.

Unit 4 Diagnostic importance of CSF, pleural fluid, seminal fluid, amniotic fluid,

saliva and sweat in clinical biochemistry. Tumor markers – classification, their

importance in differential diagnosis. Bence Jone’s proteins, AFP, serotonin,

PSA, TPA, MCA, CA , CEA, Beta HCG, VMA.

Unit 5 Basic aspects of toxicological investigation and therapeutic drug

monitoring and its importance. Neurotransmitters- classification and diagnostic

importance. Theories of aging.

Practicals Lipid profie: Serum Cholesterol, HDL, Triacyl glycerol

Estimation of total protein, albumin and A/G ratio

Analysis of CSF

Separation of Amino acids in urine by chromatography –

Glucose tolerance test

Electrophoretic separation of serum proteins

detection Bence John's proteins

Assessment of acid base status: Blood pH, Serum Electrolytes – Na.K,

Bicarbonate and Chloride.

Paper XIII

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

Unit 1- Structure and functions of cell. Nucleus- structure and functions.

Organization of chromatin fibers in nucleus. Mitosis and meiosis. DNA – as

genetic material. Chargaff’s equivalence rule structure of DNA and RNA, types

of DNA and RNA. Packaging of DNA to chromosomes– nucleosomes,

histones. Euchromatin and heterochromatin lamb-brush chromosomes and

polytene chromosome. Gene, introns, exons, satellite DNA, VNTR.

Unit 2- DNA replication- DNA polymerase-types structure, functions.

Mechanism of replication. Origin of replication semiconservative replication,

discontinuous replication, Okazaki fragments, telomere and telomerases.

Transcription- RNA polymerase-types and functions, promoter. Initiation,

elongation and termination of transcription. Basic aspects of post-

transcriptional modifications. Inhibitors of transcription and replication.

Unit 3- genetic code- features, initiation codon, termination codon. Translation-

initiation, elongation and termination of translation. Ribosomes- types, structure.

trans peptidation. Basic aspects of post translational modifications and protein

targeting. Inhibitors of Protein synthesis. Regulation of gene expression- lac

operon, tryp operon, hormone responsive elements. Mutation and repair of

DNA. Biochemistry of cancer: Cell cycle, Mutagens- chemicals, viruses and

radiation. Oncogenes, onco suppressor genes.

Unit 4- Recombinant DNA technology – steps in DNA cloning, restriction

endonucleases, vectors for cloning-plasmids, phages. Applications of rDNA

technology. Gene therapy. Transgenics.Blotting techniques- western blotting,

southern blotting and northern blotting. Basic technique and applications of DNA

finger printing, PCR, DNA sequencing, RFLP, DNA microchip technology.

Unit 5- Human genetics: Mandelian laws of inheritance. Gene interactions, alleles,

dominant character, recessive character. Autosomal and X-linked inheritance

Criss cross inheritance.Chromosomal aberration, monosomy, trisomy, traslocation,

invertion, duplication, deletion. karyotypes. Human genome project.

IVth

Year (7th

and 8th

semester)

Paper XIV

Diagnostic biochemistry II- (Organ function test) Unit 1 Liver function tests- tests based on abnormalities of bile pigment

metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism plasma proteins, lipids, detoxification,

excretory function, synthetic function, amino acid catabolism, drug metabolism

and serum enzyme activities. Bilirubin and VD Bergh reaction, galactose

tolerance test, hippuric acid test, fructose tolerance test, icteric index, protrombin

index.

Unit 2 Renal function tests - tests based on glomerular filteration, RPF, tubular

function and other tests. Clearance tests- urea clearance test, creatinine clearance

test, inulin clearance test, filtration fraction, cystatin. Urinalysis- urine pH, specific

gravity, 24 hour urine protein. Abnormal constituents in urine-albumin, amino

acids, ketone bodies, reducing sugars, bile salt, bile pigment-bilrubin,

urobilinogen. Analysis of urinary stones.

Unit 3 Gastric function test- gastric residuum,collection of gastric contents, FTM,

stimulation tests - histamine test, augmented histamine test, penta gastrin test,

tubeless gastric analysis, basal acid out put, total acid out put, peak acid out put,

determination of gastric acidity-total acidity, titrable acidity, combined acidity.

Pancreatic function tests – trypsin and amylase. Amylase clearance.

Unit 4 Blood sugar regulation, Diabetes Mellitus, GTT- oral glucose tolerance

test, intravenous tolerance test, physiological tolerance test, glucose challenge test.

Glycated Hb.

Unit 5 Cardiac function tests- lipid profile, cTn, CK, AsT, LDH, electrolytes,

injury markers and risk factors.

Unit 6 Thyroid function tests. Assay of hormones, binding proteins, plasma

TSH, TRH response test, cholesterol, radioactive iodine uptake, detection of

thyroid antibodies.

Practicals

Liver function tests and interpretation – Serum Bilirubin, Serum enzymes-

Alanine aminotransferase, Alkaline Phosphatase, Serum Proteins.

Renal Function tests: Urea and Creatinine Clearance.

Lipid profile, Na, K

T3,T4, TSH estimation

GTT

HbA1C

Detection of normal constituents in urine.

Detection of abnormal constituents in urine.

Analysis of urine.

Paper XV

Organisation of clinical lab and lab management

Unit 1. Laboratory planning and organization – classification of labs, lab design

space and safety, organization of work flow, laboratory operational flow- flow of

specimens, equipments and instruments understanding technology, reagents

reporting laboratory test results and record keeping. Organization in

standardization of laboratories. Clinical laboratory informatics- basic computing,

lab information system (LIS).

Unit 2. Methodology and instrumentation in clinical laboratory. Preanalysis

precollection variables, collection of sample, transport, processing and storage.

Analysis- principle of instrumentation, analytical methods and procedures, general

analytical issues and solutions. Post analysis- reference levels, diagnostic

accuracy (sensitivity and specificity), reporting of lab results, post analytical

errors, data management, units, laboratory calculations. Documentation in the

laboratory- value of documents, types, layers, structure, review and revision,

document control- lab records. Standard operating procedures- structure of SOP,

do's and don’ts on SOP.

Unit 3. Automation in biochemistry lab- introduction, types of analysers, types of

analysis. Steps in the automation system- Bar coding, specimen preparation,

handling, transport and delivery, specimen processing, sample transport and

delivery, reagent handling and storage, reagent identification and delivery,

selection of an autoanalysers.

Unit 4. Quality control, quality assurance and accreditation – international

definitions. Basic concepts and principles, total quality management, quality

control of laboratory materials and reagents, control of pre-analytical, analytical

and post- analytical variables. Quality control materials, Levey- Jenny’s chart.

Assessment of quality, quality assurance programmes, EQAS (External Quality

Assessment System), internal quality assessment. External QC programmes-

types of sera, types of errors, Quality audit and accreditation. Laboratory waste

management.

Discussion on various methods involved in the estimation of glucose, protein,

cholesterol, urea, uric acid, transaminases, phosphatases, creatine kinase, amylase,

sodium, potassium and chloride. Routine biochemical tests and special

biochemical test.

Practicals

Estimation of glucose by different methods.

Estimation of protein by different methods.

Estimation of urea by different methods.

Estimation of cholesterol by different methods.

Estimation of transaminases by different methods.

Estimation of phosphatases by different methods.

Estimation of sodium, potassium and chloride by different methods.

Calibration of flame photometer.

Calibration of UV spectrophotometer.

Calibration of semi auto analyzer.

Routine liver function tests.

Routine renal function tests.

Lipid profile.

HIV ELISA.

T3, T4, TSH estimation.

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Michael L. Bishop, Edward P. Fody and Larry E. Schoeff

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