UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA DESIGN AND · PDF filedesign and development of a compact and...

UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPACT AND VIALESS MICROSTRIP ULTRA-WIDEBAND BANDPASS FILTER

MOHAMMAD SHAHRAZEL BIN RAZALLI

FK 2009 81


By


Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

October 2009

i

DEDICATION

In the name of Allah, Most Gracious and Most Merciful

For the Sake of Islam

ii

Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy


By


October 2009

Chairman: Alyani Ismail, PhD

Faculty: Engineering

In radio frequency and microwave systems, filters are the most essential component to

select the required signals. They are built together with other components such as

mixers, amplifiers, oscillators and switches. Filters work by blocking the unwanted

signals and allowing the desired signals through them before feeding it into other

components or devices. In the latest interest and future radio frequency and microwave

high speed communication technology like Ultra-Wideband (UWB), a bandpass filter

with large bandwidth (> 500 MHz) is required to fulfill the specifications. This is due to

the UWB format signal which uses very short time pulse wave within 1.0 ns to 0.1 ns.

This thesis presents theories, methods, parameters, simulations and measurements of

designed and development of bandpass filters to support UWB communication systems.

There are four types of bandpass filters which are designed and developed to operate

within 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz to support the UWB frequency range specification.

iii

Initially, the designed model is derived from J-inverter which it is a transformation of

low pass to bandpass Chebyshev filter. Type of response is chebyshev since it is able to

perform an equal-ripple return loss response in the whole passband. The equal-ripple

return loss response can keep the insertion loss almost flat in the whole pass band and

sharp-out-of-band rejection response.

In the thesis, bandpass filters are designed and developed based on five poles quarter-

wavelength short-circuited stubs model. The model is theoretically capable to expand

the frequency bandwidth by tuning its h (interior admittance level of the stubs) factor.

The related mathematical equations are applied into mathematical software to speed up

the optimization of h factor and obtain the required admittance level for stubs and

transmission lines.

The first bandpass filter has successfully shown the expansion in frequency bandwidth

to support Ultra-wideband specifications. The filter uses five vias to short-circuit stubs

to the ground. Stubs, transmission lines admittance and h are tuned slightly to expand

the fractional bandwidth (FBW) more than 100 %. The measured scattering parameters

are |S21| = 1.27 dB and S11 = -7.8 dB respectively. The second bandpass filter is improved

by reducing the short-circuited via elements. First and second stubs are shared on the

first via while fourth and fifth stubs share on the third via. Only third stub has its own

via thus creating new transformation filter shape nicknamed as “Butterfly”. This new

shaped has 109 % of measured fractional bandwidth, lower scattering parameters |S21|

which is below than 0.85 dB and S11 is better than -11.6 dB. Besides, it also reduces the

number of via insertion in microstrip fabrication process.

iv

The third bandpass filter has totally eliminates vias and thus simplifies the microstrip

fabrication process. Vias are replaced by microstrip patched capacitors. At microwave

frequencies, these capacitors are parasitic elements and their parameters contribute to the

successful performance in S-parameters measurement. The measured scattering

parameters |S21| and S11 are better than 1 dB and -16.9 dB respectively. The fourth filter

is improved in terms of scale dimension and group delay compares to the third filter.

The structure is via-less and the filter uses less microstrip patch capacitors to perform

compact size with “Butterfly” shape. By reducing microstrip patched capacitors, the

filter shows better S-parameters measurements in the UWB passband with the lowest

scattering parameters |S21| 0.53 dB and S11 of -14.8 dB. The group delay varies minimum

within 0.47 ns in the whole UWB pass band.

v

Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Kedoktoran

REKACIPTA DAN PEMBANGUNAN MIKROSTRIP PADAT DAN TANPA PIN ALIRAN ELEKTRIK PENAPIS ISYARAT JALUR LEBAR

Oleh


Oktober 2009

Pengerusi: Alyani Ismail, PhD

Fakulti: Kejuruteraan

Di dalam sistem radio frekuensi dan mikrogelombang, penapis-penapis isyarat

merupakan komponen yang paling utama untuk memilih isyarat-isyarat yang diperlukan.

Mereka di bina bersama dengan komponen-komponen lain seperti pencampur isyarat,

penguat isyarat, pengayun gelombang dan suis. Penapis bekerja dengan cara menahan

isyarat-isyarat yang tak diperlukan dan melepaskan yang diperlukan melaluinya sebelum

disalurkan ke komponen-komponen atau alat-alatan lain. Di dalam kepentingan terkini

teknologi perhubungan radio frekuensi dan mikrogelombang seperti perhubungan Jalur

Lebar, penapis jalur lebar dengan ciri keupayaan jaluran lebih besar daripada 500 MHz

amat diperlukan untuk memenuhi perincian-perincian tersebut. Ini kerana sifat Jalur

Lebar menggunakan masa isyarat yang amat pendek di dalam lingkungan 1.0 ns hingga

0.1 ns.

Tesis ini mempersembahkan beberapa teori, kaedah, piawaian, simulasi dan pengukuran

dalam merekacipta dan membangunkan penapis perhubungan untuk menyokong sistem

vi

Jalur Lebar. Terdapat empat jenis penapis Jalur Lebar yang direkacipta dan dibangunkan

bekerja di dalam julat frekuensi 3.1 GHz hingga 10.6 GHz untuk menyokong perincian

Jalur Lebar di dalam tesis ini. Pada permulaannya, mereka direkacipta dengan mengolah

teori songsang-J yang diubahsuai dari penapis isyarat jalur rendah Chebyshev. Jenis

keluaran isyarat adalah Chebyshev, kerana ia berkeupayaan untuk menghasilkan

kehilangan pantulan yang sama-rata dikeseluruhan jaluran. Ke-samarataan kehilangan

pantulan boleh mengawal kehilangan penyerapan yang rendah dikeseluruhan jaluran dan

kejituan pemotongan di dalam penapisan isyarat.

Di dalam tesis ini, empat jenis penapis isyarat jalur lebar dicipta berlandaskan model

lima kutub suku jarak gelombang jejari litar pintas. Model ini secara teorinya,

berkeupayaan untuk mengembangkan jaluran dengan cara menala faktor h (nilai

rintangan selari dalaman jejari litar pintas). Persamaan matematik yang berkaitan

dengannya diolah dengan menggunakan siri perisian kiraan matematik untuk

mempercepatkan penalaan faktor h untuk memperolehi nilai rintangan selari jejari dan

penghubung garisannya.

Penapis isyarat jalur lebar yang pertama telah berjaya menunjukkan pengembangan

jaluran frekuensi untuk menyokong perincian Jalur Lebar. Penapis isyarat ini

menggunakan lima batang pin aliran elektrik bertujuan untuk menghubungkan jejari

penapis isyarat ke kutub bumi. Kesemua rintangan selari jejari, penghubung garisannya

dan nilai faktor h ditala sedikit demi sedikit untuk mengembangkan keluaran pecahan

frekuensi jaluran melebihi 100%. Pengukuran had keselerakan parameter-parameter |S21|

dan S11 adalah bersamaan dengan 1.27 dB dan -7.8 dB secara relatifnya.

vii

Penapis isyarat yang kedua, ditingkatkan dengan cara mengurangkan bilangan

penggunaan unsur-unsur litar pintas batang pin aliran elektrik. Jejari pertama dan kedua

di dalam penapis isyarat tersebut dikongsi bersama oleh sebatang pin aliran elektrik

yang pertama sementara jejari yang ke empat dan kelima dikongsi bersama oleh

sebatang pin aliran elektrik yang ketiga. Hanya jejari penapis isyarat yang ke tiga sahaja

menggunakan sebatang pin aliran elektriknya sendiri. Ini telah menyebabkan struktur

penapis isyarat berubah kebentuk yang baru dengan nama panggilan sebagai ”Kupu-

Kupu”. Pengukuran bentuk yang baru ini menghasilkan pecahan frekuensi jaluran

sebanyak 109%, had keselerakan parameter-parameter |S21| adalah dibawah 0.85 dB dan

S11 rendah daripada -11.6 dB. Tambahan lagi, ia juga mengurangkan proses

memasukkan batang pin aliran elektrik di litar mikrostrip.

Penapis isyarat yang ketiga secara keseluruhannya telah melenyapkan terus penggunaan

batang pin aliran elektrik dan secara tak langsung telah mengurangkan proses fabrikasi

mikrostrip. Penggunaan batang pin aliran elektrik digantikan dengan kapasitor tempelan

mikrostrip. Pada frekuensi mickrogelombang, elemen kapasitor-kapasitor ini bersifat

parasit dan parameter-parameter mereka menyumbang kepada kejayaan prestasi

pengukuran keselerakan parameter. Pengukuran keselerakan parameter-parameter |S21|

dan S11 adalah lebih baik daripada 1 dB dan -16.9 dB secara relatifnya.

Penapis isyarat yang keempat ditingkatkan lagi dari segi skala dimensi dan ukuran

kelewatan masa berkumpulan berbanding dengan penapis isyarat ke tiga. Strukturnya

tiada mempunyai batang pin aliran elektrik dan menggunakan kurang kapasitor tempelan

mirostrip untuk menghasilkan saiz yang lebih kecil dan bentuk ”Kupu-Kupu”. Dengan

viii

mengurangkan penggunaan kapasitor tempelan mikrostrip, penapis isyarat ini

menunjukkan pertambahan baik di dalam pengukuran julat Jalur Lebar keselerakkan

parameter dengan nilai-nilai had keselerakan parameter-parameter |S21| terendah

sebanyak 0.53 dB dan S11 rendah pada -14.8 dB. Perubahan kelewatan masa

berkumpulan adalah minimum pada 0.47 ns di dalam keseluruhan julat Jalur Lebar.

ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the name of Allah, Most Gracious and Most Merciful. I would like to express my

greatest gratitude to ALLAH the Almighty, for his help and support during the course of

life and the moment of truth. Alhamdullilah.

I would like to express my appreciation to my supervisor and co-supervisor, Dr. Alyani

Ismail and Professor Dr. Mohd Adzir Mahdi for their wise council, guidance, endless

encouragement and patience towards completing the research. Without them it is very

difficult to be accomplished.

My special thanks are extended to Dr. Nizar Hamidon as my co-supervisor committee

member. Dr. Raja Syamsul Azmir Raja Abdullah, Mr. Hisyam, Mr. Ken, Miss Sathzura,

Abang Idan Razi and all my photonic, multimedia and wireless laboratory colleagues.

Lastly, I would like to express my indebtedness to my beloved mother, sister, brothers,

aunties, father and mother in law and my lovely wife, children, Sabrina, Razi, Aisyah,

Ayra, Aiman, Aina for their support, encouragements and understanding.

Thank you so much.

x

I certify that an Examination Committee has met on to conduct the final examination of Mohammad Shahrazel bin Razalli on his Master of Science thesis entitled “Design and Development of a Wireless Radio Frequency Identification Reader Communication System at UHF Band” in accordance with Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Act 1980 and Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Regulations 1981. The Committee recommends that the candidate be awarded the relevant degree. Members of the Examination Committee are as follows: Borhanuddin Mohd. Ali, PhD Professor Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman) Kaida Khalid, PhD Professor Faculty of Science Universiti Putra Malaysia (Internal Examiner) Raja Syamsul Azmir Raja Abdullah, PhD Dr. Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Internal Examiner) Mohd Fadzil Ain, PhD Dr. Faculty of Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia (External Examiner)

Bujang Kim Huat, PhD Professor/Deputy Dean School of Graduate Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia Date :

xi

This Thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been accepted as fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The members of the Supervisory Committee were as follows: Alyani Ismail, PhD Dr. Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman) Mohd Adzir Mahdi, PhD Professor Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member) Mohd Nizar Hamidon, PhD Dr. Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member) HASANAH MOHD GHAZALI, PhD Professor and Dean School of Graduate Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia Date: 14 JANUARY 2010

xii

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the thesis is my original work except for the quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously, and is not concurrently, submitted for any other degree at Universiti Putra Malaysia or at any other institutions.


Date:

xiii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages DEDICATION ii ABSTRACT iii ABSTRAK vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS x APPROVAL xi DECLARATION xiii LIST OF TABLES xvii LIST OF FIGURES xviii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xix LIST OF NOTATION xxii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 1 1.2 Problem Statement 4 1.3 Objectives 9 1.4 Scope of Research 10 1.5 Thesis Organization 12

2. THEORY AND LITERATURE REVIEW 14

2.1 Introduction to Ultra-Wideband Technology 14 2.2 Issues on the Present Narrowband Wireless Radio System 16

2.2.1 Congestion 16 2.2.2 Easy to be detected by enemies’ radio receivers 16 2.2.3 Small bandwidth and small channel capacity 16

2.3 Basic Architecture of UWB Wireless Radio Frequency System 17 2.4 Advantages of UWB technology 20

2.4.1 Ability to work with low signal-to-noise ratio 20 2.4.2 Large channel capacity 20 2.4.3 Undetected by other receiver 20 2.4.4 Penetration through substrate material 21 2.4.5 Carrier-less 21 2.4.6 License free 21 2.4.7 Narrow band RF transmission is congested 22 2.4.8 Difficult to jam the UWB frequency spectrum 22

2.5 Applications of UWB technology 23 2.5.1 Medical Science 24 2.5.2 Process Industry 26 2.5.3 Wireless Audio/Video Cable replacement 26

xiv

2.5.4 Radar and Military systems 27 2.5.5 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) 28 2.5.6 Network Transceiver for military 29

2.6 Introduction to Radio Frequency Filter System 31 2.7 Reviews of Related Research 32

2.7.1 Improvement of Microwave Filter 32 2.7.2 Present Design and Development of UWB Bandpass Filters 33

and their Issues

3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 45 3.1 Instruments 45 3.2 Filter Design by Synthesis and Electromagnetic 45 Simulation 3.3 Measurement Setup 49

3.4 Vector Network Analyzer 49 3.5 Photolithography process and Selection of Substrate 50 3.6 Design and Development of Microstrip UWB Filter 51 3.6.1 UWB microstrip filter Specifications 51 3.6.2 Process Flow 51

3.6.3 Transmission line versus S-parameters performance 62

4. ULTRA-WIDE BAND MICROWAVE FILTER UTILIZING QUARTERWAVELENGTH SHORT-CIRCUITED STUBS 64

Article 1 64 Copyright permission/Acceptance letter 73 5. NOVEL COMPACT MICROSTRIP ULTRA-WIDEBAND FILTER

UTILIZING SHORT-CIRCUITED STUBS WITH LESS VIAS 74 Article 2 74 Copyright permission/Acceptance letter 92 6. “VIA-LESS” UWB FILTER USING PATCHED

MICROSTRIP STUBS 93 Article 3 93

Copyright permission/Acceptance letter 109 7. NOVEL COMPACT “VIA-LESS” ULTRA-WIDE BAND

FILTER UTILIZING CAPACITIVE MICROSTRIP PATCH 110 Article 4 110

Copyright permission/Acceptance letter 129

xv

8. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 130 8.1 Conclusion 130 8.2 Future Work 132

8.2.1 Enhancement of S-parameters 132 8.2.2 High Fabrication Accuracy 133 8.2.3 Miniaturization of the filter 133 REFERENCES 134 APPENDICES 148 BIODATA OF STUDENT 154 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 155

xvi

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

2.1 Summaries of the present design and development of published 42 UWB bandpass filters and their performance

xvii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page 1.1 Scope of Work 11

2.1 Typical UWB impulse signal in time and frequency domain, 18

(a) Few cycles of UWB impulse signal in time domain

(b) UWB impulse signal in frequency domain

2.2 Basic architecture of UWB Transceiver System, 19

(a) UWB Transmitter and (b) UWB Receiver

3.1 Flow chart of synthesis and EM simulation process 47

3.2 Measurement of Microstrip UWB bandpass filter prototype 48 3.3 Quarter-wave length short-circuited stubs model 52 3.4 Design and Development Flow Chart of Quarter-Wavelength 54

Short-Circuited Stubs

3.5 Design and Development flow chart of “Butterfly” shape 56

UBW microwave filter

3.6 Design and Development flow chart of “Via-less” Quarter- 59

Wavelength UBW microwave filter

3.7 Design and Development flow chart of “Via-less” Butterfly 61

Quarter- Wavelength UBW microwave filter

3.8 Simulation of three different QWSCS stub size, 63

(a) Transmission loss, S21 and (b) Reflection loss, S11

xviii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

3D - Three Dimensional

5th order - Five Poles

A/V - Audio Video

AWICS - Military Aircraft Transceiver

BAR - Baseband Radar

BPF - Band Pass Filter

BW - Bandwidth

C - Capacitor

CPW - Coplanar Wave Guide

CSRRs - Complementary Split Ring Resonators

DCC - Direct Chaotic Communication

DVD - Digital Video Disc

EBG - Electromagnetic Bandgap

EM - Electromagnetic

FBW - Fractional Bandwidth

FCC - Federal Communications Commission

FM - Frequency Modulation

FR4 - Fiber-glass Resin type 4

FUC-EBG - Foliated Uni-Planar Compact-Electromagnetic Bandgap

Gbps - Gigabits per seconds

GPS - Global Positioning System

xix

HD - High-Definition

HTS - High Temperature Superconductor

IMPULSE - Short-Duration Pulses, Short-Time Pulse, Ultra-Narrow Time

IT - Information Technology

JEMWA - Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications

L - Inductor

LAN - Wireless Local Area Network

LCD - Liquid Crystal Display

LCP - Liquid-Crystal-Polymer

LPF - Low Pass Filter

LTCC - Low Temperature Co-Fired Ceramic

MEMS - Microelectromechanic System

MMIC - Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit

MMR - Multi-Mode Resonator

MOTL - Microwave and Optical Technology Letters

PBG - Photonic Bandgap

PCB - Printed Circuit Board

PIER - Progress in Electromagnetic Research

PULSAR - Pulse Synthetic Aperture

QW - Quarter-Wavelength

QWSCS - Quarter-wavelength Short-Circuited Stubs

R - Resistor

RF - Radio Frequency

RFID - Radio Frequency Identification

xx

RLC - Resistor, Inductor, Capacitor

SAR - Synthetic Aperture Radar

SIR - Stepped-Impedance Resonators

SIW - Substrate-Integrated Waveguide

SMT - Surface Mount Technology

SRRs - Split-Ring Resonators

UC-EBG - Uni-Planar Compact-Electromagnetic Bandgap

UHF - Ultra High Frequency

UWB - Ultra-Wide Band

UWB-RT - UWB Radio Technology

VHF - High Frequency

VNA - Vector Network Analyzer

WIFI - Wireless Fidelity

WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network

WPAN - Wireless Personal Area Network

xxi

LIST OF NOTATIONS

a - Width in meter

C - Capacitance of two parallel plates

C - Velocity of Electromagnetic wave in free space (3.0 x 108 ms-1) c1 and c2 - Width of c1 and c2

Ca - Capacitance per unit length with air dielectric substrate

Cd - Capacitance per unit length with dielectric present

d - Coupled Spacing

d1 and d2 - Length d1 and d2

f - Frequency Domain

h - Interior Filter Admittance level

h(t) - Impulse response

l - Length in meter

LAr - Insertion loss

LR - Return loss

N degree - Pole

n - Number of Short-Circuited Stubs

p - Gap

PG - Processing Gain

Q - Quality factor

S11 - Input Reflection Loss

|S21| - Magnitude of transmission Loss

xxii

xxiii

S22 - Output Reflection Loss

SNR - Signal-to-Noise Ratio

T - Transmission Line Thickness

t - Time Domain

We - Effective Width of the Transmission Line

XC - Impedance or Reactance in ohms

Yi - Admittance of Short-Circuited Stubs

Yi, i+1 - Admittance of Transmission line

ZC - Characteristic Impedance

Zi - Impedance of Short-Circuited Stubs

Zi, i+1 - Impedance of Transmission line

ΔC - Capacitance

ΔL - Inductive Length

ε0 - Permittivity or Dielectric Constant of free-space

εr - Relative Permittivity or Dielectric Constant

εre - Relative Permittivity

η - Wave Impedance in Freespace

θ - Electrical Length

λ/4 - Quarter-Wavelength

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The UWB stands for Ultra-Wide Band, founded by scientists and researchers who were

working in time-domain electromagnetics. The first UWB concept was reported which

fully described the transient behaviour of certain class of microwave networks through

their characteristic impulse response [1-1]. The introduced time-invariant system

concepts consist of swept frequency response, amplitude and phase measurements

versus frequency.

This time-invariant system can be characterised by its response in a very small time

scale. It is then categorized and called as impulse response, h (t). After the invention of

sub-nanosecond baseband sampling oscilloscope by Hewlett-Packard in 1962, the

microwave network impulse response could be identified, observed and measured. In

1968, Ross had applied the impulsive measurement method to design and develop

radiating antenna elements [1-2]. From that time, scientists and researchers obviously

realized that the short pulse radar could be developed from the same concept.

In 1972, Robbins [1-3] had invented a baseband radiation and reception systems. This

has sped up the development of UWB communication systems. Since then, in the next

following year, the first UWB communication system was patented by Sperry research

center [1-4]. From that time on, this technology grew up rapidly and it was referred as

baseband i.e. carrier-free. Since the technology is carrier-free, the method of

UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA DESIGN AND · PDF filedesign and development of a compact and...

Documents

Transcript of UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA DESIGN AND · PDF filedesign and development of a compact and...