Universe Presentation

8/14/2019 Universe Presentation

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UNIVERSE

Presented by:

Faeza ShamsMuneeba Zafar


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Introduction

The word universe derives from the Old

French word univers, which in turn derives

from the Latin word universum.

Interpretation ofuniversum is "everything

rotated as one" or "everything rotated by

one".


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The Universe

The Universe is defined as everything

that physically exists: the entirety of space

and time, all forms of matter, energy and

momentum, and the physical laws and

constants that govern them.


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The universe consists of millions of

galaxies and billions of stars, planets,

black holes etc

The universe is believed to be 15 billion

years old and 156 billion light years wide.


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What is Cosmology?

The Study of the Universe: its structure, origin,evolution, and destiny


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2nd Century: Claudius Ptolemy (Physics of Aristotle)Model: Earth-centered Cosmology

Big Idea: Different laws for Earth and the cosmos

stronomy has seen 3 scientific revolutions in cosmology

16th Century: Nicolaus Copernicus(Physics ofNewton) Model: Sun-centered Cosmology

Big Idea: Universal physics; same laws everywhere

th Century: Edwin Hubble (Physics of Einstein)Model: Big Bang Cosmology

Big Idea: Universe is changing, evolving

Our View of the Cosmos - the story of scientific models


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Origin of the Big Bang Theory

Origin of the Big Bang theory can be credited to

Edwin Hubble.

Hubble observed that universe is continuously

expanding. He discovered that a galaxies velocity is

proportional to its distance.

Galaxies that are twice as far from us move

twice as fast.

Another consequence is that the universe is

expanding in every direction.


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Expansion over time


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This observation means that it has taken

every galaxy the same amount of time to

move from a common starting position to

its current position. Just as the big bang

provided the foundation of the universe.


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Evidence for Big Bang

Red Shift- as light from distant galaxies approach earththere is an increase of space between earth and the galaxy,which leads to wavelength being stretched.

In 1964, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, discovered anoise of extraterrestrial origin that came from all directionsat once- radiations left over from the Big Bang.

In June 1995, scientists detected primordial helium in thefar reaches of the universe- consistent with an importantaspect of the Big Bang theory that a mixture of hydrogen

and helium was created at the beginning of the Universe


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Using the Doppler Effect to

Measure Velocity


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Early History of the Universe

Matter as we know it did not exist at the time of theBig Bang, only pure energy. Within one second,the 4 fundamental forces were separated

gravity - the attraction of one body towardanother

electromagnetic force - binds atoms intomolecules, can be transmitted by photons

strong nuclear force - binds protons andneutrons together in the nucleus

weak nuclear force - breaks down an atomsnucleus, producing radioactive decay


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Early History of the Universe

After 3 minutes, photonsand neutrons began to fuseto form the nuclei ofhydrogen and helium atoms

About 300,000 years later,temperatures were coolenough for completehydrogen and helium atoms

to form Photons escaped frommatter about the same time,and light existed for the firsttime


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Changing Composition of

the Universe 200 million years later, with expansion still occurring, stars

and galaxies began forming from leftover matter - hydrogen

and helium

nuclear fusion in stars has reduced the originalcomposition of 100% H and He to 98%

when a dying star explodes, the heavier elements created

by fusion are blown into space to be recycled by newly

forming stars

the overall composition of the galaxies is graduallychanging to the heavier elements


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The Solar System - Its OriginThe Solar System - Its Origin

and Early Developmentand Early Development

s Our solar system,Our solar system,

part of the Milkypart of the Milky

Way galaxy,Way galaxy,

consists of theconsists of theSun, nine planets,Sun, nine planets,

64 known moons,64 known moons,

many asteroids,many asteroids,

millions ofmillions of

comets andcomets and

meteorites, asmeteorites, as

well aswell as

interplanetaryinterplanetary

dust and gasesdust and gases


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General Characteristics of

the Solar System

Planetary orbits and rotation

planet and satellite orbits are in a common plane

nearly all planet and satellite orbital and spin motionsare in the same direction

rotation axes of nearly all planets and satellites areroughly perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic


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General Characteristics of

the Solar System Chemical and physical properties of the planets the terrestrial planets are small, have a high density, and are

composed of rock and metallic elements

the Jovian planets are large, have a low density, and are

composed of gases and frozen compounds

Slow rotation of the Sun

Interplanetary material

existence and location of

asteroid belt distribution of interplanetary

dust


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Meteorites -

Visitors from Outer Space

Meteorites are believed to be

pieces of material that originated

in the formation of the SolarSystem about 4.6 billion years

ago


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Discovering the Galaxies

During early 1900s astronomers were unaware that

there were other galaxies outside our own Milky way

Galaxy. When they saw

a small fuzzy patch in the skythrough their telescope, they called

it nebula.

When examined closely ,some of the nebulae had aspiral shape. so astronomers called these spiral

nebulae. These nebulae were believed to be part of

our Galaxy, our community of stars.


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Edwin Hubble studied the spiral nebulae

and found that they were composed of

stars. These nebulae were not nebulae at

all, but other communities of billions ofstars held together by gravity galaxies.


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Types of Galaxies

Spiral

Elliptical

Irregular


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Elliptical Galaxy

Elliptical Galaxies

contain older stars

and very little gas and

dust. They can be different

shapes ranging from

round, to flattened,

elongated spheres.


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Irregular Galaxy

An irregular galaxy

has an undefined

shape and has lotsof young stars,

dust and gas.


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ISLAMIC CONCEPT OF

CREATION OF UNIVERSE

God is the Creator of everything; is the One, the Omnipotent.

(13: 16)

Originator of Heaven and Earth, and whenever He decreessomething, He says to it: Be and it is.

(2: 117)

Do they not see how God initiates the creation, and then

reproduces it? Surely that is easy for God. Say: travel in theearth and see how God initiated the creation. Then God will

create another creation; surely God has power over all things.

(29:19-20)


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Universe, Earth, and Heavens

According to The Quran is that this universeEarth and

Heavenshas definite life period and has some definite

objectives like other creations.

Sura No 46, Ayah No 3 says:

We created not the heavens and the earth and

all between them but for just ends and for a termappointed: but those who reject faith turn away

from that whereof they are warned.


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Formation of Galaxies and

Stars

The Quran hints at the formation of the heavens and the

earth from the gaseous matter in Sura No 41 Ayah 11-12

Moreover He Comprehended in His design the sky and it had

been (as) smoke: He said to it and to the earth: "Come ye

together willingly or unwillingly." They said: "We do come

(together) in willing obedience. So He completed them as

seven firmaments in two Days and He assigned to each

heaven its duty and command. And We adorned the lower

heaven with lights and (provided it) with guard. Such is the

Decree of (Him) the Exalted in Might Full of knowledge."


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Uniformity of the Universe

on large scale

Sura 67 Ayah No 3 says

He Who created the seven heavens one aboveanother; no want of proportion wilt thou see

in the Creation of (Allah) Most Gracious so

turn thy vision again: Seest thou any flaw?


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Conclusion

If we compare the Islamic concept of creation ofuniverse appears in The Quran and Current BigBang theory, we can see that there are somefeatures of Big Bang theory that are closelysimilar to the Islamic concept of Creation ofUniverse, for example, creation out ofnothingness, initial singularity, concept offormation of galaxies from primordial gases, and

uniformity of universe on large scale.

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