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CHAPTER 1

A LONGISH INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE THEORY OF PSEUDO VECTOR NEUTRINOS

The theory of pseudo vector neutrinos as a medium surrounding matter to explain gravity, is based on the assumption of the internal acceleration in baronic or charged matter including the leptons. Obviously internal acceleration within a particle means that momentum and/ or the path of labour is not observable in our 3D Newtonian space. Macroscopic matter appears as static not moving but internally by considering a phase space of time a path of labour can be imagined which should be a straight line for an observer. Continuous acceleration internally is not possible so the internal mass point is alternating or dynamic switching causing inertia. The internal time cycle from zero to an end velocity is ½√2c. The effective velocity is ½ c due to acceleration which starts/stops over and over again. So the Compton length, electron, or the generalized Compton length, proton, is a measure for the cycle that is normalized to c. All these moments of on and off switching of the acceleration give the path of labour as quantum displacements in time forming a straight line.

For switching on/off the particle has a valve action to set the zero velocity again, which is related to the spin of the particle and because the mass centre is not always in the zero position of internal coordinates during the cycle, angular momentum for the spin is generated. The mediating medium now is the reaction to the internal acceleration of the particle determining the pseudo ´vacuum´ which is a kinematic vector set of three equal components perpendicular to each other, one for spin, one for acceleration and one the vector cross of the two others. In other words the mediating pseudo neutrino represents some mirrored process of the internal mechanism in baronic matter.

Apparently the electric charge of matter does not come into play in above reasoning but is driving internally by induced virtual photon generation. Virtual photon absorption generates by assumption of a zero time moment for the internal particle switching defined as electric charge which is static parameter in Newtonian space.

Summing overall the deficit of internal acceleration for all particles generates gravity from which a momentum stream or flux of the mediating pseudo neutrinos should disappear or blown away from the macroscopic mass. This momentum flux has not only radial but also angular or a tangential component which is the calculation in chap 4 of the pseudo driven ‘vacuum’ around a macroscopic mass resulting in the substitution angle between tangential and radial component. Perhaps strange but a non spinning macroscopic mass generates precession in the pseudo ‘vacuum’ which has to be the consequence of time dependent quantum exchange between the radial and tangential component. The medium velocity can never exceeds the ½ c effective velocity. The explanations are given below and at the end of par 4.

Fig 1 Cubic symmetry

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In an absolute 3D Newtonian space the cubic representation of pseudo vector neutrinos is a conserved vector set of three perpendicular components of equal length. It is a kinematic set as long as no mass energy is labelled to it such as a τ- neutrino, µ- or e-pseudo neutrino. So this set is dynamic and can never be in a static state unless temporarily attached to charged or baronic matter. The vector components are acceleration, spin and precession as a vector cross product. The mass centre of the cubic set is not always in the origin of the coordinates. Therefore angular momentum and momentum can be derived from it. Momentum is max a ½c effective because the mass centre is accelerated from zero to ½√2c end velocity. Many pseudo vectors linked together slow down the overall speed. Further the cubic law for the components is valid as a volume representing energy as well as the square power law between two components.

The four vector sets can be paired in four different manners: Two paired sets in which the spin and the acceleration components are always in opposition.

So one set attached internally to charged or baronic matter is for normal and the other is for anti matter. Considered as a sole set the statement is that these are indestructible except for decay in pseudo sets of lower energy. See Higg’s contraction chap 2 par 2.2 and 2.4. One pseudo vector set cannot exist solely, only according to the two dynamic options.

The dynamic options which allows alternation of a pair giving two possibilities. Either the spins are opposing each other while the accelerations have the same direction. Or the spins are in the same direction but the acceleration components are in opposite direction. In the first case the opposing spins generate time dependent angular momentum alternation of the composed acceleration component, something like crawling in one direction. See note refraction constant at the end of paragraph. The other having the same spins switches the acceleration or forces internally in an up and down symmetry provided the internal symmetry allows for it.

The 4th is the pairing of the pseudo set in c-mode meaning the spin is conserved but the acceleration components are static zero not generating electric charge. If en ,ec ,en and ec are the labels for the pseudo e-neutrinos with sub scrip for normal and conjugated then the normal observed neutrino at c are paired as en and ec and the anti neutrino en and ec .

Returning to the first of the alternation of spin zeroing and linking the paired sets in opposing propagation directions due to the opposed acceleration then also two directions in time can be distinguished. In other words if the time direction is coupled to the polarity of electric charge then paired pseudo’ s are supposed always to oppose the charge as a reaction to virtual photon induction and so moves outwardly away from the charge.

Commenting further on the 4th option, the c-state, these pairs follow the conservation law of the momentum volume with the leading parameter of ¼√2c half the value of the dipole in fig 2. However the c-state is not stable because of the ½c effective maximum velocity for the pseudo vector neutrinos. The contracted c-state has always higher energy than one pseudo set energy for ½c effective. This has to be corrected by a factor 2 because all pseudo vector energies are normalized to c-velocity. For τ and the anti τ-pseudo ’s the decay is very fast, 34.259me while slow for e-pseudo ’s of 1.3400 eV. The µ-pseudo’ s are slightly different in decay because these seem to be triplets, from alternation internally of 0.5me to 0.3327me for the c-state .

The rules of engagement between the internal and external pseudo vector neutrinos of cubic symmetry

The most intriguing property of the pseudo vectors for neutrinos is the conjugation property. It means that one set is real because matter is real but the conjugated pseudo set of the same spin and of an opposing acceleration component is conjugated imaginary internally. It really does not exist and acts as a hole with respect to the matter defined as the normal or real. In charged matter the conjugated pseudo set is mediating, generating time lag to the virtual photon induction, c-light speed competing with ½c effective causing phase shift of photons to pseudo path . However this state is expelled externally in the conjugated reaction of opposing acceleration making the conjugated pseudo state

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truly necessary. So a positive charge is directed in one direction pairing en and ec (pos.) and for the negative en and ec (neg.) the other direction.

Leaving the question how the one set of pseudo for normal matter transforms into anti matter pseudo’ s. This can be only explained by the cantilever of Higgs’ threshold which is derived in par 2 chap 2 valid for the weak and strong interaction force, in fact determined by the ratio between the mass energy of τ and µ-pseudo vector neutrinos of (34.259 /0.5) valid internally. So in summary taking the τ-pseudo’ s as example:

τn and τc have spin and τn and τc have anti spin. The (n) stands for normal and (c) for conjugated. Internally only the n’s are real while the conjugations are imaginary aiding the process of generation a electric charge of one polarity in two steps. Without this intermediate state a electric dipole of opposing charge is virtually induced obeying Maxwell’s law for electromagnetism and no static charge can be induced. So the intermediate action of the pseudo’ s is explained and also why a charged particle is always a Fermi state.

Summary the rules of engagement (similarly for τ)en ,ec paired positive externally en ,ec paired negative

alternation

τn up, τc down pos. proton internally τn up, τc down neg. anti spinconj. electron anti matter etc.

τc up, τn down neg. conj. prot. internally τc up, τn down pos. anti spinneg. electron anti matter etc.

A neutral ensemble as the atom carries externally a 50% mix of pseudo vector sets of en and ec and the anti spin states, which string clouds should organize itself under conservation of orbital angular momentum while trying to move away from each other. Possibly because both string clouds generate different uncertainty wave length but also the note on the refraction constant determines a constant ratio between the two mixes. Secondly the pseudo vector ‘vacuum’ itself is not sensitive to photon exchange but under more extreme conditions the exchange between pairs of (en and ec) and (en and ec ) is possible for say the lamb shift of the H atom.

Par 2 Equilateral pyramid symmetry to cubic symmetry. The perpendicular crossing of opposing

ribs for this symmetry

The time dipole in momentum phase space in exchange to four ½c momentum vectors which are crossing perpendicular to each other. A fictitious point moving along the line of ½√2c transforms in Newtonian space in four independent pseudo vector cells which are indestructible. Internal acceleration in a particle complies in Newtonian space as a mass point accelerated to an end velocity of ½√2c. Resulting in a effective velocity for the pseudo vector cells of ½c.

In fig 2 based on pyramid symmetry ½√2c is a one direction momentum vector or dipole which splits into ½c components of momentum according to pyramid closed flux symmetry. Fig 2

The spin follows the rotation axis with time intervals of 120o. Three time intervals give the complete momentum as a enclosed volume which represents volume space, so also mass energy. The one direction momentum expressed in unit mass of ½√2c corresponds with the acceleration of the mass

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centre in cubic representation in Newtonian space. Also the dipole makes an angle of 54o.73561 giving an axial force or acceleration. In other words the internal acceleration of a particle can be represented by the axial force given by the enclosed volume of momentum. So rest mass and spin of a particle seem reasonable explained. The options are the strong force as the axial force and the weak force as axial force and this is determined by the end cap symmetry discussed in par 4.

The weak force corresponds to µ-pseudo neutrinos and τ-pseudo for the strong force. These have to comply to cubic symmetry as defined in par 1. The apex of the pyramid at the rotation axis is the zero time moment for the induced electric charged due to momentum volume. So there has to be an exchange between conservation of symmetry in another phase space with respect to the cubic symmetry of the pseudo neutrinos of our 3D reality. The cloud of cubic linked pseudo’ s surrounds a imaginary volume of a pyramid momentum volume which balances the axial force to zero.

The momentum phase space of any particle is different from the momentum phase space generated by a macroscopic mass. The particle tries to maintain a enclosed momentum volume over some time intervals. While the macroscopic mass generate deficit internal acceleration of the summed neutral momentum cells due to synchronisation compression of the surrounding pseudo vector neutrinos, pseudo ‘vacuum’ externally. The compressed synchronized flux of pseudo neutrinos moves outwardly while pressuring the macroscopic mass in virtual acceleration towards the mass centre, which is the force of gravity.

Par 3 The Full fletched equilateral pyramid symmetry

Fig 3 shows the complete equilateral pyramid symmetry around a rotation axis of which the main rotation axis coincides to the body diagonal of a cube.

If the rotations of both frames have opposite rotation then it can only be destructive.In case the two frames are co-rotating then a distinction in normal matter and conjugated matter has to exist. So the proton has a conjugated partner with opposing electric charge. Similar for leptons, the electron in which the positron is distinguished from the conjugated electron of equal electric charge .

If the base plane of both coincides then the axial forces are zero or balanced. Push or pull detachment suggests the weak force comes into play with electromagnetic induction. Push/pull or compressing the frames along the rotation axis gives strong interaction detachment and breaking of symmetry then rearranging the enclosed pyramid momentum fluxes just in another manner as the sub atomic particles obvious do due to collisions.

The opposing symmetries of the equilateral pyramid. A closed momentum frame generated by the time dipole in fig 2 in three time intervals. The opposing frame represents a pyramid frame for a conjugated time dipole nullifying the axial force between them. The apexes P and Q of both determine the time moments for the overall momentum cycle. These zero moments in time keep the virual photon induction synchronized giving the ‘static’electric charge of a particle in Newtonian space.

Fig 3

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One of the pyramid frames can be reserved for a cubic equilateral triangle pyramid determining the asymmetrical conditions discussed in chap 2. By considering the pyramid mid plane, a plane along the rotation axis the breaking up nodes or the breaking symmetries can be understood and are discussed in chap 2.

However the cubic symmetry of the pseudo vector neutrinos plays havoc with the distinction in up and down symmetry between normal and conjugated matter. There is another approach in which both matters, normal and conjugated, still can exist. It means according to the rules of engagement in par 1 that the pseudo vectors of τ-neutrinos are generating the pyramid combinations determined by fig 3 just as triplet strings inside the proton. Namely the proton is about 1836 me giving 17 x 108 = 17 x 3 x 36. In which the matrix block of 1728 = 16 x 108 can be separated in up and down by a block of 8 x 8. Consequently if the pseudo τ of 34.259 is the most close approach to 36 internally then a quark string of 3 x 36 =108 can be conserved following the three required time steps in fig 2. The gap energy of 5.223 should represent the binding energy for the quark string of the strong exchange. See the next chapter par 2, it is the base of physics understanding for the spectacular tentative atom/quark model discussed in chap 2 par 2, treating all in more details than the here given explanation.

Par 4 The cubic equilateral pyramid as lepton dipole

The cubic equilateral pyramid is geometrically derived from a cube in which the body diagonal stands perpendicular to a plane. The cube rotates around this diagonal. The projection of the cube corners to this plane is a hexagon which can only connect three corners because the other three are displaced from the first one. By neglecting the difference between body diagonal and the summed heights, the symmetry plane or ground plane gives the two equilateral triangles shifted by 60o according to fig 3. In that manner the two opposing cubic pyramids form an enclosed momentum frame of which the apexes could be a representation for the induction of virtual photons between the apexes over a time interval generating the static electric charge.

Two options are available:1. The end cap option in which the cubic pyramid replaces one of the pyramid frames in fig 3

of the equilateral pyramid explained above.2. The other is the symmetric option in which the two cubic frames maintain the dipole

structure for electric charge. This should be valid for any kind of lepton in contrast to above explained internal quark strings for the proton or any atom or the barons, not meson complexes. Mesons as paired quark strings, up and down, tending to follow also the paired cubic pyramid symmetry.

Firstly normalize the dimensions of the cube equilateral pyramid to the important parameters in fig 2.The one directional momentum of ⅓√6c between the two apexes and ½c and ½√2c for the pyramid ribs while the equilateral triangle ribs are (2 x ½)c. Obviously the alternation between a positive and negative charge is wrong. It should be two times positive or two times negative over an interval of time (720o) due to the intermediate conjugated state.

For a reminder the pseudo vector components of a neutrino set are each of different nature while the momentum components vectors are equal in nature having only different angles to each other. The pairs of e-pseudo ’s have the same spin but opposing accelerations. See summary rules of engagement.

To generate alternation, opposing accelerations can be allowed by the same spin. The placement of µ-pseudo internally for the e-pseudo is because the µ-pseudo neutrino has a guessed rest mass very close to 0.5me . Fig 8 in chap 2 gives the dipole configuration for the electron which shows the complicated interaction process because of the zeroing out of the phase of 60o between the up and down equilateral triangles by exchanging angular momentum to the external pseudo e-neutrinos.

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Returning to the proton configuration the end cap of the cubic equilateral pyramid for photon induction explains the electric unit charge similarly. See chap 2 fig 6.

Rest mass scaling calculationsThe only tool to support above explained physics are the rest mass scaling calculations between the stable and some instable subatomic particles just by extracting the pyramid symmetry constants from these. Not considered are the quark quantum numbers determined by QCD, the theory of quantum colour dynamics. The most important subatomic particles are the leptons and the observed accompanying c-neutrinos, τ-, µ- and e-neutrinos. Further Higgs’ and the three massive bosons W+/- and Zo. The only mesons as quark ensemble are the π-mesons to show that these are symmetric to the muon as lepton. Planck’s representation of the 4th root of (mpl /me), as the ratio of plank’s mass and the electron mass, the unit rest mass in the pseudo theory, is the absolute photon cut off barrier above which the pseudo vector neutrinos cannot exist any longer about twice the rest mass of Higg’s of 126 GeV or (142.6940 x 1728) me . These relations between rest masses are completely given in chap 6 and treated separately to support the theory.

The problem with QCD-theory although supported by the high energy collision experiment is that no distinction exists for a mediating medium between baronic matter including the leptons. Empty space is absolute 4 D-Lorentz, flat relativistic space in which the interacting velocity can only be c-velocity. Without such a distinction the reason for the existence of three kind of lepton and neutrinos cannot be explained as necessity to generate matter in all its weird appearances.

The pseudo vector neutrinos of a mediating dynamic energy field of linked string or clouds is the non photon interacting medium or dark matter to be distinguished in tangential and radial quantum field surrounding a macroscopic gravity generating mass. See Chap 4 and intermezzo.

Note on refraction index of the external pseudo ‘vacuum’Fig 1 shows the four sets of components p, p and g, g .

The p-vectors has only x components and g’s only y components in the same coordinate system representing opposing directions for alternation.

Spin: p(sum x) – p(sum x) = a(t) opposing spins Acceleration: g(sum y) + g(sum y) = b(t) t for time dependence.

Cross vector: p(sum x) g(sum y) = s(z1) p(sum x) g(sum y) = s(z2)

Then s(z1) /s(z2) = c(t) has to be a constant as ratio. So c(t) = Function{a(t), b(t)} valid for ½c effective maximum velocity. See chap 4 for derivation substitution angle.

CommentAfter so many years it is finally clear that the tangential component in the derivation of substitution angle is an alternating precession component for the exchange of electric neutral matter not static at all but a phase rotation linked to the radial steady state component. Even as the derivation in chap 4 was based on Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle and therefore quantum mechanical, the meaning of the tangential component was apparently not understood. Actually there is also always a phase shift between the path of ½c effective and virtual photon propagation.

Note in fig 2, symbolically the momentum of ½√2c can be seen as a cross over for the four states of pseudo vector matter of ½c in fig 1(cover) just because of these internal velocity limits. It determines the photon path of ½√2c as crossing event between the four states of matter always separating photons from pseudo vector matter. Further, Einstein’s law: E = m c2 is always valid:

(½√2)2 + (½)2 = ¾ (½√2)2 – (½)2 = ¼

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m (¾ + ¼)c2 = m c2 A ¼ mc2 is the labour disappearing to time, the 4th dimension included for the dynamics internally within a particle. The other part of ¼mc2 is the reaction for the mediating medium.

CHAPTER 2

DERIVATION OF THE PYRAMID SYMMETRIES FOR QUARKS

Par 1 Introduction for fig 4 to fig 8

In par 2 the overall situation for the ‘spectacular tentative atom/quark model’ is derived. Here the configurations between the cubic and the equilateral pyramid are discussed.

The starting point is the proton mass of 1836.153me stating that exact 1836 = 17 x 108 is devoted to internal inertia generation due to acceleration. Only the 17th quark string of 108me is in exchange to the external pseudo vector ‘vacuum’. The string mass of 108 is due to the rotation of the mid planefor the equilateral pyramid. A normal string is either three time steps of a pseudo τn or τc , vice versa for τn or τc in anti state for anti matter, without any mixture between both. So a state is τnnn or τccc forthe mass of τn, τc = 34.259me . Although these pseudo τ’s are interacting internally they represent Newtonian space. Therefore there exists a labour gap of 108 – 102.777 = 5.223me between the enclosed momentum space of the particle and normal space.

In the fig 4 to fig 8 one meets these numbers below. The seven inversion symmetries for further contraction under conservation of the quark block of 1728 are treated for the seven inversion in par 3. In par 4 the auxiliary scaling calculations over these quark strings in proton and neutron are given.

MID PLANE EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE

Fig 4

Pyramid height ⅓√6

Vertical the rotation axisHorizontal the base line of ½√3 of the equilateral triangles shifted in phase according to fig 3.

The dipole line is the bisect. The conjugated mid plane of the down pyramid acc. to fig 3 determines alternation between up and down over 120o time intervals for the pseudo τ-neutrinos. Is τn and τc the pseudo vector for respectively up and down then alternation gives a matrix block of all possible combinations in this symmetry determining the mass of matrix block of 1728me . Namely 8(up) x 8(down) x 108 with τn ,τc = 34.259me . See chap 2 par 2 for detailed derivation.

The conversion table 1 determines forward phase velocities of √2c to c by normalizing to the rib dimension of the pyramid valid for the momentum phase space.

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Table 1CONVERSION TABLE FOR √2 OR 1/2√2 SCALING OF THEEQUILATERAL AND CUBIC EQUI-TRIANGLE PYRAMID

Equilateral pyramid Cubic equi-triangle pyramid√2 triangle base [m] √2(2/3)√3 pyramid height [m] ⅓√3 ½√6 triangle height [m] ½√6⅓ volume [m3] 1/61/3 /(2/3√3) = (1/6)√3 volume/height [m2] 1/6 /(1/3√3) = (1/6)√31/3 /(1/3√3) = ⅓√3 cross over (vol./height) [m2] 1/6 /(2/3√3) = (1/12)√31.0 dipole length [m] 1.0

1.0 triangle base [m] 1.0√2 /√3 = ⅓√6 pyramid height [m] (1/6)√6½√3 triangle height [m] ½√3(1/12)√2 volume [m3] (1/24)√2 (1/12)√3 vol. /height [m2] (1/12)√3(1/6)√3 cross over vol. /height [m2] (1/24)√3½√2 dipole length [m] ½√2

The ratio of volume to height in momentum phase space is corresponding to c2 , the rest mass parameter and the dimension [m] can be replaced by c.

1. For the same base triangle this ratio is equal between equilateral and cubic pyramid. The √2-scaling between ribs gives this factor of two.

2. The cross-over ratio between cubic and equilateral is four for the same base triangle. The scaling triangles between pyramids of √2 gives and can restore the volume to height ratio.

The mid plane of both kind of pyramids has to rotate over 120o to complete a complete cycle determining the ratio of 12 for reduction scaling. The halving the heights between cubic and equilateral pyramid can give a volume reduction of 1/8 of the equilateral pyramid due to the cubic volumes are nullifying each other with respect to the overall pyramid volume. See fig 7

In case of the time cycle three volumes are involved the ratio 8/3 is explained. What is left is to explain the ratio 12 x (3/8)2 = 1.6875000, the binary ratio between 123 and 210. Not twelve is involved but the switching internally from conjugated to normal or from pseudo neutrinos going up and down in symmetry in between the overall cycle. Note only combinations of 3 times normal up or 3 times

The law for the conservation of a pseudo cubic volume is:2√2 x ¼√2 = 1 [m3]

Where 2√2 is the pseudo vector volume and the unit is the volume of the equilateral pyramid then ¼√2 is a dimensionless constant. Is the number one a dimensionless constant then ¼√2 = (½√2)3 [m3] is the maximum contraction volume with contraction ratio of 2√2 /¼√2 = 8 dividing the size of the three pseudo vectors composing the volume by a factor two then showing the potential for the binary division symmetry.

Consequently 2√2 should be a conserved number given by the equality for the lengths of electron of λe and Planck’s length of λpl and proven in chap 2:

λpl = 1.002490 x 2√2 λe3

The chopper gap of the cube of the rotation around the body diagonal separating the end caps is:√3 – 2 x⅓√3 = 2/3√3 = 1.154700 conform m /mo = 1 /(√1 – β2) for ½c. The minimal cross

over energy between different states of for particle decay. See neutron chap 6 par 1.

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Fig 5

EQUILIBRIUM SYMMETRY OF VOLUMESMid plane cross sectionThe volume of the equilateral pyramid is equal to the one of two cubic equi-triangle pyramids.

Zero deficit under equal volumes gives the option to zeroing out the 60o phase shift between the base plane equilateral triangles.

In fact by guessing that τ-pseudo neutrinos in proper phase combination together with the cross over volume to height generates lower energy of the pseudo vector which then could be contained in an alternation dipole condition. Consequently the cubic symmetry for leptons is possible. See fig 8.

Another guessed situation is valid for the τ-lepton in which the conjugated pyramid volume down reflects or mirrors to the base plane at half height then doubling the rest mass of the matrix block of 1728me .

END CAP SYMMETRYFor up and down symmetry.

Fig 6

Mid plane configuration of an euilateral and a cubic equi-triangle pyramid.Vertical the rotation axis Horizontal the base plane of the equilateral triangles 60o shifted in phase.

The overall end cap symmetry works for the proton (1836 = 17 x 108)me

The 17th quark string of 108me in the proton seems to be subjected to the same symmetry relating outwardly to the external pseudo vector medium.

The end cap symmetry can be defined as the conversion into other pseudo neutrinos of lower energy.

Endcap degenration strats off with the µ-lepton and the π- mesons. Further with the Kaon-mesons in two qualities of the matrix block half and complete. At higher energy of contraction the block matrix adds the 17th string to the different energy limits to the block matrix as a procuct of (1728 x 137.06)me

, the massive bosons (limited around 107.222 x 1728).

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BINARY REDUCTION SYMMETRY

Fig 7

Mid plane cross section. Vertical rotation axis. Horizontal the projection of the plane of equilateral triangles shifted in phase of 60o.

The reduction symmetry between equilateral and cubic equi-triangle pyramid by half the dimension in height of the mid planes.

Half in dimension gives 1/8 in volume for the left over part of the equilateral pyramid. This cross section for the mid planes also shows the conservation of the dipole momentum in fig 2.

In table 1 provided the proper choice of the 120o phases between both, the overall volume of the equilateral pyramid can be reduced to an 1/8 of the original. As well in fig 6 it is a three step process two cubic volumes in interaction to the contraction of the other giving the only two options by zeroing out of contraction in size of the equilateral pyramid or lepton configuration.

ELECTRON/ LEPTON CONFIGURATION

Fig 8

See table 1 for conversion scaling.

Mid plane of a cubic equilateral triangle pyramid. Vertical the rotation axis and horizontal the base line for the two equilateral triangle of the base of the pyramids 60o shifted in phase.

By zeroing out the 120o phases in a complete cycle the 180o flip over for alternation of the lepton dipole can be explained. See fig 7 for volume nullification. Only the rest mass is maintained generating Compton’s constant in e-pseudo neutrinos for the electron.

By introducing for µn by en for up and µc by ec for down internally, the photon induction is able to carry away externally the anti e-neutrinos as reaction. The replacement of µ-pseudo ‘s internally is because these are close to 0.5me .

Par 1.3 Electron scalingInternally the balancing the process of zeroing out is quite complicated as fig 7 gives the impression. Considering the number of possible combinations results in a possible expression for the pseudo µ and e-neutrinos:

Internally (µnxx ex – µcxx ex) = externally pair of (en and ec) positive(µcxx ex – µnxx ex) = (ec and en) negative

giving the possible combinations between up and down in fig 8. (The e is ν-neutrino symbol)

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The first is the positive conjugated electron the other the electron. For the positron µ and e have to be the anti spin state. The x stands for n or c. Only µnnnen and µcccec exchange with the anti pair of pseudo e’s. In total matrix for 16 combinations reduced by two for up and down and a further factor of two, for it does not matter which c or n is up or down in the pair.

Resulting numerically in a four step exchange because a gap difference is maintained:144 – 137.036 = 6.946 144/6.946 = 20.6777 137.036/6.946 = 19.6777

Showing the two time intervals for a complete cycle which is self consistent for virtual photon induction. Also 4 x 1.741 = 6.946 me to be compared to 3 x 1741= 5.223 as gap energy between108 – 102.777 = 5.223me for the 17th quark string in the proton. Note, 144 and 108 represent virtual photon directions in competition to ½c pseudo direction.

The question arises, what kind of leptons are available expressed in possibilities of electric charge?Let us have a definition, in case µn is up a positive electric charge is induced, in case µc is up a negative charge is induced due to opposite acceleration. It determines two electrons for the paired pseudo e-neutrinos. For example the conjugated proton with negative charge and the conjugated electron with positive charge have both externally the same mix of all four pseudo’ s while for the proton and the electron it is also the same mix externally. See chap 1 rules of engagement. For anti matter it is just the other way around but for the anti spin property but again the same mix externally. So the existence of four kind of matter is explained.

The electron inversion of parameters the special case: Gap crawling of the electron.How to explain the inversion symmetry of the electron? It is the most fundamental for the understanding of the derivation in par 2.1 and 2.4 below. The simple statement is the unit charge to rest mass formation. As will be shown in par 1 of chap 3 the electron carries without other considerations the expansion of the universe through binary symmetry divisions, 10244 for the electron itself by offset to pyramid symmetry consequently expanding to 102428 reaching a virtual Newtonian volume of one electron per cubic meter.

Now consider the following calculation:144 – 137.036 = 6.964 or 4 x 1.741 144 /137.036 = 1.050818

keep in mind: 108 – 102.777 = 5.223 or 3 x 1.7413 x 6.964 = 4 x 5.223 = 20.892 The exchange balance of energy between

proton and electron.20.892 /√3 = 12.062 12.062 /12 = 1.005166 = 1.741 /√3

So in fact 1.005166 is the unit gap labour of the electron while the proton has a 3 step time cycle the electron has 4 steps of 1.741. Therefore the 4 step cycle accommodates the binary division symmetry. At present one τn or τc in a 4 step sequence generates the pseudo e-neutrinos νen ,νec ,νen and νec .Note the exchange balance of 20.892 resulting in a12-point check between proton and electron due to ½c effective suggesting to comply with the up and down angle of 60o in fig 3.

A mathematical unit inversion is amazing for it happens in nature due to the generation of e-pseudo neutrinos and flip over switching:

144 / 6.964 = 20.67777 137.036 /6.964 = 19.67777Generation a gap difference which is always exact the unit 1.0000 and apparently universally valid.

The interesting part comes now by introducing the electric charge energy:1 /137.036 = 7.297352 10-3 giving: 6.964 + 7.29735 10-3 = 6.95670

Repeat: 144 /6.95670 = 20.69946 137.036 /6.965702 = 19.69841Making: 1.001048 rest mass as gap energy which value may be the runner up for the anomalous magnetic constant of the electron.

The other option for unit inversion is:144 /7 – 137.036 /7 = 20.57145 – 19.57657 = 0.994857 or (1 /1.005169)

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The deviation in relation to 1.005166 is too uncertain for further interpretation.

If 1.005166 is the gap unit energy for quarks due to exchange of √3 then the relation is:1.005166 x 1.00729735 = 1.012501 (1.012501)4 = 1.0509491.050949 /1.050818 = 1.000125 1.000125 – 1 = 1 /7980 as mean7980 /(4x 1728) = 1.154513 close to √4/3 = 1.154700 with144 / 137.036 = 1.050818

The relativistic correction for ½c effective.

All conversions from 1.741 or even 1.744 to 1.005166 include the 1.000202 value for the chargeless electron: 1.00020236 = 1 + (1/137.028) which is above the accuracy check but still interesting.

Par 2 The spectacular tentative atom /quark model. Summary and more of par 1.

Par 2.1 IntroductionThe discovery that the proton is composed of (17 x 108 = 1836)me triple pseudo τ-cells is the base for derivation of the atom /quark model. The revealing insight was that cuts in the overall coherent time string in three parts represents a time cycle of one pseudo τ-cell then under the restraint that a cell subjected to an effective velocity of ½c of cell momentum, the three strings of 612me stay within the boundary of the overall string of 1836me . The essential point is that a three step time cycle of one pseudo cell generates a triplet pseudo τ of 3 x 36= 108 as string rest mass. All considered as absolute integers in the phase space of time.

Par 2.2.1 Definition of the pseudo vector τ-neutrino for the strong exchange

As is mentioned quite often the pseudo τ-vector neutrino consists out of four independent vector cells of each equal components of a different nature with right angles between them, acceleration, spin giving angular momentum and the cross product for the precession component.

These four stated of the τ-vector cell can be labelled as follows, all expressed in me :Zero state τn τc τn τc rest mass 34.259

Excited state τn* τc* τn* τ* energy 35.6735

The underscore internally for a quark complex represents the anti matter condition while the subscripts of n and c give the normal or conjugated state subjected to the same spin and opposing forces, accelerations along the absolute rotation axis. N-normal corresponds to n-normal of anti matter etc.Three cells emerging from the three step time cycle give either a positive or negative electric charge given by the supposedly apex pyramid flux. The amazing conclusion is that according to fig 1 the time dipole of one kind for say a pseudo τ generates the energy of 3τ’s giving a location of the contraction for a point in Newtonian space.

So a swap of the cell transfers the original state in a new state needing again the three step time cycle.The definition of a quark is a unit of three τ’s or 3 x 36 = 108 string. The integer 36 is the number generated in the phase space for the pseudo τ-neutrino, due to 2c phase velocity (√2c forward phase velocity for inversion).

A combination of a normal quark and a conjugated quark gives the state of the muon lepton in either the four options and defined as:

τn up /τc down: (pos charge) τc up /τn down: neg charge Cross over of the sub cribs n and c to get the anti matter states (underscore) for up and down.Up string and the down string are in 180o opposing to each other. Then able to generate electric charge, see par 1.3. The µ-cell internally is the muon lepton configuration.

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The definition of up and down according to time dipole in fig 3 are equilateral planes with 60o angle shift for the planes with the two apexes opposing giving an zero axial force between these cells as is shown in par 1.3. The electric charge formation by the gap energy between 108 and 102.777 of the τ-pseudo vectors. The distinction for up and down is correct.

The π-meson states as a strict mixture of quark string of matter and anti matter can be understood once the conserved quark cell of 1728 = 16 x 108 strings has been explained. See par 2.2 and par 4, section of the π- mesons and µ-lepton.

The enigma of the conserved intrinsic quark cellReturn to the proton broken down in 108 units:

1836 = 3 x 612 = 3 x 540 x 2 x 36 For the intrinsic cell it is:1728 = 3 x 576 = 4 x 4 x 108 = 3 (540 + 36)

Four times 108 are three τ-strings in three time steps exchanging to a 4th string but in fact it can only be two τ’s, τc and τn in exchange. Take again the distinction in up and down and generate the exchange table between the three independent strings. The number 3 means 3 time intervals and 4 an added time interval maintaining the 3-string. See remark on prioritizing in par 2.3.

Up 3τn + τn (::) 4τn (::) 3τn 3τn + τc (::) 4τc (::) 3τc

straight swap cross swap up and downDown 3τc + τc (::) 4τc (::) 3τc 3τc + τn (::) 4τn (::) 3τn

So in fact maintaining by the definition for up and down in par 1. Down again is the reaction or zero force balance from the external world of pseudo vector vacuum. The symbol (::) means converts into.

Four times cross and four times straight give 16 exchange possibilities. It is the number of combinations in three indistinct locations of the quark strings for a one to one τ-exchange. Thus straight, 4 times up and down and 4 times swap up to down giving 8 combinations. For the cross swap similar but n and c exchange, also 8 combinations.

In itself the intrinsic quark cell is self contained. It does not need other “help”. So this quark cell does not generate any electric charge due to the single step exchanges of the 4th string. It explains the odd number of the 5th or 17th quark string without end cap configuration it cannot exist.

Note, geometrically the factor 108 consists of three time steps in alternation to the three locations of the matrix up/down. Note combinations of adding two τ’s in sequenced time step cannot exist internally. Pairing of τ’s is impossible.

The definition of the meson is a 4th τ-exchange giving the anti matter state τ* either in τn* or τc* .The basic unit is the µ-configuration: either (3τn up 3τc down) or (3τc up 3τn down). Every 4th excited state of τ* generates an additional increase in the rest mass. The µ-lepton is according to the definition of fig 8.

The neutron is apparently the great exception. An excited τ* generates a negative muon lepton not resulting in an anti matter quark string. The {2(3τn /3τc} µ-cell suggests a swap in up and down then converting into the negative state of the µ-cell. From their onwards the pseudo µ-neutrinos takes over in the decay for an electron and anti e-neutrino. A better explanation is that according to the process of the intrinsic cell of 1728 the excited τ* shares with three strings giving never a sequence of the same pseudo τ therefore no electric charge generation, again see par 1.3 for charge generation and chap 6 par 1.

Higgs’ is apparently simple. Four τ* plus the intrinsic cell or (4τ* x 1728) generate total collapse.The four independent τ* interact with the intrinsic process of the 4 x 4 combinations which is the simple explanation. Detailing each of the four τ*’s in interaction to the exchange of the intrinsic cell is something different and overall 64 combinations. Still a strong educated guess can be made which is no proof:

1. Considering ½c effective then 128 combinations are the option.

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2. Confirming GRT only the states of matter and anti matter are observable. No distinction can exist between normal and conjugated of both for τ and anti τ , resulting in absolute symmetry giving again 64 combinations.

3. Only four independent states of τ-pseudo neutrinos exist from which the three leptons and the two bosons are derived for the same τ either τn or τc as is shown in the next par giving 60 combinations. The leptons e-, µ- and τ are based on both conjugated and normal, up and down, transfer into each other and are defined as the muon lepton.

4. The three optional locations for the strings of the quarks have to be indistinct from each other to confirm the twenty independent states of matter according to the standard quark theory. In other words the 20 parameters are differently defined from the reasoning here.

Par 2.2.2 Scaling relations between the normal and excited states of pseudo τ-neutrinos

There exist a relation between the excited states of the pseudo τ* in Higgs and the angular momentum of the intrinsic cell and the one of the conjugated image generated by the τ’s. Consider the two states of τn and τc .If the intrinsic cell has a mass of 1728 then the image is (137.036)3/2 = 1604.175me . Both the cells are independent because of the scalar product of vector components is always zero. The cross product is the angular momentum.

√1728 - √1605.175 = 1.517065Higgs is the product of four τ* and the intrinsic cell: 4 x 35.6735 = 142.6940Based on the substitution: 1 /137.036 – 1 /3456 = 1 / 142.6940½ √2(35.67.35 – 34.259) = 1.000202 Chargeless electron of a pairs of pseudo µn and µc and /or the antimatter combinations.For a deficiency of the pseudo cell of τ: 36 – 34. 59 = 1.741 or maxed in the proton of 1.744. giving: ½ √3 x 1.744 = 1.510348Ratio 1.517065 / (1.5 x 1.000202) = 1.011172Approximate by substitution: 1.011172 – 1= 1 /89.5062Compare to 17 x 3 x 1.744 = 17 x 5.232 = 88.944 See calculation ain par 4.

In conclusion 1728 and 1604.175 are real independent energy constants.

Show that the bosons are not the excited states of τ*:W+/- = 103.2695 x 1728 Zo = 91.05033 x 1728 Exclude the intrinsic cell of 1728 and take as base 3 x 34.256 = 102.777103.2695 – 102.777 = 0.4925 108 – 103.2695 = 4.73053 x 1.741 = 5.223 5.223 – 4.7305 = 0.4925Take 3 x 1.744 = 5.232 5.232 – 4.7305 = 0.5015 greater than 0.500101 The half value of the chargeless electron. So conversion to Zo as possibility.

102.777 – 91.05033 = 21.728 4 x 5.232 = 20.928 ratio: 1.038226(1.025324)3/2 = 1.038226 compares to (1.025094)2 = 1.050818 = 144 /137.063 x1.744 =5.232. It suggests that the 5th quark string is obsolete resulting in a (4 by 3) exchange in the deficiency or gap constant of 1.744 par 2.4.

Show that the τ-neutrino at c is: 30.33 /20 = 1.516500 ratio of 1.517065 / 1.5165 = 1.000374Pairing of τ-cells is impossible just externally, because the difference between 34.259 and 30.33 is greater than 1.517065. Only triplets of τ in time sequence are allowed conform the quark definition. So 6 x 5.223 = 31.338 giving as difference 1.008, a pseudo µ-pair neutrino.The µ-neutrino at c of 0.3327 suggests to be generated from triplets most likely using combinations of the four pseudo µ-states: µn , µc and µn , µc , see par 2.3.

Show that the τ- lepton of (3456 + 21.189) = 3477.189 follows the deficiency rule:21.189 /4 = 5.29725 5.29725 /5.232 = 1.012471(1.012471)4 = 1.050826 close enough to 1.050818. As mentioned the second 1728 cell behaves as conjugated but is a double conjugation to itself internally. Therefore the 5th quark string seems not to be needed and only four times the deficiency constant of 3 x 1.744 =

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5.232 comes into play. So also 4 by 3 exchange as for Zo but the double cell of each 1728 due to even symmetry can generate an electric charge by pseudo µ-neutrinos.

Scaling to the π mesons and the muon because these are symmetric.Details are: Geometric mean of 274.072 and 205.554 is 237.3533. Realize they are cells of 8 x

34.259 and 6 x 34.259 respectively. Add or subtract a τ-cell to the mean.Giving: 271.6123 and 203.0943

Show that the charged meson π+/- of 273.126 has an additional excited τ*-state:35.6735 – 34.259 = 1.4135 271.6123 + 1.4135 = 273.026

Show that the muon of 206.768 is derived from 203.09438/3 x 1.517056 = 4.04556 203.0943 + 4.04556 = 207.398Subtract the µ-neutrino at c of 0.3327 giving: 206.8071See par 2.3 for triplet guess of µ-neutrino at c.

Show that the neutral πo of 264.115 is composed of 15 pseudo µ-mesons:271.6123 – 264.115 = 7.49730 1.517065 /3 = 0.50571 15 x 0.50571 = 7.5856Ratio 1.011784 compare to above 1.011172 with deviation: 1.00061An excited τ* inverts to a conjugated state seen as anti matter. Note the even number of 16 x 0.5071 is apparently reserved for the µ-lepton confirming absolute symmetry for 4 and 1.5 times 137.036 .

See next paragraph for the kaon mesons and other explanations also chapter 8, static quark model.

Par 2.2.3 Some scaling examples for mesons

The calculations are based on the above derived rules for the tentative quark model.Rest mass data around 1987 with respect to me .

Particle rest mass calculation difference deviation

τ-lepton* 3491.6 virtual excited state: 3456 + τ* = 3456 + 35.7 = 3491.7

ηco 1074.355 3√3 x 206.768 = 1074.398ρo ρ+/- 1506.7 1506.7 /108 = 13.951 dev. of 14: 1.00352ω 1532 1532 /102.777 = 14.90606 dev. of 15: 1.00630η4 1874.740 9 x 206.768 = 1860.912 13.8 14: 1.0145ϕ 1996.070 6060.62 /3 = 2020.31 14.24 14: 1.00171η5 3223.19 9√3 x 206.768 = 3223.194 ratio: 1.000002ηc 5031.656 3 x 1728 = 5184 – 108 = 5074 – τ* = 5038.33

49 x 102.777 = 5036.073 ratio: 1.00088J/Ψ 6060.62 √3 x 3491.6 = 6047.63 12.99 dev. of 13: 0.9992

Ψ 10545.3 96 x 108 = 10368.00 ratio: 1.01798 x 108 = 10584.00 ratio: 1.0037

Ψ’ Ψ’’ 18545.34 3√3 x 3491.6 = 18142.68 ratio: 1.0223 x 6060.62 = 18181.85 ratio: 1.020

K+/- 968 108+ 864 = 972 difference: 4.01074.355 – 0.5 x 206.768 = 970.97 diff.: 3.0

Ko 974 108 + 864 = 972 diff.: 2.0

K*o 1745.70 1728 + 17.70 average: 22.04522.045 – 5.223 = 16.82

K*+/- 1754.39 1728 + 26.39 22.045 + 5.223 = 27.27

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Do 3649.7 34 x 108 = 3672 diff.: 22.3 See τ-calc. par 2.D* 3933.4 39 x 102.777 = 4008.303 diff.: 74. 903

Take 2 x τ* : 74.903 – 2 x 35.6735 = 3.755 Bo 10322.0 6 x 1728 = 10368.0

The kaons K+/- and Ko of 968 and 974me are worthwhile for further scrutiny, because with the intermediate quark string of 108 the behavior is similar to the intrinsic cell of 1728. Instead of 16 combinations 8 are needed to explain these four states of the kaon. So it is four times straight and four times cross of the up and down state. Consider the states of the pseudo µ-neutrino:

µn µc µn µc

Having no distinction into excited states. So no {*} states.Then straight exchange is chargeless by τn and τc for Ko . The combination, say(n up and n down) give long decay and say (n up and c down) give short decay times in relation to µn and µc. The cross exchanges gives the electric charge by τn* and τc* in relation to the two anti states of µ . Three times of either τn or τc of 108 switch up and down to the 864 cell (8 x 108) and couple to the four pseudo µ’s. The 864 cell is symmetric for the (8 by 3) matrix, see below but in need of the odd string in τ.

The excited kaons K*o and K*+/- behave similar as for the cell of 1728 using 2 x 8 combinations sufficiently. However without the 108 sequential string the cell of 1728 divides up into two cells of 864 neatly sharing the possibilities of τ and µ between them. For the anti matter kaons, four zero states and four excited states, the intrinsic cell of 1728 divided, consists of τn and τc .The 1728 cell is divided into two matrixes of (8 by 3) but cannot be stabilized by pseudo muon exchange.Note chapter 8 is for in depth analysis of the kaons.

Quite interesting is the guess about the rest mass of the µ-neutrino at c of about a third or 0.3327me..5/3 + 1/3 = 2 chargeless electron, two pseudo µ-neutrinos at ½c.

6/8 + 2/8 = 1 gives a ¼ mass energy for the µ-neutrino at c8/12 + 4/12 = 1 gives a third for the mass energy of the neutrino at c.

The integer 8 gives a (8 by 3) matrix for the triplet of the states of µn and µc of the pseudo neutrinos.µnnn + µccc converts into the anti state of µn and µc. µnnn defined as sequential for µn ,µn , µn .Similar µccc or µnnc etc. The 6 permutations of the triplet (µncn or) adhere to the muon lepton.

Note, adding either τn or τc to the (8 by 3) matrix prioritizes only nnnn and cccc. All other permutations as nnnc (::) nn or cncc (::) cc, nncc = cnnc = ncnc = 0 etc. nn + nn = 4 and nn + cc = 0 etc. However decomposing to the odd string stabilizes, or the two halves up and down give τ*excitation converting into µ’s. The conversion into the anti matter c-neutrinos is by pairing µnnn and µccc explains the third rest mass and Fermi spin. As mentioned the c-normalization has no distinction between normal and conjugated states resulting in solely two states .of the neutrinos at c velocity in general.

The other analyzed mesons are self explaining. The quark complexes obey the 108 cell strings with a gap of 5.223 because 102.777 + 5.223 = 108. Between them one can assess the nearest integer to calculate the differences and obviously the square root of 3 as shown in par 2, plays a role.

Par 2.3 the seven inversion symmetries for equilateral pyramid contraction

In the previous par it is sufficiently shown that the quark matrix block is conserved apparently under all conditions up to Higgs’ barrier anyway. The pseudo vector τ’s cannot be compressed further and convert into each other also the anti states of τ. Co- or counter rotation means that a pseudo τ passes through the excited limit of 35.6735 me and becomes an anti state.

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1st inversion 3 x 12 time steps π-coupling co- or counter rotation 34.256 + 1.741 = 36 1.741 /√3 = 1.005166 =

1.741/tg 30o tg 30o = cos 54o.7361

2nd inversion 144√3 reduced mediating mass√3-parameter in par 4. co-rotation 1.5 x 137.036 =205.554 close to µ-lepton

counter rotation 2 x 137.037 = 274.072 close to π± mesongeom. mean 237.3533 144√3 /237.3533 = 144/137.036 = 1.050818

3rd inversion 1728 quark cell overall conserved

4th inversion 12 x 1728 mixed strong /weak; quark flavours36 x 1728 2 x √3 symm. inv. See chap 4 par 5.3 x 34.259 = 102.777 W± -boson, Zo 3 x 30.33 times quark cell

5th inversion 144 x 1728 Higgs symmetry 144 /142.6940 = 1.009157 but 2 x 144 x1728 gives Planck’s electron, par 6

6th inversion 17282 angular momentum balance

or vector cross product7th inversion 17283 pseudo vector energy balance

8th inversion 17284 = 1212 symmetry for anti matter separationphotons for opposing Planck electrons

The 6th , 7th and 8th inversion are all related to the 5th inversion discussed in par 7.

Note 1.741 /√3 = 1.005166 12 /7 = 1.714285 √3 /1.714285 = 1.010362 = 1.0051682

1.741 = 1.005166 x 1.0051682 x (12 /7) 1.741 = 1.0051673 x (12 /7)

(12 /7) and √3 are exact determining limits for the inversion. See also chap 4 par 5.

Note, further on in chap 3 the equality between binary inversion and the symmetry of the equilateral pyramid is shown. From the fig 4 to 8 it should be quite clear that applying these options for the mid plane rotation to each of the four corners of the equilateral pyramid that the conserved matrix block extends its possibilities to 17284 combinations with respect to the unit configuration of the electron in fig 8, the nullification symmetry for the 60o phase shift between the equilateral base triangles. Par 2.3.1 The angular momentum balance and energy balance for particle inversionsTake the force interaction balances for the 6th 7th and 8th pyramid inversion, namely 4 steps along the height of the pyramid and 4 inversions as conserved quark cells. Take the integer parameters of 1728 and 12 but no approximations. So the Planck lepton is:

(mpl /λpl)1/4 = 288 x 1728 or close to 2 x Higgs rounded off as 144 x 1728.The τ-lepton to Higgs:

23 x 17282 = a (144 x 1728) a = 72 (½ c- factor) a = 36The angular momentum or vector cross of τ. The 6th inversion :

4 x 17282 = b (144 x 1728) 4 x 12 = b or b = 48 (126 to 125)The vector energy balance to: three perpendicular vectors, the 7th inversion:

23 x 17283 = c (144 x 1728)2 c = 2/3 (129to 1210)The redundancy balance as necessary condition, the 8th inversion:

24x 17284= d (144 x 1728)2 d = 16 x 144 giving:4 x 12 = 48 for the square root. So redundant to the vector cross balance.

The 2nd option is the conservation of d =144 making {4 x (288 x 1728)2} for the right hand side following Planck’s representation. So in the sense of physics four opposing electron

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charges of c-velocity give the photon cut off. This condition is the equality (1.2) in chap 2 par 1. The 4th root of the reciprocal electron mass determines Planck’s mass.

These balances can be reduced due to redundancy in exponentsMaking b = √48 = 6.928203 and the reciprocal of the c-constant giving 1.5 1.5 x 6.928203 = 10.39230 = (√1728) /4

It shows that 1728 as quark pseudo vector cell is conserved and further Hubble’s horizon is close to a factor 10 less than Lcoh = 1.346685 1027 (m) ,Planck’s filament of 1 kg with angular momentum or cross vector of Mtot = 1.3466852 1027 kg. The ten stands for ten universes of which two do not contribute due to Helmholtz phase time coherence of the perpendicular crossing event cones.As is treated in ref 1 Bk 2.

Consider the vector balance for the c-constant of 2/3 in more detail: Take the square root of the reciprocal.

Making creal = √ 1.5 = 1.224744 and √4/3 = 1.1547005 ratio 1.060660. Rewrite the τ-lepton as 2 x 1728 {1 + ¼ (42.378 /1728} = 3456 x 1.024524 /4Ratio: 1.060660 /1.024524 = 1.035271 and (1.035271)10 = 1.414296 with√2: 1.000058 deviation.

The c-state of the τ-neutrino of 30.33me is not included in this calculation.

Par 2. 4 Auxiliary scaling calculations for the quark string of 108me in the protonFor comments and outstanding problems par 2.5

Strong coupling of τ-pseudo neutrinosThe second inversion is an example of the strong τ-coupling internally for either the muon lepton or the charged π-mesons while the πo has as guessed a co- and counter coupling of µ- pseudo neutrinos. Symmetry between muon and mesons determines as a coarse calculation the value for τ-pseudo neutrino.

τ = 34.259 me Geometric mean of 205.554 and 272.072 is 237.3533giving by adding and subtraction: 203.0943 and 271.6123.144√3 = 249.4153 π close to 274.072 (2 x 137.036) and µ-lepton close to 1.5 x 137.036 = 205.554 and 137.036 = 4 x 34.259 274.072 – 271.6123 = 205.554 – 203.0943 = 2.4597. So symmetry.

See chap 2 par 2 for further discussion.

The other possibility for the proton is:1836 = 17 x 108 1728 = 16 x 108 108 = 3 x 36 = 102.777 + 3 x1.741 =

3 x 34.259 + 5.223The 108 string of 17 τ-pseudo couplings represents the spatial contraction according to(1 /1836){h/(me c)} externally, the overall time interval of contraction.

Composed as three quark strings generating the µ-coupling:

3 x 576 = 1728 3(576 + 36) = 3 x 612 = 1836The three strings follow the time- dipole sequence of fig 2 contracting to quark points of disappearance. So in fact the definition of a quark at an instant of time compared to the whole contraction time interval.

Further 17 x 5.223 = 88.791 17 x 102.777 = 1747.209 17 x 5.232 = 88.944 from 1836.153 proton ratio, 1.744 instead of 1.741.

Show that τ-coupling becomes less than 1/√3 = cos 54o.73561 = tg 30o. √3 = 1.73205088.944 -34.259 = 54.685 divide by 16: 3.4178 factor 2 of ½c: 1.7089

Show that the excited state of the τ-coupling is the neutron of mass ratio 1838.6841838.684 – 1747.209 = 91.475 91.475 – 35.6735 = 55.8015Divide by 16 and factor 2: 3.4876/2 = 1.7438 compare to: 5.232 /3 = 1.744Giving the above stability condition of the proton.

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The connection to Higgs is as follows for proton + electron of 1837.153 and neutron – electron of 1837.531: 144 / 142.6940 = 1.009152 inversion 1 + 1 /109.2603

1728 + 109.2603 = 1837.726The effective µ-coupling in general as co or counter rotation is not pursued further:

√1728 - √1604.175 = 41.56921 – 40.05215 = 1.517065 or divided by 3: 0.5056883. weak quark pseudo cell (137.036)3/2 = 1604.175.The relation between the τ-coupling and the pseudo µ-neutrinos is an angle of 60o:

1.741 x ½√3 = 1.50775 1.744 gives 1.51035 just less than 1.517065Note: 142.6940 /4 = 35.6735 36 /35.6735 = 1.009152Free energy neutron: 1.531 1.531 /1.517065 = 1.009184 inverse proportional to Higgs’. Also: (1.005166)12 = 1.063784 1.063167 x 1728 = 1837.153 1.741 /√3 = 1.005166

1212 = 17284 Reminder of the exponent 12.

The τ-lepton is very special. It has two strong inversions (2 x 1728 + 21.189)me.The main rotation axis in the pyramid plane aligns at angle of the main rotations axis. It is therefore the only candidate to generate the Planck electron in relation to Planck’s length. See chap 7 par 5 and 6 but it is not further relevant for this chapter .

The pseudo neutrino energy balancesTwo pseudo vector neutrinos of effective ½c and a ¼c2 energy give approximate 60o angles representing half radial to angular energy. Giving the substitute angle θ in chap 5.

The e-neutrinos:1.233 /(0.5 x 1.34002) = 1.840271 take tangent for angle (in eV units)1.840271 /√3 = 1.062480 and 1836 /1728 = 1.0625000For neutron rest mass calculation see chap 6 par 1.

The µ-neutrino:1/8 x n = 0.3327 n = 5.332 are needed to combine paired c-neutrino of 0.3327 me 5.3232 /3 = 1.774400. See chap 2 par 2.3.

The τ-neutrino:30.33 /(0.5 x 34.259) = 1.770629 1.770629 /√3 = 1.022273(1.022273)3 = 1.06318 (1.06318)3/4 = 1.050813. So close to fine structure ratio of 1.050818.

According to par 7 the pseudo vector neutrinos follow umbrella symmetry into convert in the c-state of the neutrinos and vice versa. Note all c-neutrinos decay to their paired pseudo states just because ½c effective velocity generates a lower energy state. Only the c-states of the µ-neutrino is a paired triplet therefore likely having a longer decay than the others. It does not exclude the possibility that relativistic e-neutrinos decay more slowly.

In ref 1 Bk2 the following scaling calculation is valid.The formation of g-waves as time vibrations of pseudo vector volumes and the fine structure coefficient defined as 144 /137.036 = 1.050818 can be understood. The g-wave matter coefficient is observed as 1.047189 and theoretical calculated in two manners below. The g-wave coefficient is the mass loss ratio for the vibrating black holes. In pyramid symmetry in which Newtonian matter is intrinsic surrounded by a virtual Helmholtz coherent phase space of time. The mass loss might not be real but an alternating transfer of energy to this phase space exciting also the congruent antimatter condition through this transfer of time momentum.

First calculation deriving the numeric equality derived from√3 and √2. (√3)1/12 = 1.046839 while (1.047199)12 = 1.7392041.739204 /√3 = 1.004130 (1.004130)1/10 = 1.000412(1.050818)7 = 1.414798 1.414798 /√2 = 1.000413

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Second calculation, symmetry breaking of the factor two21/14 = 1.050756 21/15 = 1.0472941.050756 /1.047294 = 1.003306 (1.003306)3/4 = 1.002478(1.047207)15 = 1.997505 2.0 /1.997505 = 1.001248(1.001248)2 = 1.002498

Par 2.5 Comments and outstanding exercises

Trying to look backwards objectively the tentative quark model of par 2 has some potential although there is still a fundamental flaw in it and on the other hand a lot of work is outstanding. To begin with the work:

As both the electron and proton adhere to 16 possible options for a matrix block, it is clear these are inverted sets to each other, one resulting in 1728me and the other a near zero state for the matrix. The electron has no τ-pseudo’ s. So the block is a τ-degenerate.

The proton is composed of τ-pseudo’ s but τ* is degenerate meaning no µ-pseudo neutrinos are excited in this internal resonance system while the electron had somewhere a τ* excitation to compose into a paired µ-pseudo.

Taking above comment to the τ-lepton then this lepton had repeated τ* excitations generating 21 µ-pseudo’ s. In that case it suggests that the τ-lepton occupied 7 triplets of µ-pseudo’ s as possibilities for τ* to τ combinations. Similarly by considering the three Kaon’ s in the table of par 2.3 all possibilities as end cap exercises have to be analyzed.

Note: ½√2(35.6735 – 34.259) = 1.000202 The rest mass for a paired µ-pseudo neutrino in which τ*xxx, y and τyyy,x convert into µxxx,y etc. ect. Further √1728 – √1604.175 = 1.517065 the angular momentum for triplet µ-pseudo’ s. The guessed degenerated zero state of the µ-pseudo’ s is defined as opposing triplets µnnn and µccc or vice versa then converting in pairs of (en , ec) or (en , ec). With (137.036)3/2 = 1604.175.

Note, as mentioned for the neutron rest mass, chap 6 par1chap 6 par 1’fire cracker’ introduction.

Bell’s Theorem defined as favouring all quantum mechanical options for particles violating the deterministic states due to special relativity. Also called the entanglement theorem.The more fundamental flaw is the necessity of phase locking between neutral complexes of the particles. In other words if the electron is fully detached from the proton, the induced virtual photon process of both determines that the electric charge in Newtonian space should be absolute static under all extreme possible conditions.

To resolve this flaw Bell’s theorem determines that the pseudo vectors have to be subjected to a slightly different definition of virtual photon induction:

2c = abs(± c)Meaning photons can only be produced in opposing pairs in moments of time less than a time interval of Planck’s time. It determines the existence of a 2c-phase space allowing a forward phase velocity of √2c to comply for all inversion interactions between pseudo vectors.

The obvious conclusion has to be that without experimental proof the above conjecture for photons to ensure phase locking cannot be resolved, therefore the proposals for the experiments in chap 4 and 5.

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CHAPTER 3

PROOF OF THE BINARY INVERSION SYMMETRY AND SYMMETRIES OF THE EQUILATERAL PYRAMID

Par 1 Overall statement

Within the constraint of the continuum geometry of general relativity two symmetries are competing each other. One symmetry is the one of binary inversions having a rate of progress at c-velocity at the onset of Tbig of around a tenth of a nana second. The other is the symmetry based on the inversions of the two rotational symmetry of the equilateral pyramid existing in a coherent phase space of time having a 2c-phase velocity to comply to the first symmetry. Both opposing symmetries drive to generate the resonances of the conserved quark cells and those of the leptons giving these the internal acceleration to generate the virtual time (labour) quanta aligned in the phase space of time. Namely the cubic equilateral triangle pyramid is derived from the equilateral pyramid.

The first step in the proof for the equality based on the two mentioned symmetries is a straight forward calculation.

The number of electrons/positrons per meter follows (1024)4 /(8/3 x 1.00521) binary steps.One knows straight away this must be correct because the electron has eight choices to jump from one plane of a cube to the opposite plane but it is restricted in the three direction for switching. For the pyramid symmetries in a coherent phase space of time one needs 1212 dipole exchanges to equal the length of the electron string of 4.121021 1011steps, reciprocal of λe = 2.426583 10-12 m.

The equality: (1024)4 = 1.099511 1012 = 4.121021 1011 x 8/3 x 1.0005211212 = 8.916100 1012 1211 = 7.430083 1011

Ratio 1: ratio 2:8.916100 1012 /1.099511 1012 = 7.430083 1011 /4.121021 1011 = 8.109146 1.8029718.109146 / 8 = 1.013643 1.802971 /√3 = (1.013466)3

Giving: 1.013643 /1.013466 = 1.000174 (1.000174)3 = 1.000522

Above sweeping statement needs some consideration. From the point of view as a first impression the cubic symmetry might be correct. However from the mid plane symmetries between the cubic equi-triangle and equilateral pyramid described in fig 7, one needs three volume reduction of an 1/8 th to comply with the cross over constant between volume and height for these pyramids. The other ratios follow from fig 7. The cross over constant is calculated in table 1. The result is:

1728 /1024 = 12 /(8/3)2 = 108 /64 = 1.68750000.

The other conserved ratio as shown further on is 2√2 the scaling constant between the pyramids in momentum space in which the forward phase velocity of √2c is normalized to c as shown in table 1.

Take the square root of 2√2: 1.681792Giving the ratio: 1.6875 /1.681792 = 1.003393

What can be made plausible is that (1.000521)7 = 1.003652 while 1 + (1 /137.036) = 1.007297.Both others in 2nd power give respectively: 1.006798 and 1.007318

1.007297 /1.006798 = 1.000495 while for the proton the 17th string is 108.153 /108 =1.001416 With the 3rd root giving 1.000472, the ratio between 1.007318 and 1.007297 explains the deviation between 1.000496 and 1.000472 reasonable but not sufficiently.

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The tentative conclusion is that Compton’s fine structure constant of (1 /137.036) is determined by two conserved exact ratios of 1.68975 and 2√2 based on the competition between the two pyramid configurations of which the base is always the equilateral triangle. Further not analyzed is:

108 / 64 = 27 /16 = 33 /24 pointing to the a first inversion step followed by the 2nd step giving the final ration of 1728 as internal dynamic process.

The other firm conclusion is that indeed above straight forward calculation can be validated and confirmed in the next paragraph of the 7th exponent representing the 7 inversion symmetries for binary reduction to our present day cosmos.

Par 2 The second step in the proofBinary inversion symmetry for electron generation by a process of Planck’s induction

Par 2.0 IntroductionFollowing the inversion symmetry discussed in chap 1 the equalities shown in rel 1.1 and 1.2 are to be considered as parameter inversion between Planck’s and electron parameters. The whole range from me to λpl of 10 -31 to 10-35 respectively as not equal in dimension is a consequence of inversion between these parameters. These are:

mpl = 5.456035 10-8 me = 9.109462 10-31 kg λpl = 4.051453 10-35 λe = 2.426583 10-12 m

First is the proof of the inversion equalities mentioned is given in par 1.1:λpl = 1.002490 x 2√2 λe

3 (1.1)Followed as a consequence of (1.1):

mpl = 1.766053 me1/4 or mpl

4 = C4 me with (1.2)C4 = 1.7660534 = 9.727806

In first instance these equalities cannot be correct because of the dimensions between respectively (λpl and λe) and (mpl and me). However the factor (√2)3 suggests it to be linked to the pseudo vector of λe.

Par 2.1 The absolute proof of the inversion symmetry of Planck’s and electron parameters

As is shown in the previous paragraph, the number of binary divisions for the electron is given as the reciprocal of λe .The number of Ne1 aligned as 4.121021 1011 (elec/m) where

10244 = 2.668056 x Ne1 with 2.668056 = 2 x 4/3 x 1.000521.

Now determine the number of electrons in the universes (twelve):Take the overall mass Mtot = (Lcoh)2 which is the angular momentum of a Planck filament of 1 kg and divide by me . However from the same definition of the line density of mpl /λpl every one metre of the event horizon represents a black hole mass of 1.346685 1027 kg giving Mtot .

Mtot / me = (1.346685 1027)2 /me = 1.990853 1084 (elec)Binary division symmetry shows, see ‘Overview’ par 2 for ratio 1.024803:

102428 =1.942668 1084 with ratio 1.990853/1.942668 = 1.024803while Ne7 = (4.121021 1011)7 = 2.018523 1081 (elec)

The overall volume of the universes is: Vtot = Ve7 = Lcoh

3 = 2.4423400 1081 (m3)

Showing that every cubic metre of the expanded universe contained one electron having a unit density of 9.109462 10-31 kg /m3 .The ratio between Ne7 /Vtot = 1 /1.209943 = 0.864852 = cos 34o.2606with 1.209943 /(1/3√3)1/3 = 1.007499 = (1.002493)3

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With this important result it is allowed to state that it is a string of Le1 = 4.121021 1011 (m) with one electron per metre. So is Le2 = (4.12012 1011)2 a surface of one electron per m2 but also a string of that length with one electron per metre. Then Le3 = (4.121021 1011)3 or a volume of one electron per m3 but it is also a string of that length with one electron per metre. This can be continued to Le7 as a volume or a string of a unit as the electron.What is revealing is that Ne6 = Le6 = 4.898114 1069 (m3) or (m) or (number of electrons) is the square power of Ne3 while the ratio between Ne7 and Ne6 will be used to convert Planck masses into compressed τ-leptons.

It means that if Ne3 of 6.99 8653 1034 has a mass of Ne3 x me = 6.375398 104 (kg) being in the state of contraction for the electron density δe , for Ne3 is contracted in one m3 .

Ne3 is also the reciprocal of Planck length divided by the factor 2√2 x 1.002490 = 2.835470Now take the string Ne2 = 1.698281 1023 with mass of Ne2 x me = 1.547043 10-7 kg. Determine the black hole radius c2 /G = 1.346685 1027 (kg /m):

R(-34) = 1.148777 10-34 (m) Ne3 x R(-34) = 8.039897 = (2√2 x 1.002490)2

Similarly the ratio to Planck’s mass :1.547034 10-7 /5.456035 10-8 = 2.835454

Showing relations 1.1 and 1.2 are correct as equalities. But the value of the mass of 1.547034 10-7 is also the other internal parameter of the electron of Fvac = me /λe

2. So reciprocity tells us how to generate the internal parameters.

The meaning of Ne6 is that Ne3 units for Planck’s generation are used to funnel compressed τ-leptons in great numbers by using the condition for gravitational induction:

mpl2 = Me me applied to the electrons with Me the induction mass provided the

exchange velocity is less than c or as valid here for the effective velocity of ½c.Giving mpl

2 = 2.97683 10-15 and me then Me = 3.267845 1015 (kg)By making Me mpl

2 = 9.727824 = (1.767370)4 with deviation of 1.000746 for C4 .But also NM = M2 /me = 3.587309 1045 electrons. Compare to Ne4 = 2.884159 1046 giving the conserved ratio 8.039894.

The induction balance for high density τ-lepton works as follows:Take the reciprocal of mpl

2 giving: 3.359296 1014

Determine the overall mass for τ: (2.668056)7 = 962.4198 me

Because (1024)28 = (2.668056)7 x (4.121021 1011)7

Showing self consistency: 962.4198 /864 = 1.113911 = (1.036613)3 withTo the quark cell of 1728me : (1.036613)4 = 1.1547005 = √4/3Compare this mass to the real τ-lepton: 3456(1 + 21.189 /3456) = 3477.189 me

4 x 962.4198 = 3456 + 393.6798 = 3456 + 16 x24.60495 The τ-compressed is: 3456(1 + 24.60495 /3456) = 3480.604

With energy balance of: 21.189 + 34.259 = 0.513 + 24.60495 + 30.33Determining free energy between neutron and proton of 1.531 compared to 3 x 0.513By using respectively the values of the pseudo and c-state of the τ-neutrino.

The reciprocal contraction for τ-compressed:3480.4198 x 4.121021 1011 = 1.43464 1015 divide by 16 /3 =5.3333: 2.68943 1014

The ratio between the reciprocal mpl2 and above:

3.359276 1014 /2.68943 1014 = 1.2490661.249066 x √2 = 1.766444Deviation to C4 = 1.766053 is 1.000221Note 16 /3 x √2 = 7.542472 with 8 /7.542472 = 1.060660 = (√3/2)/√4/3

1.060660 x 1.002493 = 1.063304 times 1728 1837.389me close to H-atom.

Conclusion

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Shown is that Ne6 = (4.121021 1011)6 = 4.898114 1069 as the square power of Ne3 gives the proper formation of Planck’s contraction. In the sense of physics the number of τ-leptons emerged through gravitational induction from Planck’s parameters. The binary division inversion is coupled to the pyramid inversions for the quark cells. The factor of the coupling is 2.668056= 2 x 4/3 x 1.000521= 8/3 x 1.000521.Both symmetry inversions show the end condition the τ-lepton after the 6th and 7th inversion. What not completely is analyzed are the states in between for these two symmetries.

Par 2.2 Discussion

The discovery of the coherent alignment of the electrons in the phase of time should be enlightened somewhat:

1. Two opposing coherent strings one for the electrons and one for the positrons were generated simultaneously.

2. Considering charge neutrality two additional conjugated strings had to exist and were generated simultaneously together with the first set.

3. In the phase space of coherent time the alignment of identical particles means spin alignment giving precession having a angle of 90o to the time direction.

4. The aligned quanta of a particle have a ‘pole’ direction of ‘north’ and ‘south’ determining the momentum flux in a direction of time.

5. Since (c2 /G = mpl /λpl) coherent time alignment determines the polarity for G as in opposing time directions.

6. For black holes point 3 is equally valid. BH quanta have alignment in time and as well for the angular momentum having both equal dipole length. A static black hole defined by GRT has to be considered in spin and time quanta. Apart from this property a BH need the conjugated state of two matters to become a real dynamic object in our cosmos.

Par 2.3 Parameter conservation as some are already is treated in previous chapters.

Since it is shown that the inversion equalities (1.1) and (1.2) are valid, some other internal parameters for the electron can be supposed to be conserved. Apart from the electron density these are defined as:

L1 /λe = mpl /me and L22 /λe

2 = mpl /me R22 = mpl /me = 5.989514 1022

WhereFvac = me /λe

2 = mpl /L22 = 1 /6.463943 106 (kg/m2) the internal valve action of the electron but

with above, F vac is also the reciprocal of me divided by electron coherence length. The reciprocal Yvac

of Fvac is used only further on. In fact L22 = 0.3527809 (m2) is a cross vector product or angular

internal angular momentum. The supposition is that if (me /λe2) is conserved then all derived

parameters such as the reciprocal and the square root and square power are conserved. Parameters used in ref 1, book 2.

To show the correctness of this conservation, take the ratio of R4 = (mpl /me)1/4 = 4.947046 105

and divide or multiply Fvac and δe by this value giving respectively 13.06626 and 7.759588 while the product is 101.3888.The ratio of both of these different dimensions is 1.683886 or (2√2 x 1.002490)1/2 . So inversion exchange between the internal parameters is allowed.

Secondly in hindsight the parameter conservation was understood:R4 /(2√2 x 1728) = 101.2178 conserving both 2√2 and 1728 while 101.3888 /101.2178 = 1.001688with 1.0004164 = 1.001665. Obviously (√2 x1728) and the reciprocal of the fine structure constant (¼ 137.036) are also conserved which has been derived in chap 1 par 6 for Higgs for the τ-lepton (2 x 1728) and the pseudo τ-neutrino of 34.259 me giving conservation of the product (34.259 x 1728).

Acknowledgement: In appreciation of Dr HWP for pointing out some dimensional problems.

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Par 3 General overview between theories and definitions in general

Hypothesis of the emergence for pseudo vector matterAs far as the new theory of emergence for gravity is understood, a qubit is defined as the amount of information which can be compressed within an event horizon of a black hole. Choose the size of the black hole in relation to a qubit as variable normalize and subject qubits to an overall summation for an interval between zero and one and the ratio of baryonic to dark matter/ energy can be determined for our observable universe. This somewhat coarse statement is not meant to discredit the superiority of this new theory of gravity in theoretical physics.

The pseudo vector theory for the intermediate ‘vacuum’ around atoms /particles has something similar which is the hypothesis of emergence. Somewhere contracted in the Nothing of the infinite opposing possibilities Newtonian particles emerged subjected to ½c effective velocity due to internal acceleration in exchange to this mediating vacuum. This emergence for the internal process of protons and electrons in four kinds represents this hypothesis. Somewhere from the condensed infinities due to the absolute symmetry, matter and anti matter emerged. In fact this process of emergence is a symmetry inversion operation where the internal symmetric properties transform into the external 3D-spatial space of which the inversion symmetry is described in chap 1 and 2.

Here the ‘qubit’ interval for the hypothesis of emergence is based on the two principal rotation symmetries of the equilateral pyramid not residing in our real spatial space but in a coherent phase space of time. The derivation is as follows:

Imagine a sphere of diameter 2c. In this sphere cubes with the length of a rib of √2c can exist. The cube inverts in itself normalized to c velocity giving ½c effective velocities in this phase space. It is a four step reduction operation which is congruent to a four step internal reduction over the height of the pyramid apex to the opposing face plane. The two principle rotation symmetries are represented by cubic equilateral triangle pyramid and the equilateral pyramid in competition to each other.

‘QUBIT’ INTERVAL

Mid planes for both cubic and equilateral pyramid with the same equilateral triangles as base plane 60o phase shifted.The vertical height is the rotation axis of both.

1. The centre of mass for both pyramids shows the conservation of the momentum dipole. Meaning a inertia mass in Newtonian space can only accelerated to ½√2c end velocity internally.

2. The overall symmetry showing the these symmetries the equilateral and the cubic pyramid leads to binary reduction using all the options as alternations nodes along the rotation axis.

3. The 5th interval for the height of the pyramid is given by the dipole through the mass centre of the pyramid generating the (1) to (3) ratio as nodes. The 5th interval determines the ratio between charged or baronic matter and dark matter.

The configuration of the ‘qubit’ interval shows that despite the balancing between cubic and equilateral pyramid to zero a deficit parameter can exist.

Fig 9

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The square root of (√3 /√2) = 1.224744 with reciprocal of 0.8164965, the height of the equilateral pyramid and normalized to one for the pyramid ribs. The reciprocal of 0.2041241 is 4.898980 which gives if divided by √3/2 the return into the ratio of 4 giving the complete cycle for the inversion and the reduction steps under binary symmetry.

To find the ratio of baryonic to dark matter:5 x 0.2042241 = 1.020620 while 5 /4.898980 = 1.020620

Determine the two unknown parameters:a ± b = 1.020620 a /b = 1.020620 a = 1 /49.49660b1 = 1.000416 b2 = 1.040823 2a = 2/49.49660 = 0.04040681The factor 2 comes from ½c effective velocity. 4.040681 % baryonic over the interval giving a slightly less than 96 % dark matter.

The variable b1 has been associated as the ratio for charge formation to the electron and composed of the neutral mass for the two µ pseudo vector neutrinos derived in 2. Namely (1.000416)6 = 1.002498. This last ratio corresponds to the inversion equality between Planck length and electron Compton length:

λpl = 1.002490 x2√2 λe3completely proven in par 2.

A further unexpected result compared to 1.020620 is:(1.020627)3 x 1728 = 1837.153 or the mass of H atom to me making b2 = 1.040837with b1 = 1.000416 unchanged but truncated. It shows above assumptions are correct.

Par 4 Comparison of theoriesTwo fundamental different approaches to tackle infinity.

A comparison between the emergency theory initiated by E. Verlinde and the pseudo vector theory shows two manners to tackle the infinites:

The more well known method is the approach of infinity by taking a infinite population of let us say infinitely generated universes each contained by an amount of information contracted into the qubit field theory based on a complex mathematical equation of Bekenstein/ Hawking. So this is in fact the statistics of mutual merging universes. Note that the statistic manner is always valid for a positive definite infinity.

The pseudo vector theory for matter approaches infinity in a symmetric manner of opposing possibilities. In other words infinity has two opposing symmetric rate of change to time for the generation of opposing photons. In that case the rate of change of infinity determines phase forward velocity with respect to the speed of light. The binary symmetry derived in chap 1 gives just the rate of change of divisions in competition to the rate of change determined by the equilateral pyramid symmetry. Namely at a certain cut off, Planck’s length, the rate of division is progressing slower than the progress in pyramid symmetry. As there are four inversion symmetries for the equilateral pyramid it generates the different aspects of the internal parameters of matter. The condition is that the phase velocity in the coherent phase space of time is two times the speed of light to comply to the rate of change by division of the factor of two.

Giving the following result calculated in chap 2:The ratio between the number of electrons of 1.990853 1084 and the number of binary divisions of 1.942668 1084 is 1.024804, for normalized to c and for ½ c effective it gives:

1 + ¼ 0.024804 = 1.006201 or (1.024804)1/4 = 1.006144It means that the generation of electron parameters based on pyramid symmetry progresses faster than the change of binary divisions explaining the cut off of infinity for Planck’s length and also confirming that the phase velocity of 2c is a necessary condition for the rate of binary division at c.In other words the universes are an enclosed possibly lossless energy system controlled by g-waves to matter conversion equalizing the unbalance between the universes which are maintained by the local

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super massive black holes. The super massive black holes are suggested to pinpoint 3D envelopes based on pyramid symmetry in a Lorentz 4D space, easy to see from the point of view in the phase space of time but difficult to picture in Lorenz space.

Note, The energy content of the universes determined by the factor 1.024804 is above zero even for opposing universes with opposing time directions due to internal acceleration for the atoms in expanded state and giving the polarities of electric charge. This can be reduced by the generation of super massive black holes compressing the volume into degenerated coherent pseudo matter exposed to the two opposing kinds of gravity, the polarity of the universal constant of gravity G.

Par 5 Definitions

Time dipole or Chmela dipolesThe time dipole is little tube of momentum flux of ½√2c rotating in the centre of a equilateral pyramid frame of return momentum flux. For each time interval the tube connects two perpendicular crossing ribs in the middle having ½c time length then passing flux quanta along the ribs of the frame. The dipole has an angle of 54o.73561 to the rotation axis through the centre. The importance is that the dipole generates an axial force at the centre along the rotation axis. This force has to be balanced and therefore is an analogue for the internal acceleration of a particle. A particle in our reality has Newtonian properties because the net return flux in the frame of the time cycle has to be zero due to the intermediate interaction with the mediating pseudo vector vacuum. The valve action in a Newtonian particle is ½c effective internally due to acceleration and generates the zero return momentum flux in the phase space of time. Maximum velocity due to acceleration ½√2c .The supposition for the pyramid symmetry is that it takes 12 exchanges of the dipole to change to another position of a pyramid apex due to the switch a dipole from ‘north’ to ‘south’ or vice versa.

Gravitational waves or g-wavesG- waves are generated in the phase space of time. As long as neutral pseudo matter cannot degenerate below Higg’s dimensions, macroscopically this coherent matter generates only resonance oscillations in the coherent phase space of time just because matter of Newtonian particles generates no net return flux in this phase space resulting in volume vibrations of compressed Newtonian matter at effective velocities of ½c. The ½c internal velocities induce dynamic electric charge nodes in the coherent pseudo matter maintaining the integrity of the interior of the coherent pseudo matter in the black hole based on the condition of Bell’s theorem defined as phase locking for electric charge. The equivalence to a static BH is possible for equal overall mass of the hole as a sole parameter, but the event horizon, charge node, may have a different dimension. As reminder there is always a phase shift between photon path and ½c effective of coherent pseudo matter propagation explaining actually why gravitational waves in the phase space of time exist separately from black holes in Newtonian space because these are opposing ‘photon’ waves with zero phase between them. Again phase locking of opposing g-waves is essential in relation to maintain alternation between the two kinds of coherent pseudo matters. Photons and g-waves both of c-velocity generate a phase time shift and angle of propagation to the internal coherent matter. Still an outstanding question.

Big Bang timeThe onset of the expanding early universes is at Tbig = ¼√2 /c = 0.1 nano sec compromising M26 for a cluster coherence horizons of 0.35 (m) giving around 1028 equivalent static BH clusters interacting to each other. The internal pseudo vector densities are around Higgs’ densities. Tbig is the reciprocal of 2√2 parameter proven in the inversion equality of par 1.

The pre Higgs’ conundrum is the period less than Tbig . Without understanding of the inversion symmetries for the reduction of pseudo vector matter in chap 2 it was impossible to understand the inversion scaling between the electron and Planck’s length. So the onset of around 10-10 sec is not impossible considering it takes a compressed 4D-time space interval to decompose in Planck’s dimensions generating the internal dynamics for the atoms and electrons.

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Note, the cosmic background radiation (CBR) suggests to be at the onset of Tbig .Therefore the era of internal formation and parameter inversion, equivalent to the inflationary period, is much longer than predicted by standard cosmologies.

Summary of Helmholtz’ coherent phase space of timeIn chap 8 of the exercise of the crossing event cones in Lorentz 4D space resulted indirectly into the pyramid symmetry in a phase space of time. The inversion of two pyramid frames along a rotation axis of the body diagonal of a cube generated the internal parameters of the atoms and electrons. In fact degeneration of the 4D time space interval by symmetry conservation. In other words as the overview in chap 2 par 3shows coherent Helmholtz phase space as the degeneration of the 4 x 4 matrices in 4D time space results in a resonance phase space restriction the number of possible parameters of the subatomic particles. Due to this coherent phase space the inversion equalities in chap 2 as the opening paragraph were generated.

Macroscopic properties of dark matter or pseudo vector neutrino vacuum Two options µ -, or e - pseudo neutrinos for four independent kinds of vector neutrinos can be

defined as dark matter of which the pseudo vector τ-neutrinos drive the baryonic matter, see chap 2 par 2.4. At different densities of dark matter, around a BH or during evolution the τ- or µ- cells are active. In present-day universe only e-pseudo cells exist around stars as reaction flux going outward from a gravity generating source.

No distinction exist between dark energy and dark matter. Dark matter around a gravity generating source has to exchange between tangential and radial quantum cells keeping the substitution angle at any radius from the source constant.

Cloud formation between normal neutral hydrogen and conjugated neutral hydrogen molecules is the consequence that the conjugated electron (pos. charge same absolute spin) cannot generate zero energy orbits around a normal proton and vice versa. It means that H2 molecules are not stable in a combination of a conjugated and a normal H atom. Before the existence of super massive BH the clouds of these two kinds of hydrogen existed separated from each other under gravity attraction by the two polarities of the universal constant G. In other words zero gravity, no force interaction, exists between these clouds. Ref. 1.

Derivation of 100% dark matter. Storage mainly between galaxies.Newtonian labour for dark matter is ¼ c2 per kg, due to the ½ c effective velocity of the pseudo vector neutrinos, ½ (½ √2)2 c2 = ¼ c2. It suggests 25% radial energy in equilibrium to charged matter mostly contained in the galaxies. So 75% suggests blind tangential energy as rotation. However expansion of the pseudo vacuum is from µ- to e- pseudo vacuum matter due to coupling to charged matter, transition processes happen. It means that the dark matter process has to be normalized to c then becoming 100% driving energy against the force of gravity.

Introducing a cos φ for the radial and tangential momentum then φ = 45o gives cos2φ = 0.25 as lepton cells. For φ = 60o cos2φ = 0.75 as quark type cells.

This inconsistency is the consequence of the transition process coupled to charged matter. Suppose the nearly 100% driving energy of dark matter is potentially stored energy then only 4% may be used for transport.

Return to the mediating mass of atoms mediating between proton and electron or in general between the effective proton and the effective electron for any atom then the ratio of the factor 2 is due to the ½ c effective velocity of the pseudo vector ‘vacuum’.

H atom 250.8082 / 1837.153 = 1 /7.325 2 /(7.325)2 = 3.72% Effective atom 250.114 / 1826 = 1/7.3007 2 /(7.301)2 = 3.75%quark cell 144√3 /1728 = 1 /6.928203 2 /(6.928)2 = 4.17%Note √48= 6.928203 see chap 1 par 7.

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The last is the reduced mediating mass with respect to the conserved quark cell. Both conserved values in the phase space of time.

‘Qubit’ interval 2 /49.49660 4.040681 %

Definition of the pseudo vector ‘vacuum’.It is important to realize that there are indeed four kinds of charged matter shown in detail in chap 4. Although the internal arrangement of the pseudo τ-neutrino in a proton or a neutron consists of alternating τn (normal) and τc (conjugated) still the electric charge is determined by the ‘odd’ quark string, chap 2 par 2, which can either normal or conjugated giving a proton with absolute spin the two options for charge. The same is valid for anti matter, anti proton or anti neutron etc.

However in contrast to what to expected in collisions only matter and anti matter can be observed because only electric charge is conserved while the absolute spin is open to exchange to the external surrounding vector ‘vacuum’. This is shown in more detail in chap 6 table 1.

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INTRODUCTION TO THE PHYSICS OF GRAVITY Intermezzo

Compared with the standard manner in which the physics of gravity and particles are explained here a complete different approach is followed.

Explanation with respect to particlesDefinition a particle has internal parameters provided it is surrounded by an intermediate medium of weak ‘vacuum’ representing the weak interaction force of a particle.

Any particle from atom to subatomic particle has a valve action internally. This valve action in the interior of a particle is due to the internal acceleration in which the electric charge characteristic for a particle including neutrons, tries to destruct itself as an inclination to internal implosion. This internal acceleration of say a kinematic point without mass undergoes a braking by a reactive medium, the weak ‘vacuum’ preventing the implosion. Consequently due to the internal action rest mass is generated as a dynamic condition. Nothing is static inside the proton or the electron internally. To the external observer the particle has static parameters as rest mass, intrinsic spin and electric charge.

The interaction between internal acceleration and the deceleration due to the braking medium determines the uncertainty principle.

mc λ = h With mc the momentum and λ the path of labour due to acceleration internally of a particle and h the Heisenberg uncertainty constant. The c-velocity is due to the virtual photon energy stored in the interior for the electric charge. In that manner a particle is normalized to the light speed and conform external observations. The virtual photon energy and the intrinsic spin, the angular energy of the particle has to be equal to the energy of braking by the weak ‘vacuum’ surrounding the particle ensemble. For say the electron λ is greater than internal diameter of the contraction of the electric charge while for the proton it is the other way around the diameter is much bigger than the uncertainty displacement. Therefore the λ of the proton is not normally seen as a useful parameter unless one introduces a weak vacuum to understand the internal behaviour.

More important is to consider the intrinsic spin or the angular rotation energy which as one knows already has to be a Fermi kind while e.g. the electron and proton together are a boson consisting either of Fermi kind. The problem of the Fermi particle is that it has half spin quantum numbers and not 0,1 or 2 and 3 such as the bosons. Due to the intrinsic spin the uncertainty condition between angular momentum and labour path a particle can exist. It is the reason for the existence of the valve action internally. One of the most intriguing ideas is the precession between an accelerated mass point and the own spin for this mass. As long as the acceleration is perpendicular to the mass spin a constant angular velocity of the spin direction is observed which is defined the precession of the mass point spin ensemble.

Internally in any Fermi particle this process of precession is happening and determines the valve action. The repetitive valve action is attuned to the virtual photon induction for the electric charge giving the dynamics to the charge. Namely the electric charge is in exchange to the internal acceleration and deceleration of exchange to the weak vacuum which is always phase forward to the precession consequently restarting the internal cycle again and going on for ever for a stable particle establishing the labour path of a λ-interval. So a particle at rest is in equilibrium in which the internal process of action reaction between spin and electric charge cannot be observed because the weak vacuum is not easy to observe by any means unless one knows of its existence.

On the other hand the internal labour due to the braking by the weak vacuum surrounding the charge point can be expressed in a virtual mirrored space. Since the direction of internal acceleration is always the same a path of labour due to particle repetitive cycle it is always a straight line giving virtually a time direction which is opposed to the real labour of the particle interacting to the weak vacuum. How does the precession come into it? Every moment that the electric charge ends its virtual photon cycle the precession stops to begin again due to the internal acceleration. In other word if the

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virtual time is a straight line then the precession follows a path perpendicular giving a plane for virtual phase space of time while the particle itself generates a valve action due to the interval between precession and time/labour over a λ- time distance.

Having understood above explanation the only situation in which above can be valid is in case the internal end velocity never exceeds the speed of light. By making the supposition of an end velocity of ½√2c due to acceleration in exchange to the weak vacuum cells, one assures that the angular momentum is (½√2)2 = ½c2 giving also the Fermi spin of the particle while the labour due to acceleration has an effective velocity of ½c making the labour ¼c2 to be added by the cross vector product of (½ x ½)c2 = ¼c2 making the overall rest mass c2or mc2 . With respect to the time phase it appears rest mass can exist independent of time. These internal parameters are valid for as well quark as lepton cells residing in a weak vacuum.

The effective velocity of ½c is observed in colliding black holes by LIGO interferometer detecting gravitational waves, see book 1 chap 3. This is the main reason to support the assumption of the end velocity of ½√2c internally for any particle always in exchange to weak ‘vacuum’ cells.

Explanation with respect to gravityThe step to gravity generation by synchronisation of the internal acceleration between particles can now be made easily.

Take a bunch of many Fermi particles overall their intrinsic spins in summation is zero. Overall the virtual straight lines of precession and time coherence are randomly mixed a mixture of straight lines with an angle of 90o between them. Ordering between particles can occur realising that the weak ‘vacuum’ has long enough wavelength to exchange synchronisation for internal acceleration. Virtual labour/time and precession match to the wave length in the weak vacuum giving the overall internal acceleration to the whole group of particles. Increasing of density so shorter wavelength gives higher synchronisation. So gravity is synchronized internal acceleration between particles. It also means part of the precession of all particles can be seen as a cumulative process like the coherent time vector is the sum of synchronized labour for all the particles. This is a direct consequence of the reflection due to action /reaction to the quantum mechanics with the weak vacuum cells. So a weak vacuum flux moves outwardly away from the overall particle boundary.

Keeping always an angle of 90o phase between time coherence and cumulative precession one could imagine the weak vacuum randomly rotating under quantum mechanical restrains and escaping from the matter surface. In other words cumulative precession gives a spherical symmetric surface round the inwardly directed time coherence vector then generating the mass centre within matter due to gravity. So far away from the centre the synchronisation (gravity) is minimal but it increases inverse proportional approaching the centre. The radial distance to the centre is a direct measure for the cumulative labour displacement and opposite to the coherence of time distance. The envelope of the spherical surface makes the synchronized acceleration or the force of gravity quadratic inverse proportional to the mass centre which is confirmed by the cross vector product for the precession and time coherence conserved by the angle of 90o .

It is important to understand the coming about of the two ideas of cumulative precession and time coherence. Without an intermediating medium as the weak vacuum synchronized internal acceleration between particles is impossible. Secondly the overall spin of the particles either combined as boson or Fermi particles is randomly zero. How could it be that the individual precession vectors can be summed? This is the consequence of the intermediating medium making the Fermi spin relative to the medium while the medium itself is absolute determining the spins behave as absolute in three dimensional Newtonian space making the particle spin not observable as absolute then pointing in one direction. Just because this is consistent to the polarity of electric charge making the Fermi spin relative but the precession characterizes the kind of matter determining the

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absolute property of matter. Since there are four kind of absolute matters, two normal and two kind of anti matter.

It seems such a simple process this explanation for the existence of gravity but it is not mainly because the weak vacuum cannot be observed directly. So far it is an assumption which also supports the existence of dark matter /energy only recently discovered as something disturbing Newton’s law of gravity over distances only to be observed between stars in the galaxies. Further the above reasoning becomes much more complicated if one considers the polarity of electric charge for the electron and atoms for this explanation. Namely relate one polarity of charge to the absolute direction of internal acceleration of a particle then the other polarity has the opposite absolute internal acceleration determining two opposing virtual time line for the two electric charges. Still it is possible to adhere to the existence of a mediating medium and cumulative precession and time coherence even as far as to explain the behaviour of gravity in coherent pseudo matter for the black holes although these enigmas become unique and cannot be explained by any other superior fundamental theory in physics.

The macroscopic pairing symmetries for the coherent phase space of timeA slightly different explanation

Nullifying the momentum return flux for a time dipole over a number of small intervals generates the valve action for the internal acceleration in the two kinds of each matter and anti matter, four in total. These are always in exchange to the mediating pseudo vector ‘vacuum’.

For gravity it is the reversed process, the process of collective synchronized acceleration in a macroscopic mass generate the two parameters as the cumulative precession and virtual time momentum flux in the phase of time. So these two parameters have to combine in return flux momentum to become a macroscopic time dipole for gravity where the gravity force represents the axial force of the dipole. The axial force is the consequence of a virtual double rotation meaning supposedly all random Fermi spin of the atoms in the macroscopic mass has been sorted out in the absolute symmetry of either c.w or anti c.w state for matter or anti matter. Double rotation because two parameters are involved.

Now in complying with the analogue of the macroscopic coherent time dipole for gravity there are two options for pairing symmetries.

1. The macroscopic dipoles pair up in phase space with conjugated dipoles. Virtually the apexes of the pyramid frame are opposite to each other but having absolute rotation symmetry. So the net axial force is zero for equal macroscopic dipoles.

2. The macroscopic dipoles generate g-waves with the anti matter dipoles keeping away from each other at some distance. This is the most complicated process and requires force equilibrium between axial force and angular momentum. So the virtual macroscopic time flux and cumulative precession flux are the two combination fluxes. Supposedly for equal dipoles the axial force is momentary always pulsed attractive but the absolute spins in phase space are opposing. So a halter pair attraction can be imagined. If the halter attraction generates a rotation perpendicular to the virtual main axis rotation then a double rotation for both paired dipoles can be imagined. The ‘north’ or ‘south’ state of the dipole have to exchange in some complicated manner. However easier is it to imagine a fixed flux frame around a double rotation dipole. This dipoles serves in alternation a time flux in the fixed frame branching out in opposing fluxes, apparently serving two envelopes of 3D spatial space in Lorentz space. Perpendicular to the two opposing time axis is another set of opposing time axes complying with the symmetry of the macroscopic dipole in the centre of the fixed flux frame.

So the requirement of gravity generation between the two matter and anti matter masses is that these are attractive and equal in macroscopic mass resulting in a double rotation for the opposing

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absolute symmetries while the cumulative precession gives substitution summation going parallel as requires by centre of the fixed pyramid frame.Secondly it suggest twelve envelopes to maintain the double rotation equilibrium carried by imaginative mirror masses of each time flux axis, all in one Lorentz phase space suggesting a Lorentz phase space carved up in mirrored segments due to Big Bang of opposing directions.

CONTENT OF BOOK 2:Alternating Spinning Black holes and the alternative cosmology

List of symbols Book 1 and book 2 Chap 1 Description and definitions of pseudo vector matterChap 2 Physics of gravity generation in matter surrounded by weak ’vacuum’Chap 3 Alternating spinning black holes consisting of coherent pseudo matterChap 4 Dynamic alignment for pseudo vector cells in the interior of a black hole

Classification in the size of alternating spinning black holesIntermezzo Comparison between standard and alternative cosmologyChap 5 Static black hole conditions for the evolution of the gravitational equilibrium of our

cosmos

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CHAPTER 4

PRECURSSOR EXPERIMENT FOR DRILLING ELECTROMAGNETIC HOLES THROUGH THE SURFACE OF EARTH

With a power source of one frequency

In chap 6 a pilot experiment for gravitational levitation is described proposing the need of at least two electromagnetic power sources to show the effects of levitating a mass in Earth gravity. In this chapter the propagation of e.m waves through matter is investigated. Of course it is well known that above a certain wavelength of electromagnetic radiation this energy cannot penetrate through solid matter while x rays and other wavelengths as gamma’s are short ranged and lose their energy quickly in contact through solid matter.

Actually what is interesting to find out is the rang of the band width around the frequency for the event horizon of a macroscopic mass. For Earth the event frequency is 4.5 mm determined by λem = G M /c2. If a planet or star is not surrounded by dark matter or pseudo vector e-neutrinos then any wavelength of that order cannot penetrate very much. Having a pseudo vector field ‘vacuum’, as reaction to the internal acceleration of matter surrounding the planet it changes perhaps our views.

Calculations in preparation for a proposal of a pilot experiment for gravitational levitation show a relation between angular momentum and radial momentum of the pseudo vector field around a planet determined by the substitution angle which is constant at any radial distance from the planet centre. This can be seen in the sense of physics that provided the pseudo vector velocity is well below the c velocity then the refraction index of the pseudo vacuum is determined by this substitution angle.

It is this angle which seems to make it possible to let the driving electromagnetic flux penetrate through a solid surface of Earth matter. All vacuum of pseudo field circulates with an escape radial velocity of about 10 km/ sec around Earth and quite a bid of this energy is stored in rotational energy.

The proposal for an experiment is reasonable simple: Place say 20 kW of output power source of about 9 mm wavelength radially to the Earth surface at different distances from the surface. Say the smallest distance is 2 meter and the max can be 100 m then measure the penetration efficiency. The source antenna head is placed in a parabolic mirror and has two directions one radial and one tangential, horizontal. Only a certain ratio between the two outputs, horizontal and radial can accommodate the refraction index. So apart from the distance it is a second experimental parameter.

A second option for a decisive conclusion is by placing the parabolic mirror under a slight angle to a horizontal metal plane (with only one antenna head). The substitution angle should be a measure for the refraction index to pass the electromagnetic momentum through the metal which means that the pseudo vector vacuum is attuned to the frequency of the source.

Any source from telecommunication around the range of 5 to 15 mm should do the trick. The wavelength of 9 mm is due to the ½c effective velocity for pseudo vector neutrinos.

An aid to the possible success of the experiment is the use of water as a medium for collimation, adaption of the reactive pseudo e-neutrinos to the e.m. energy input, which can be defined as an attuning of the pseudo vacuum in water to the process of incident energy, two input directions.

Say an attuned vertical column of water has a Q-value between 20 or 100. Q defined as the cavity resonance quality with respect to the dissipation in the medium. Then if normally the e.m. energy absorption is 3 to 5 times λ, here about 1 cm, in the direction of propagation then a column of water of 100 to 500 cm should be enough to set up the resonance process vertically.

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Note, every kg of H2O contains a fraction of: (λ /R) ME = 4.14 1015 kg gravity mass making 4.14 1015 / 5.8 1024 = 7.14 10 -10 [kg /kg] as opposing pseudo vacuum mass which multiplied by c2 gives 6.34 107 joules which is the escape velocity of 1kg of 8.02 [km/sec]. The Earth parameters are: λ = 4.5 10-3 m, R = 6.3 106 m and ME = 5.8 1024 kg.So 500 cm column at 16 cm diameter has a volume of about 5 x 20 litres or kg water. A diameter of 16 cm gives about 100 watt/cm2 while 10 watt /cm2 requires a diameter of 50 cm for an e.m. input of 20 Kw.

The question could be ask why a power source of 20 Kw? It just for the indication that for gravitational levitation a minimum of 20 Kw is needed to ensure that all angles of such experiment are covered. However following the proposal for a pilot experiment in chap 5 a pulsed operated radar experiment with sources up to 1 or 2 Kw could be a start. The criterion of penetration is the reflected energy returned after a pulse. In case no reflection is detected penetration happened provided by using an antenna adapted to tangential component in it as described above.

Design of the calorimeter as detectionThe purpose is to show that the energy which is normally absorbed within the first 3 to 5 cm, λ = 1cm, hardly should give any dissipation for an attuned collimator. So no temperature rise should be expected. The problem is to separate thermally the calorimeter from the attuned vertical water column. Proposed is to build a calorimeter for 16 cm and 50 cm diameter. For the calorimeter a sheet of λ-thickness of say polystyrene is needed passing the horizontal and vertical e.m. radiation. It means designing a diffraction wedge of aluminium foil, strips of metal stuck to the thermal insulation of both sides. Remember the antenna head for the parabolic mirror has also two directions giving the rate of electromagnetic energy in the two directions. It is expected that with a Q-value of 10 about 2Kwatts are dissipated in the calorimeter instead of the 20 Kw.

See calculations of radial quantized vector field and substitution angle in the following paragraphs. Detailed considerations are needed to determine the phase shift between the two antenna heads.

Acknowledgement to Dr WR for pointing out the field experiences with ground operated radar and that above 1.5 GHz any penetration to solid surfaces seems impossible.

PSEUDO MATTER DRIVEN WEAK VACUUMPar 1.0 Summary

The derivation of the substitution angle between tangential and radial weak pseudo vacuum around a gravity generating source. Showing there is no distinction between dark matter and /or dark energy.Dark matter/energy is 100% pseudo vector neutrino ’vacuum’ mediating between electrical charge matter which is overall neutral. Also the term ‘pseudo graviton’ is an option for use in macroscopic calculations.

Par 2.0 Consider Heisenberg’s gravitational induction law:

m M = mpl2 with m = h /(λ c) and λ c2 = G M (3)

Normally in standard physics this law is forbidden or an impossibility. Unless there is an mediating medium in which the pseudo vector cells have an end velocity always below c. So with an effective velocity of ½c for the mediating pseudo vector vacuum of weak interactions this law is always valid in the macroscopic sense for a gravity generating source. Apply this law to any particle mx(e):

mx(e) = mx me mx Mx = mpl2 Mx /mx = Npl

But also: Me /me = Npl This law is valid internally for charged matter because all rest masses of the particles are expressible to me , where Npl acts as a constant.

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Par2.1 Derivation of the mediating mass. Applications of the law of the laws of gravitational induction.Apply the relations between electro static energy and mass energy of a particle. For the electron and the proton is valid:

me c2 = e2 /(2εo re ) mp c2 = e2 /(2εo rp )

giving: re / λe = rp / λp = e2 /(2εo hc) = α (the fine structure constant)

The balance of force with the pseudo vectors:fe = e2 /(2εo r2 ) idem for fp

The acceleration of ax is constant with respect to electron and proton So each ae or ap .

The derivation of the mediating mass with its two limits follows here. The uncertainty principle applied to the proton and electron defines the generalized Compton length:

mec λe = h λe = h /(mec) λp = h /(mpc)

The self energy of the particles balanced against the potential energy of a unit electric charge is (εo is the vacuum dielectric constant):

fge = G me Me / λge2 = me ae = G mpl

2 / λge2 = hc / λge

2

fgp = G mp Mp / λgp2 = mp ap = G mpl

2 / λgp2 = hc / λgp

2

The relations (me Me = mpl2 and mp Mp = mpl

2) follow the induction law.So the balance of force determines the radii of (λge & λgp) with respect to the Compton length.

re / λe = α and α λe = λge

rp / λp = α and α λp = λgp

Applying the conservation of angular momentum on above relations of (λge & λgp) and taking into account the half spin, one arrives at:

λm2 = ¼ λge λgp so mm

2 = me mp / 4α (2.1)

The mediating mass is expressed in the proton and electron:mm

2 = mp me/ 4α α = fine structure constant.

mat = 1837.153 me (α = 1/137.036) giving mm = 250.8082 me me the electron mass.

The effective mediating mass of any neutral atom is the same expression but one divides the mass of the atom through the atom mass number for all neutrons and protons in the atom then giving the effective proton mass of the atom with respect one electron. Apparently the effective mediating mass is a vacuum constant varies slowly over the range of atoms, about 1% while the effective proton mass of the atom varies about 2%.

Derivation of the substitution angle of the tangential and radial pseudo vector vacuum around a gravity generation source

Par 2.2 Coherent condition.

The following expressions for the definition of the linear vectors are equivalent with respect to the velocities v and c.

g(R) 2Rlin = c2 g(R) 2R = v2 (2.1)blin = mlin Rlin c bv = mv R v2 (2.2)

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The rel.2.1 is the labour of a point in vacuum for acceleration {g(R)} at a radius R. Similarly rel.2.2 is the basic expression for the rotation energy in vacuum of the same point but considered at different moments in time.

If in rel.2.2 (blin = bv ) with mlin Rlin c = mv R vThen with the ratio for rel.2.1 (Rlin /R = c2 /v2 ) gives (mlin / mv = v3 /c3 ) (2.4)

Introducing the definition of the uncertainty principle gives:mlin (in) = h / (Rlin c) mv(in) = h / (R v)

Substitution the ratio for rel.2.1: mlin(in) / mv(in) = v3 / c3 (2.5)

Resulting in mlin(in) mv(in) = mv mlin (2.6)

The quantum mechanical inversion of the energy results in the inversion energy. Due to the coherent condition one can express all vector sets in angular and linear momentum of any magnitude for empty space at a real radius R from a centre of mass. In conclusion it seems possible to organize vector quanta in the group velocities correlating velocity to a specific location radius. There is always a time lag between the substitution energy and the real energy exchange.

Par 2.3 Derivation proper of the substitution angle or the vector cross product.

Applying the coherent condition to the vector set of fig.2, one can scale the vector components to c. (Again the magnitude of Rlin is to c but the components are only fraction of c)

fig.2Fig.2 defines the vector angles by introducing the substitution angle θ.

By splitting the pseudo cell into components for the angular and linear momentum at a radius R, one can write:

Rg = Rlin cos θ (linear) and Rb = Rlin sin θ (angular)

The labour component becomes:2Rg g(R) = c2 with mg = h /(Rg c)

The dependence at a real radius R is not shown for Rg(R) and Rb(R). The energy mg (R) is the hypothetical mass coming from Rlin at a radius R to the centre of mass M.The angular component is with mb = (h /(Rb c):

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bb = mb Rb²ωb = h /2π if ωb = c /(2πRb)with Nb = M / mb = (Mc/h) Rb

Wb = mb c2 / 4π2 = (hc /Rb)(1/4π2) (no fact. ½)

For the linear momentum is valid:pg = mg c = h / Rg Ng = M / mg = (Mc/h) Rg

Wg = mg c2 = hc/ Rg (no fact. ½)

Try to normalize for the b-momentum Rbn = 2π Rb . It is not important because (Ng bb = Nb pg) is not valid due to the violation of dimensions. No problems there with (Rbn = 4π2 Rb) . Then the equality

(Ng Wb) * (Nb Wg) = 1

Wsub = Wb + Wg = hc{(1/Rbn) + (1/Rg)} = hc (1/Rsub)NbWb + NgWg = 2Mc2 = (1/Nsub)Wsub (factor ½)

{(1/Nb) + (1/Ng)} = h/Mc{(1/Rbn + 1/Rg)} = {h/(Mc)} (1/Rsub) What is derived is the exchange of energy between the components per real radius R The b-vector is always perpendicular to the g-vector and these are always out of tune with the probability waves mutually. One may be able to replace the mlin of the modulus by a substitution energy:

1/ msub = 1/mb + 1/ mg and 1/ Rsub = 1/ Rb + 1/ Rg

where msub = h /(Rsub c)

The relation between (Rlin & Rsub ) and (mlin & msub ) is:

Rsub msub = Rlin mlin = h/c or Rsub / Rlin = mlin / msub (2.7)

Showing that our initial approach in (par.2.) was correct having derived the substitution angle θ between the components of the pseudo vector is fixed anywhere in 3D-space.

Rsub / Rlin = sin θ cos θ /(cos θ + sin θ) = Rθ (2.8)

(Rsub / Rlin)2 = ¼ sin22θ /(1 + sin2θ ) (2.9)

The relations (2.7 & 2.9) are not identical. The first is with respect to the velocities (v & c) the other with respect to the inversion energy (substitution).

In conclusion, the substitution angle is independent from anywhere from the radial distance of the source. It shows that pseudo vector vacuum of weak interaction to macroscopic matter cannot be separated in dark energy and dark matter. The question of the separation is in fact subjected to the laws of conservation of angular momentum and momentum around a gravity generating source.

Determination of the refraction indexThis is a option probably needed in chap 6 because of the propagation the slow pseudo vacuum in relation to interaction with electromagnetic waves to drive the conjugated mode in matter. The expression (2.9) should represent a refraction index due to the exchange between angular and radial R-quanta. Since this ratio is constant anywhere outside the R-boundary of the source. So the index is also normalized with respect to the c-velocity. The determination of the substitute angle θ is for the H atom θ = 13o.94653 surmising that the index

nlin = 1 + tg2θ

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In chap5 is derived that the mediating mass (or the effective) is responsible for the weak force preventing the atom to contract in itself then generating the electric unit charge. Having made this observation then the weak force is the consequence of the induction law opposing the mass inversion with respect to the well known gravity. If the anti-pseudo vectors are linked to the electrons and vice versa for the proton then the force exchange maintains always equilibrium between the two particles.

Using the induction law in relation to the substitution angle θ in terms of energy makes the results of table1 more accessible (rel 2.9).

Table 1Rθ

2 = (Rsub / Rlin)2 = ¼ sin22θsub /(1 + sin2θsub)

θsub (Rθ)2 1/Rθ2

12º.82945 0.0332711 30.5709413º.94653 0.0372760 26.8269 H-atom15º 0.0416666 24.030º 0.1004809 9.95213545º 0.125 8.060º 0.0 ∞90º 0.0 ∞

bcross = 1/8 √3 = sin θ cos θ with θ = 12º.82945(1/Rθ

2) = (Nm/ Nat) = 26.83 mat / mm = 7.325 = 1836.153 /250.8082 (H-atom) (neutron) = 26.83 mpn / mm = 1838.684 /251.0172

The effective mass of nucleon (atomic mass divided by mass number) is for every atom different which makes the angle (θsub = 13º.94653) slightly different in each case. Here (see ref.1) by assumption the ratio (mat /mm) for the H-atom and neutron are the same, so θsub is the same. Secondly, the inversion pseudo vectors of 45º match to the external energy balance in par.2.2 due to (1/Rθ)2 = 8.

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Chapter 5

A PILOT EXPERIMENT FOR GRAVITATIONAL LEVITATION

Introduction Newton’s law of quantum gravity.The echo time.The numeric calculation.

Summary An experiment on gravitation is extremely important because the small hollow black holes are enigmatic especially since normal star matter consists of only one kind of neutral pseudo matter and it seems unlikely that a star of the appropriate mass can transform itself into the resonance state determined by the two kinds of pseudo matter.

In normal conditions of gravity one expects the extreme synchronized conjugation is organized in a semi chaotic state. However still for short moments, neutral combinations of electrons and atoms are pushed in the conjugated mode. This is the reason for the proposal of a pilot experiment on gravitational levitation.

The outgoing flux of vacuum of pseudo vector neutrinos due to gravity has to be opposed by the disturbing the quantum mechanical process for the formation of the conjugated mode locally. Obviously to do this is, is by using at least two electromagnetic power sources based on the rules of the four laws of dipole alignment. Secondly, the 5watt/kg rule plays also its role in the specification note for the experiment.

In chap 2 the physics of gravity generation as internal synchronized acceleration in neutral matter was explained. This new insight for the property of the generation of virtual time coherent vectors as a function of the radius from the gravity generating centre is the base for the postulate of the existence of a phase space of time coherence in three dimensions. This phase space of time plays an active role in the definition of the frequencies needed for the electromagnetic power sources. The time vector (dipole) interactions are described in par 3.1 etc. New is the work hypothesis as a consequence of the better understanding of the physics of the pseudo vector holes. The pseudo quantum gravity for the neutrino vacuum based on Newton’s law of gravity determines that the angle of exchange between tangential and radial quanta of the vacuum around the gravity generating source is constant at any radius from the source. One can conclude that the radial progress of quanta to the source gives a refraction index of about 1.065 which is independent of the kind of atomic matter of the source. Secondly to set up a resonance for the pseudo vacuum quanta the driving e.m. power sources could correspond to the event condition at Rout for the conjugated mode in matter. So (Rout /Rc) follows the refraction index for echo location which is about 400 m internally for Earth. It is expected that the combined electromagnetic propagation for at least two sources under the resonance condition penetrates through the surface matter density.

Introduction

In Chap 3 and 4 of ‘alternating spinning BH’ three subjects are mentioned that are of interest here.1. The power of 5 watts/kg for the alternation of the BH to the external world. A similar

derivation is given in par 3.The propagation of pseudo vacuum escaping from the gravity generating source giving a refraction index due to exchange of the radial and angular quanta of the pseudo vacuum. This is treated in par 2.

2. The conjugated condition of neutral matter in fact charged matter. The normal condition for charged particles is the reflection condition. The electric charge in reflection has the opposite polarity therefore attracts to a metal surface. The conjugated condition should be the opposite

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well known in some laser/maser materials as the conjugated mode. This what has to be proven by the experiment.

In coherent vector matter in the alternating BH the conjugated mode cannot exist and is replaced by counterpart of normal matter, conjugated pseudo matter. Both matters are mirror images in electric charge to each other but have the same absolute internal spins in contrast to anti matter also consisting in two kinds. So it is also a consequence of the opposite polarities of the two constants of universal gravity. In other words the conjugated condition has to be forced on matter by external driven e.m. sources. Progress in propagation due to the short wave length of the e.m. power can be established by executing the precursor experiment in chap 4.

Next the paragraph of double rotating vectors applied to as well leptons and quarks as to the dipoles of gravity vacuum, quanta, the pseudo gravitons could be the onset to determine the phase relations between e.m. power sources.

Par 1 Newton’s law of quantum gravity.

Comment: The main part of this note was written around 2003/2004. Excuses for the notification of the subscripts. The definition of a pseudo graviton is a pseudo vector cell in empty space surrounding a gravity generating source .

The modulus of a fundamental pseudo graviton of a lump of matter is the virtual event horizon defined by the general relativity theory. Although the pseudo graviton is defined with respect to the speed of light c, it is in general moving slowly, provided the pseudo vacuum organizes themselves in group velocities around a matter source. Contraction by thought experiment, the self gravitation of a mass M, constitutes the radius for the event horizon λ which is by definition also the modulus of the fundamental pseudo graviton.So λ c² = 2GM . It is the integration of Newton’s law where the interval is R= λ to infinity. G is universal constant of gravity. Using this information for Newton’s classic law of gravity:

g (R) = G M/ R² and with the definition of the equivalence principle for the modulus :g (R) 2Rlin (R) = c²

For every force of gravity g (R) treated as a local constant, at a radius R, there is a corresponding distance of acceleration to the c-velocity.Substitution gives:

Rn² = λ Rlin (Rn) (1)By applying the uncertainty principle, the energy of the pseudo graviton can be related to the uncertainty wavelength of the modulus for the pseudo graviton.

So λ = h / mλ c and Rlin (Rn) = h / mlin cWith h the Heisenberg constant.

Rlin (Rn) is a parabolic function to the radius Rn with respect to the centre of the gravity generating source. The number of pseudo gravitons at the radius Rn is:

N (Rn) = M / mlin(Rn) (2)

Applying Schrodinger’s equation of the pseudo graviton λ which has the smallest wavelength but the highest energy and realizing that all pseudo gravitons from Rlin (R) to λ have only one and the same angular momentum then rel.(1) represents the zero energy for the radius Rn for each Rlin (Rn), because Rn = (n+1) λ . Thus every radius Rn represents a zero energy state for a different wavelength of the pseudo gravitons. No more other states are possible per radius Rn .The smallest pseudo graviton energy is much smaller than that of the rest mass of an electron, λEarth = 9 mm allowing that Schrodinger’s equation is valid for a particle like the smallest pseudo graviton.

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The quantized law of gravity in rel.3 is the reason why the pseudo graviton interference might be possible. See Chap 5 of ‘the vector driven vacuum’ .

The echo timeConsidering rel.1 in its quantized context, then one realizes that if the pseudo graviton wave length goes to infinity then the energy of the pseudo graviton goes to zero, while the number of pseudo gravitons goes to infinity (rel.2). An infinite long uncertainty wave length means instantaneous exchange of information from infinity. Although the pseudo gravitons as a group at radius Rn exchange energy in a simplification with its neighboring radii Rn-1 and Rn+1. It is a simplification because really the local pseudo gravitons at Rn exchange also with the infinity. It is in the nature of the pseudo gravitons to be accelerated locally which makes the exchange slowly. In the infinite the exchange of energy has nearly infinite duration, because the constants of acceleration at these radii are extremely small.

Considering the electromagnetic propagation of waves in a pseudo graviton fields, empty space, then these always have a constant velocity, weak gravity, of the light speed. In other words an apparent conflict exist between the instantaneous availability of slow accelerated pseudo gravitons and the finite constant speed of the photon. At the boundary of a matter surface it means a time lack for exchange of the information between the photons and the pseudo gravitons which is determined by the radius of the mass. Here this time lack is call the echo time. The echo time is not given by the diameter of the sphere, because the pseudo gravitons λ are accelerated and reach their destination in half the time compared to something moving with a constant velocity.

Considering above explanation, it can be understood why a one mirror works for the pseudo graviton interference as a boundary, while normally an interferometer takes two mirrors. Infinitely far away the other mirror exists, taking the information instantly to the matter boundary.

In the last paragraph the conjugated condition explains the relation between the echo time and the λ-pseudo gravitons.

A last remark, the question has not been answered why the pseudo graviton interferometer with the electromagnetic drivers is localized. The general relativity theory is a global theory about gravity while here by definition of 3D-pseudo gravitons in phase space we postulate the locality of the pseudo gravitons as pseudo one dimensional conversion into a pseudo vector driven vacuum.

The numeric calculation. The escape velocity at the Earth surface is about is about 39700 km/ hrs or 11 km/sec for the radius of Earth of 6320 km. Then one kg matter has an energy of E = ½m v² = 60.5 mega-Joules with an echo time of T = 6320/c = 21 msec. giving a required power E/T = 2.9 109 watts or 2.9 Giga watts higher, see par 2, a factor (√λ/R) higher . This is perhaps the e.m. power needed to levitate 1 kg of matter. By using the groups velocity of 11 km/sec then the echo time T = 6320 /11 = 570 sec giving much less power of 106 kilo-watts for levitation.

However the pseudo graviton Rlin at the surface radius of rel.1 is:Rlin = (6.32 106)² / λ = 4.4 10exp(+15) m with the fundamental pseudo graviton

λ of 9 mm.

To proclaim an echo time of 570 sec. which is valid for the pseudo gravitons, is ridiculous in case of the photons because the photons cross the diameter of Earth : 570 / 0.042 = 1.36 104 times. It means the echo time of 21 milli secs cannot be ignored. Obviously the division of 21 msec and 570 sec follows the ratio √(λ /R).

In par 3 the conjugated condition is derived based on the conservation of energy between the pseudo gravitons.

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It dictates that for Rlin = 4.4 10exp(+15) m the power of 106 k-watts can be reduced by a factor of √(λ/R) then giving 4 watt/kg. It is surmised that this must be the e.m. power which is needed to sustain the levitation.

Extrapolating, means that for every ton of matter about 5 kilowatts of e.m. power is needed to levitate this continuously. As will be seen in the next section, the number of 4 watts / kg is too low, because for reasons of the pseudo graviton bandwidth and the effects of the different atoms of this type of interference. In consideration, the numeric constant for the power is an incentive for an experiment worthwhile an investment by finding a new means of transportation.

Par 2 Derivation of the power in conjugated condition

The scaling relations between the number of pseudo gravitons λ of and the kinetic velocity v at a certain radius and the light speed are given in the table.

Type pseudo graviton (c) pseudo graviton (v)

E; energy mλ c² = hc/λ mλ v² = hc/RP; power hc² /(λ R) (h c²/ R²)(√λ/R)B; ang. mom. hR / λ (hR / λ)(√λ/R)g; gravity hc³ /(λR²) (hc³ /R³)(λ/R)

mλ = h/(λc) ; v² /c² = λ /R (N-law of gravity); t = R/c and T = R/v = (R/c)(√(R/λ) ; B = mλ R²ω .

Expressions in dimensions are: [P] = [E/T] ; [ω] = [1/T] ; and [g] = [E/T²] . [T] is not T only but t also. By plugging in t or T and v or c proper, one finds the expressions in the columns.

Since the number of pseudo gravitons is the gravity generating mass divided by the pseudo graviton energy then the number of pseudo gravitons should also be scaled either to v or c but the number pseudo gravitons generated at c (virtually) are not necessary the same as these reaching the radius R with velocity v.

Then E1 = N1 mλ c² = N1 hc/ λ E2 = N2 mλ v² = N2 hc/R

For the power scaling one has to differentiate E to time, where in dimensions is:dN1/dt = N1 / t dN2/dT = N2 / T

P1 = (dN1/dt) hc/λ + N1 hc² /(λR)P2 = (dN2/dT) hc /R + N2 hc²/R²√(λ/R)

Substitution of (dN1/dt) and (dN2/dT) gives:

P1 = 2 N1 hc² /(λR) P2 = 2 N2 (hc² /R²) /√(λ/R)

Some numeric factors of two are ignored, because it is dimensional scaling. For the angular momentum B, the number of pseudo gravitons are the same as in the expressions for E, the energy.

In case of the conservation of angular momentum B1 = B2 :N1 hR /λ = N2 (hR /λ)√(λ/R) giving: N1 = √(λ/R) N2

Then E1 = √(R/λ) E2 and P1 = √(R/λ) P2 (5)

In case of conservation of energy E1 = E2 , giving: N1 = (λ/R) N2

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Then B1 = √(λ/R) B2 and P1 = √(λ/R) P2 (6)

To understand the rel.(6) in the context of the conjugated gravity, one has to equate the photon power with the pseudo graviton power. According to the definition of the pseudo graviton then the energy of one photon (hω/2π) is the same as that of the modulus of the pseudo graviton (hc/λ).

In other words if one can generate c- particles and slow these down to v-velocities in which their number increases, then the driving energy for these particles to maintain this process, is a factor of (λ/R) smaller than in case of the conservation of angular momentum in rel.5.

If nature allows matter to be forced in this condition, the conjugated condition of energy conservation then the momentum of the photons is enough to float a lump of matter in the field of pseudo gravitons. Remember P2 = 1.31 105 watts ( 106 Kw above) then P1 = 4 or 5 watts per kg mass.It all seems so simple to derive but only when the physics is understood this kind of exercise could be made.

To get the complete proof of rel.6, one has to repeat the exercise with Newton’s quantum law of gravity ( R² = λ (Rlin (R)) , where mlin = h/(Rlin c)

E; mlin c² = (hc/R) λ/ R mlin v² = (hc/R) λ²/ R²P; (hc² /R²) λ/ R (hc² /R²)(λ²/R²)√(λ/R)B; h λ/ R (h λ/ R)√(λ/R)

Repeating the case for the conservation of energy, one gets exactly the same results. In other words, with Newton’s law of quantum gravity the conjugated condition is truly valid.

Continuation of the following relations are again expressed in Rlin , the following table is valid.angular linear

blin (::) h / 2π plin (::) 1/ Rlin

Nlin blin (::) Rlin Nlin plin (::) const.Energy Wb (::) 1/ Rlin labour Wp (::) 1/ Rlin

Nlin Wb (::) Mc2 Nlin Wp (::) Mc2

The advantage of the pseudo vectors scaled according to Rlin (R) is that they can be normalized against the photon having a constant c-velocity. Only the pseudo vector is always a factor two slower than the photon. It also explains why the pseudo cell can be used in the quantum mechanical formalism normally reserved for the photons.(See fig.3)

The radius Rβ is not directed radially but subjected to the substitution angle θ. It is defined in par 2.0 that the vector representation has the two states of the pseudo cell and the anti-pseudo cell in one zero energy quantum which always exchange between proton and electron. This determines that the rel. (10) is basic and shows Newton’s law for quantum gravity in three dimensions. Every n-state in Rn has a corresponding zero energy state for the pseudo vectors. The c-pseudo vectors of R lin have a parabolic relation to Newton’s law in the radial sense. It has an inverse proportionality to R-squared due to the group velocity delaying the process of contraction.

THE EXPERIMENTThe game of the double rotating vectors.

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The available options for the e.m. sources.The calibration of the source frequencies against the mass of the Earth.Continuous versus pulsed or ballistic power sources.The frequency bandwidth of the sources and the surface density.The repetition frequency or echo time.The detection systemThe evaluation of risk to investment.

Par 3.1 The game of the double rotating vectors (fig.2)

Fig.2

IntroductionThe definition of a time vector is also a dipole due to the conjugated condition for photons, 2c = 2 abs(±c). In fact a different physics concept for Bell’s theorem.The two new pseudo vectors explained in chap 2, the coherent vector of time which opposes the vector of labour due to synchronized internal acceleration in a macroscopic mass and as a consequence the resulting vector of cumulative precession maintain always 90o angle and both are equal to each other. Therefore kinematic movement of these time vectors can be placed in a phase space of time of which both vectors are at the center of origin. A time dipole can be seen as two opposing time vectors revolving over a time interval. Therefore the relative frequencies between two perpendicular double rotating vectors can be studied, one representing precession the other time coherence. So set up a computer program for the double rotations.

The frequencies of the spin and precession rotation can be different and should have integer values just because a particle is a self consistent oscillation it always has to be an integer. Further the vectors can be seen as dipoles of opposing poles or flux tubes of opposing photons or pseudo gravitons independent of the velocity in the tube.

So leptons may have a basic frequency ratio of 1 : 2 or 2 : 1 while the quark cells have 1 : 3 or 3 :1 while pseudo gravitons in and extern of a macroscopic mass under the pressure of gravity have 2 : 3 or 3 : 2.

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What is interesting in the game of double rotating dipoles is the action reaction interference in case of two set of double rotations are studied. Then the straight line interference through the centre of the double rotation is of most interest. These summations between the vector sets can be adjusted by phase angle settings in the program.

DescriptionsFor the interference between the two kind of pseudo gravitons, the game of the double rotating vectors (dipoles) is the source of reference. In fig.3 the axes for the double rotation are shown with the point of the vector. Only one point of the vector is given because of visualization by animation. The interference of the pseudo gravitons in this game comes from two frequencies equal to both and different phase angles at the onset of the rotation. There are to be distinguished two modes of importance.

The normal mode. The two double rotating pseudo gravitons have both positive equal frequencies but are 180° in phase shifted. This is geometrically a linear mode which by association reveals the action to reaction between matter and pseudo gravitons. Of the two rotation frequencies only the 3f is dominant and the 2f is suppressed. This mode is still of interest to determine the lossless dissipation of e.m. power through matter due to the pseudo gravitons.

The conjugated or anti-gravity mode. The two double rotating vectors are in a situation of anti- rotation. Here one finds at a particular setting of the phase angles again a geometric linear mode in a perpendicular plane to the main rotation axis. This linear mode consists of only a difference and a sum frequency, respectively 1f and 5 f compared to the main frequencies of 2f and 3f. This linear mode is by association a nonlinear excitation of the pseudo gravitons with matter. It invokes the conjugated mode which in terms of the electromagnetic condition has to be force free.

Another important feature is learned from the game apart from the setting of the phase angles. It is the ratio of the two angular velocities of the double rotation. Only in a pyramid symmetry the ratio of the frequencies is 2f and 3f. Of course this ratio has to be calibrated to the absolute frequency of the fundamental pseudo graviton of Earth.

The other supposition is that to invoke both these modes in matter each situation given by the game, can be used for the electromagnetic waves. For down loading the game see ref.2.

Par 3.2The available options for the e.m. sources.

The electromagnetic waves propagate in vacuum in a transversal manner. The time varying vectors of the electric and magnetic field are perpendicular to the direction of propagation. The pointing vector in the direction of propagation transfers the momentum of the electric and magnetic field strength.

Compared to driving pseudo gravitons in double rotation for two different geometric directions even if not existing as such in our 3D-space, limits our options. Setting up in our space, a trial for the e.m. sources of double rotating pointing vectors seems utterly useless. So the e.m. waves have to interact with matter collectively to invoke one of the proper linear modes for the pseudo ton interference. The collective interaction in matter for the conjugated pseudo gravitons in terms of electromagnetic fields is the force free condition.

Therefore the available options are limited and counting them gives:1. transversal propagation2. circular polarity, clock wise or anti-clock wise, of the electric field vector.

In other words the e.m. waves follow the direction of gravity parallel having some even distributed energy density. The circular polarity is needed to overcome the anti-rotating angular velocity at the double rotation.

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This gives the following scheme for experimenting expressed in the two linear modes for interference of the pseudo gravitons.

Mode: lossless dissipation 2f* 3fCircular pol. right rightIdem left left

Mode: anti-pseudo graviton 2f 3fCircular pol. left rightIdem right left

*: the 2f-frequency is not real.An experimental parameter is the onset of the phases between 2f and 3f.

It has to be realized that normally the dielectric- and magnetic susceptibility-coefficients in matter at frequencies around 34 Giga-hertz (GHz) give overall dissipation. The e.m. waves cannot penetrate deep into matter. So the mode of the lossless dissipation is significant because apparently due to pseudo graviton interference the e.m. power disappears, which is another way of saying, it penetrates through matter. Obviously the scheme shows all the options of right or left handed circular polarization for the two sources of 2f- and 3f-frequencies.

Par 3.3 The calibration of the source frequencies against the mass of the Earth.

The ratio between the two frequencies is 3 to 2. The fundamental pseudo graviton λ is calculated from:λ c² = 2G M

M is the mass of Earth and G the universal constant of gravity. The λ = 9 mm, giving about 33.3 Ghz. However this assessment is not accurate enough. One should be able to obtain both M and G as accurate as possible although an initial accuracy of 1 into thousand is enough.

From previous calculations with Pseudo vector quanta the relation between the Fermi-spin and the dipole momentum is clear and giving the mediating mass for the neutral atom.

½λm is acceleration to ½c of the light speed.With λm = h /(2π mm c). For a Fermi particle; λm = h /(4π mm c)

Here 4π represents the spin number m = ½ equal to 720° twice the spin of the photon m =1 or 360°. If the pseudo graviton has a spin of m= 2 corresponding to 180° to the photon, it means that a photon of light speed c sees the pseudo graviton having a length of 2λ governed by an apparent phase velocity of 2c. This reasoning seems to be correct, for the pseudo graviton is accelerated with constant acceleration reaching its destination in half the time as a point moving with a constant velocity.

It means that the leading pseudo graviton length is 2λ .So: 1f = 16.7; 2f = 33.3; 3f = 50.1 and 5f = 85.3 GHz. Consequently it determines the e.m. frequencies for the power sources and the detection. A second consideration to check above reasoning states that the event horizon is 2λ like the diameter of the observable universe is twice Hubble’s radius.

With the outcome of ½λm for the Fermi particle and the 2λ of the fundamental pseudo graviton looks like a contradiction. It only shows that the Fermi particle is completely different. Four pseudo graviton interactions correspond to one half spin and 2 photon interactions with one pseudo graviton and two photons with one Fermi particle. Interaction can be read as released or absorbed.

Par 3.4 Continuous versus pulsed or ballistic power sources.

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The continuous power provided that the conjugated mode in matter is excited, is a possibility. Although there is only one mirror surface, the Earth surface, the conjugated mode might be sustained by feedback on the detection frequencies 1f and 5f steering the output power of the driving sources. However an intimate knowledge of the conjugated mode and how to manipulate it is an requirement. It is most likely that the continuous operation is also the condition for a minimum power, maintaining of the levitation by annulment of the pseudo graviton intensity.

There are some advantages in the pulsed operation of the power sources. Namely one gives a short burst of power at a repetition frequency and mean while listens to the detection frequencies. Then adjusting some the parameters to optimize the detection output. However even in the pulsed situation of the two power sources it is highly likely that the detection signals are drowned in the non linear noise due to power losses in matter. The last is one of the conditions to get the interferometer working.

The whole point is that the tuning process between the boundary condition and the power density (power per m²) at the matter surface is a question mark, which is impossible to improve by consideration in theory (not much can be deduced about the mechanism of conjugated gravity and matter). The other reason that the construction of a power transmission system, as wave guides at 30 and 50 GHz is very delicate. The transmission system should deliver its output power of the exact mode configuration and homogenous density at the launcher pointing to the parabolic antenna. Secondly the phase relation as an experimental parameter between the two sources should be precise. All in all it are very high technical standards to achieve for this frequency range.

So it seems much better to split the experiment in two parts. One with high power or density which is adjustable in a few steps. This part brings us to the mode of the experiment for the lossless dissipation. The disadvantage is that no or hardly any detection frequencies are possible. One has to resort to a bolometer technique which are a kind of calorimeter measuring the energy dissipation in materials (matter). If the lossless condition is reached then the dissipation is minimal with respect to the output energy of the source.

The lossless mode is a nonlinear mode for the pseudo graviton interference. Except it is difficult to obtain without an auxiliary frequency of 2f. According to the scheme with one power source of 3f and circular polarization it seems impossible to decompose the power nonlinearly into two opposing frequencies of 2f, although the leading pseudo graviton frequency of 1f might help to assist in nonlinear mode. It means one might operate a one or ten megawatts gyrotron of 3f assisted by a klystron of 10 or 20 kilowatts. Gyrotrons like magnetrons, are free running oscillators which cannot be steered or coupled to another oscillator, while a klystron has a input to steer its power resonances but cannot easily attain technically the high power of a gyrotron.

In this situation one can find the optimal power or required density at the pulse length and repetition rate(echo time) proper. If these parameters are known one can start to design the power wave guide and klystrons still to be operated in pulsed condition at the high technical standard needed for the conjugated mode, which is the second part of the experiment.

Par 3.5 The frequency bandwidth of the sources and the surface density.

For our model of an ideal pseudo graviton interferometer matter should be distributed in a thin layer of the Earth surface. In that case one suspects an ideal resonator cavity to exist for the interferometer, of which the quality Q of the resonator should be nearly infinite, meaning hardly any dissipation occurs in the cavity.

Working under this supposition one can determine the ideal surface density:4π Rs² ρs = M

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ρs = 1.172 10exp(+10) kg / m² , if for the Earth Rs = 6320 km , M = 5.976 10exp(+24) kg. With the distributed mass within the entire sphere and the average density of ρav , the thickness d of the surface layer is:

d 4π Rs²ρav = M with d = 2130 km , if ρav = 5520 kg/m³

The result shows a considerable difference. In search for a worse case scenario one might consider that d = dr is also a measure for the pulse length of (dr/c = pulse time). If the interferometer despite the distributed matter is of reasonable quality, say (dr/Rs) = 0.001, then the bandwidth for the driving sources should be of the same order of (δf / f) = 0.001. For a source of 34GHz the bandwidth is 30 MHz but it might be better to be of 1MHz or δf / f = 0.0001. In that case by careful scanning with the repetition frequency of the power pulses, one does not drown the signals in other noise. In the opposite case if the bandwidth is too wide no detection is possible.

In case (dr/Rs) = 0.01, it means that the utmost of the available power, highest density, is required.

Considering above theory one suspects that due to coherence in the groups velocity of the pseudo gravitons ( quantized radii) the resonance surface density is small determining a high quality for the interference mechanism of the pseudo gravitons.

The repetition frequency or echo timeThe same formula as in the previous paragraph suggests that Newton’s law:

G 4π ρs Rs² = gs Rs²Where G ρs = gs . The force of gravity is related directly to the surface density. The point is that the geometric radius of Earth does not have to comply with the resonance radius of the pseudo graviton mode.

To find the echo time ( Rs/c = 21.2 msec) for the resonator one has to adapt or scan with the repetition frequency of the power pulses. If (δR/R = 0.01 , which is about 60 km for R = 6000 km conform δt = 0.21 msec (δt/t = 0.01).

If the shortest pulse is 2 microsec. (δR = 600 m, δt/t = 0.0001) then one has to change the repetition rate for about ± 30 km in steps of 600 m. giving about hundred changes with the repetition rate for one power setting of the sources. Of course considering all options one has to repeat the procedure for other width of resonance up to pulses, say 2 msec.

It goes without saying as soon as the detection system has a signal one can start the process of antenna to launcher system. The easiest way is with strain gauges. It is simple and completely independent of any pick up of electromagnetic noise. Naturally confirmation of the existence of levitation is the final goal for this experiment base on pseudo gravitons in phase space. However the search for the conjugated mode in matter is a delicate procedure. One needs to search for optimal conditions.

Par 3.6 The detection system.

One way of conforming the existence of the conjugated mode is to check the weight of the the nonlinear mechanism of the double rotation from other nonlinear effects. A detection of the harmonic frequencies is the only option.

If the detection system solely measures the sum and difference frequencies then it is the conjugated mode proper. It means that the harmonic frequencies of 4f and 6f as the higher harmonics of 2f and 3f the driving frequencies, should not exist. Therefore also detection of the 4f and 6f harmonics should be included.

Par 3.7 The evaluation of the risk to investment.

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The whole idea of the pyramid symmetry and the double rotating pseudo gravitons seems solid enough. There are enough supporting exercises described in the physics of the appendix to determine that an experiment is worthwhile.

The reasoning for the calibration of the fundamental pseudo graviton to the frequencies of the driving e.m. sources is for 99% sure. An evaluation though by peers even if they are not supporting the idea of levitation, but according to professional courtesy, is a good policy. The frequency bandwidth with respect to the mass of Earth seems to be within experimental bounds provided the leading parameters as G and M are within 0.1%. The bottle neck comes from the power density (power per m²) in relation to the collective effect on the atoms due to the pseudo gravitons which are far exceeding the individual dimensions of the atoms.

Evaluating the above proposal of the two part of the experiment gives whatever one does, 50% chance to success. Starting with two off the shelves klystrons of 20 kW, rather 40 kW if possible, made for single mode and small frequency bandwidth has good possibilities too, say 50%. Again one needs the two modes, first the lossless one, because of the single onset for the phase relation between the two power sources is not complicated and consequently the other conjugated mode for further trials. The proposal with the one girotron and an auxiliary klystron has also 50% chance of reaching results.

So what if the 20 kW or 40 kW experiment gives no results? But to initiate the collective effect in matter might be at higher power level say 100 or 200 kW? (Making the diameter of the antenna smaller and smaller is not an option.) Here the required input power for both the tubes is 0.5 or 1Mw with still the high technical requirements for the tubes. The result is an increase of investment of may be a factor 5. Let us say originally, the first million euros is for buying the equipment and another million is needed for personnel plus accommodation. Due to the increase of power of a factor 5, one talks about 30to 60 million euros. Mostly the development cost of the power klystrons with the power plant to operate them. All can be short circuited by the pre curser experiment of chap 4.

Appendixes. The conjugated condition derived from Newton’s law.

The scaling for the power needed to derive the conjugated mode in matter, is as follows. Calculate the energy E of a pseudo graviton at c-velocity and similarly at v-velocity at the radius R including the number of pseudo gravitons in those situations. Derive from the energies of the pseudo gravitons the power P by the time intervals proper. Apply energy conservation. From this the pseudo graviton ratio is calculated. Put this ratio in the power relations which gives:

P(c) = √(λ/R) P(v) The angular moment B: B(c) = √(λ/R) B(v)

Check the derivation, take the opposite, conservation of B. It gives:P(c) = √(R/λ) P(v)E(c) = √(R/λ) E(v)

Extended fig 2. DEFINITION OF DOUBLE ROTATIONLoad doewn of game double rotationg dipoles

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The double rotation of the vector with an angle between the rotation axes has accelerated or retarded orbits with the summation of two double rotating vectors as a resultant. It is needed to demonstrate the action to reaction mechanism between two of those vectors.

In the game of double rotation 3 points are given as parameters with respect to the centre of a cubic symmetry.

1. The main fixed rotation axis with respect to space. 2. The momentary rotation axis. 3. The end point of the vector.

To find out which is which in the parameter table, set one of the frequencies to zero. The result is a circular orbit. Then switch to the other frequency and repeat calculation given for the orbit by the game. The other circular orbit is shown.

WITH MANUAL GAME OF DOUBLE ROTATING VECTORS.If you load the game in your PC, click on the execute-logo given Dos. If a blank window appears, click on menu for drop-down screens and play with all the possible parameters. Happy gaming!!! Ref. The game of the double rotating vectors (dipoles). Available for down load at the site.

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CHAPTER 6

SCALING CALCULATIONS FOR THE PSEUDO VECTORNEUTRINOS OF THE WEAK VACUUM AND CONJUGATED EXCITATION

Par 1 The fire cracker calculation as introduction.

After many years of playing monkey by tapping the digits of the ten numbers not entirely randomly the calculation of the ‘fire cracker’ between the rest masses of proton, neuron and the electron as unit was found. Apparently this insight seemed only possible after the spectacular tentative atom/quark model was understood. The only consolation is that a host of other clever monkeys did not find this result either. So a Buddhist mantra could be, never take your own endeavor too seriously. To appreciate the calculation return to chap 2 par 5 for the right impression. The other results of the tapping monkey are given in par 2 to 6.

The muon lepton complies to the 17th τ-string of 108me of the proton only doubled due to up and down exchange. The 17th τ-string as end cap symmetry in the proton has no µ-pseudo neutrino exchange but communicates directly to the pseudo e-neutrinos externally. The electron in resonance externally has no τ’s internally but exchanges up/down internally as so far understood by µ-pseudo’ s.

The neutron complies exactly as the going in between of the proton and electron. The rest mass difference to the proton is 2.531me complying to five µ-pseudo’ s up/ down in which the alternating 6th location for exchange, two equilateral triangles with 60o shift, acts as a hole. Obviously if the neutron decays one expects at least two electrons and some rest debris of e-pseudo neutrinos which has never been observed.

The gap labour of the 17th string is 5.223me divide by two gives 2.6125 due to up/down. Take into account ½c effective for the minimum energy of decay giving (2.6125 – 1.154700 = 1.4578)me . Divide by √2 due to internal acceleration for the end velocity giving 1.4578 /√2 = 1.03082 me The rest mass of the electron is unit giving a ratio of 1.03082 but (1.03082)2 = 1.062500 complying to the ratio of 1836 /1728 = 17 /16 with the conserved quark cell of 1728me for most subatomic decays. There are two possibilities in physics for explaining the exponent of two: momentum passing a cross section or the as a cross vector product for precession.

Secondly, take the calculated masses of the pseudo e-neutrinos in par 2 and par 6 of respectively 1.34002 eV and 1.233 eV with the last for the state of the c-neutrino as lowest energy state. Multiply by 1.154700 , m/mo = 1 /(√(1 – β2) giving 1.423745 eV. See also neutrino balances chap 2 par 2.4. The ratio is again 1.423745 /1.34002 = 1.062480 close enough, showing that the calculations in par 2 and 6 are correct. What is not understood how the c-string of e-pseudo ’s are paired. More e-pseudo neutrinos have to be compressed to together to reach relativistic values exceeding 1.233 eV as observed. This is in contrast to the τ and µ-state at c showing individual c-states composed of triple states for the pseudo neutrinos, Chap 2 par 2.2. Par 2 Some properties of the pseudo vector ‘vacuum’ If normally a Fermi particle is defined by its direction of momentum the particle has to defined differently incorporating the change of momentum internally of it. To only carrier not mentioned while still observed at c velocity is the neutrino. So find a definition for all kind of neutrinos. The insight that neutrinos could be defined as paired vector neutrinos having always sub c-velocities for their pseudo state, is a base to comply with conjugated properties of ‘vacuum’ for the weak interaction force while the observed neutrinos at c velocity lose the ability of changing momentum. A single pseudo neutrino externally cannot change momentum but as a group in exchange to nucleons and electrons and in macroscopic situations change of momentum is possible.

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The definition of the pseudo vector neutrino is that it consists of three equal vector components generating a maximum effective groups velocity of ½ c which comply to ½√2c end velocity due to acceleration component resulting is ½c2 labour for a unit mass. A vector component carries spin and the other component is the cross product vector for the precession of the pseudo cell. All in all a pseudo cell has cubic symmetry between the components. Further the normal commutation law between vectors is not valid, giving four independent options as is discussed in chap 1. This extra degree of freedom is responsible for the existence of four symmetric neutral atoms adhering to the two polarities of the electric charge. So normal matter and conjugated normal matter then anti matter and conjugated anti matter. The pseudo vector neutrino ‘vacuum’ around the atoms or the anti atoms consists of the four independent vector cells. A single pseudo vector cell like a single quark cannot be observed in nature.

Par 2 The pseudo vector vacuum of e-neutrinos, μ-neutrinos. The τ-neutrino is an internal particle arrangement linking to pseudo µ-neutrinos and pseudo e-neutrinos externally. Par 2.0 Introduction to the method of substitution inversion

After trial and error in the analysis by the comparison between rest masses of the sub atomic particles, the inversion substitution as a method for scaling between rest masses emerged. It became clear that there are ratios between groups of leptons and quark complexes in which the fine structure constant and its reciprocal played an important part in all the substitution inversions calculations. Now it is clear why these specific ratios exist. One ratio the fine structure and its reciprocal are intrinsic for the pseudo vacuum of our reality and the conserved ratio of the quark cell belongs to phase space of coherent time together with the constants for the conservation in the lepton mode. See chap 2.

Par 2.1 The e-neutrino pseudo vacuum.

The ground state or zero state of vacuum is given by the proton and the electron or the conjugated proton and electron having the opposite electric charge to the normal proton, electron also distinguished by the opposite polarities of the anomalous magnetic momentum of these states. Between the proton and electron the e-neutrino exchanges to the vacuum should always be at the same moment of time at the system at rest. This can be understood by the rest mass inversion state of these two interchanging particles. In the sentence of some relevant calculations, here repeated for the explanation:

1/ 1837.153 + 1/ 250.8082 = 1/ 220.6808 All expressed in me.

While the difference inversion substitution of 1/ 290.4620 exceeds the Planck representation as a resonance state of the weak vacuum in par 3.4 the value of 286.2874. So only the summation substitution is valid. The substitution inversion has to match for the conserved quark cell and the (1/ 144)-state of the electron determining the product of neutrino interactions:

Nn = 220.6808 x 1728 = 3.813364 105

This value for the zero state of interaction gives the energy of the pseudo e-neutrino as the intrinsic energy for the weak vacuum in present day cosmos: The rest mass of the electron is 0.5110 MeV divide by N gives the value of 0.5110 106/ 3.813364 105 = 1.34002 eV. At the end of this paragraph the 1st and 2nd neutrino calculation are continued.

Note that there is also the value of Planck’s representation close to (288 x 1728) of 286.2874 me. 286.2874 /220.6808= 1.297291

where 1 /(¼√2 )1/4 = 1.296839 or (8)1/8 = 1.296839 It gives another limit. The ratio of both (288 /286.2874) is 1.000348 – 1 = 1 /2867.334

1 /137.036 ± 1 /2867.334 = 1 /130.7853 & 1 /143.9140The last exceeds again the vacuum resonance state of 137.037. In par 7.5 the confirmation of the value of 1.340 eV is derived.

Comment.The Nn of 3.813364 105 can only be established indirectly, say an educated guess of which some more confirmation:

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220.6808 – 137.037 = 83.6448 1/3√3 144 = 249.4153 /3 = 83.13843 The difference is close to the µ-neutrino or 0.506361. Similarly N = 2782.746 x 137.036Giving: 2782.746 / 1837.153 = 1.514705 /3 = 0.5049019. All these value show some internal binding energy to µ-neutrino see further par 7.2

Some relevant calculations of the H-atom all expressed in me:1/ 1837.153 ± 1/ 250.8082 = 1/ 220.6808 & 1/ 290.4620

290.4620 – 220.6808 = 69.781 – (½ 137.0360 = 68.518) = 1.2632 1/ 220.6808 ± 1/ 290.4620 = 1/ 125.4041 & 1/ 918.5764

The obvious because 2 x 918.5764= 1837.153 and 2 x 125.4041 = 250.8082 are the initial states of the H-atom.

The 1st e-neutrino calibration with respect to the electron mass.Proton mass: 1836.153 me mediating mass between electron and proton is 250.8082 me..The derivation for the mediating mass is in chap 5. The formula: mmed = ½ √(meff α) with α reciprocal fine structure constant and meff the rest mass of the proton for any atom.Apply substitution principle:

1 /1837.153 + 1 /250.8082 = 1 /220.6808Compare to conserved quark cell:

220.6808 x 1728 = 3.813365 105 which is Nn the number of pseudo neutrinos to one electron. Show this is valid.

220.6808 x 250.8082 = (235.2627)2

The energy balance for the ensemble:220.6808 x 1837.153 = 234.6205 x 1728 = 4.054243 105.

All values have the same ratio:1837.153 /1728 = 234.6205 /220.6808 = 4.054243 105 /3.813365 105 = 1.063167

Check:1 /234.6205 – 1 /235.2940 = 1 /(286.2874)2 with(λe /λpl)1/4 = 286.2874 x 1728 me.

The last is Planck’s representation for the pseudo vector vacuum, about two times higher than Higgs.Also is 286.2874 / 220.6808 = 1.297291 (2√2)1/4 = 1.296839 It should make the conversion ratio for the pseudo e-neutrinos a self consistent inversion in the pseudo vector vacuum.

With the electron mass as 0.5110 106 eV divided by Nn the energy of a pseudo e-neutrino is:1.34002 eV.

However the deviation between 235.2940 /235.2726 = 1.000133 is still not good enough as a proof for Nn.

The 2nd neutrino calculationFrom a complete different angle one can show, Nn is valid and a constant for the pseudo vector vacuum. Namely the value 3.813365 105 is close to (182 x 34.2592 = 3.802720 105 ) where the value of 34.259 me is the supposed value of the pseudo τ-neutrino vectors and (34.2592 = 1173.679).

The difference of (3.813365 – 3.802720) 105 = 1064.477. Further is 6 x 34.259 =205.554 close enough to the state of the muon lepton of 206.768 me.Make 5 x 205.554 = 1027.770 giving 1064.477 – 1027.770 = 36.707Compare to the excited state of (¼ 142.6940 = 35.67350)Making 36.707 – 35.6735 = 1.0335 me divided by the unit giving the ratio:

(1.005506)6 .See below.

Where Higgs’ inversion is:1 /142.6940 – 1 /3456 = 1 /137.036 142.6940 x 1728 = 2.465752 105 me

with 4 x 34.259 = 137.036

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The value of about 1.0335 me has to represent, still 3% too high, the charge less state for m = 1 of a normal and a conjugated electron in the pseudo vacuum. Here conjugated and normal particles have opposite electric charge but the Fermi spins are to be added giving m = ±1, the equivalent photon - boson behavior of the pseudo vector vacuum, a property not realized before. See further on Higgs’ substitution’.

Secondly the excited neutrino τ-state of 35.6735 me decomposes to the m = 1 charge less electron as follows:

35.6735 x ½√2(35.6735 – 34.259) = 1.000202 me .It shows that due to the symmetry of the pseudo vector vacuum the pseudo states of the µ- neutrino (about 0.5 me) and the τ- neutrino are nearly immediately decomposed in the states for the e-neutrinos. In other words, even in the dense conditions the muon- and tau- pseudo vacuum decomposes rapidly. One has still to prove the paired state of the pseudo e-neutrinos needing further detailed analysis.

The pseudo e-neutrino has a value of 0.5110 106 /3.813365 105 = 1.340020 eV while0.5110 106 /3.802720 105 = 1.34775 eV. It is higher than Ne and therefore not valid.

Meaning Ne is very close to a constant for the pseudo vacuum, unless the deviation of 1.005768 suggests the excitation for the muon neutrinos decomposing in e-neutrinos. See also remark at the end of par 3.5.

Par 3 The pseudo vacuum of μ-neutrinos. π± = 273.126 and πo = 264.115 and μ = 206.768 me .Note, in chap2 par 2 the final scaling calculation has been given. Here the triplet property is discovered.The equivalent state of opposing propagation according to def 3 are the charged pi mesons against the μ-lepton or muon. All energy states are directly related to the reciprocal fine structure constant.

(2 x 137.0360 = 274.072) – 205.554 = 68.5183/2 x 68.518 = 205.554 with 2 x 68.518 = 137.036.

Typically 4 x 34.259 = 137.036 or four times the pseudo τ-neutrino mass but not the c-rest mass. According to chap 1 the μ-lepton is the trigonal symmetry of paired τ-pseudo neutrinos having maximum internal energy for the lepton, a mixed state between the two definitions in chap 1. Some relevant calculations.Muon inversion ½ 144√3 = 124.7076; ½ 137.036 = 68.518 product is 8544.719With 205.554/ 8544.719 = 1 /41.5692 and √1728 = 41.5692Where the square root means the expanded lepton spin state of the quark cell.The intermediate state of exchange for the μ-pseudo vacuum is the reciprocal of the fine structure constant and close to the charged pi-meson.

1/ 205.554 ± 1/ 274.072 = 1/ 117.4594 & 1/ 822.2160Where ½ 1728 = 864 gives the difference of {864 – 822. 2160) = 1 /(41.78399)2 = 1 /1745.902} a lepton spin state.

The 1st approachThe trigonal state of the μ-vacuum is the vector cell derived from √137.0360 = (11.70624) then take the 3rd power giving 1604.175 and take the square root. Compare this to diagonal state of the quark cell of √1728. Take the difference of the lepton mode for both is 1.517053 divided by three giving 0.5056843. It is the virtual bindings energy of the pseudo μ-neutrino to the quark cell as a state of pseudo vacuum. While obviously in phase space this neutrino mass is exactly the half value of the electron mass. The free pseudo neutrino energy is the value of {0.50 – (0.505684 – 0.50) = 0.494316}me while the μ-neutrino at c-velocity is observed as 0.3327 me.

Due to the conjugated condition for the pseudo neutrino the conclusion has to be that the electron and the pseudo μ-neutrino are inversions with respect to each other with the electron the maximum diagonal state and the interacting pseudo neutrinos first solely to μ-neutrinos reaching a diagonal

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state then adapting to the e-neutrinos externally. It seems the self inversion is the minimum carried by two virtual electrons. Therefore take the difference of (5.688 10-3 = 1/ 175.9157) and the ratio of

(0.5/ 0.49431) = 1.0113691 – 1 = 1/ 86.95786175.9157 – (2 x 86.95786) = 173.8086) = 2.0

Further confirmation is as follows with respect to µ lepton:Take the sum inversion of 1/ 206.768 + 1/ 273.126 = 1/117.6795 The numbers of neutrino interactions to charged pi-meson and muon is N2 = 117.6795/ 0.49432 = 238.0634. The ratios for both of 273.126 and 206.678, are respectively 1.147284 and 1.151355 giving a geometric mean of 1.1493316 according to the inversion substitution.Note 137.036/ 0.49432 = 277.2213 and the muon is 205.554/ 277.2213 = 0.7414796 having an angle of cos 42o.14329 = 0.7414796 to be compared to cos 47o.6965 = 0.3327/ 0.49432. The sum of both angles is 89o.84 very close to 90o and the deviation is not due to the mass of the muon.

The πo inversion substitution is not so straight forward.1/ 264.115 ± 1/ 274.072 = 1/ 134.5007 & 1/ 7269.832

The last determines a quark resonance above 4 x 1728= 6912, see par 3.4.

The somewhat simpler approach for the trigonal symmetryAgain take:

(0.5 + 1 /175.9157) / 0.5 = 1.0113691 √1.0113691 = 1.005668 – 1 = 1 /176.4142The reduced mediating mass:

144√3 x ½ √2 = 176.3632 1 /176.3632 – 1 /176.4142 = 1 /(3456 x 176.5214)Take the minimum energy state for the µ-neutrino:

0.5 + 0.5056845 = 1.005684 me 1/3 x 1.005684 = 0.33522810.5 + 0.4943154 = 0.9943153 1/3 x 0.9943153 = 0.3314384

Geometric mean: 0.333278 observed: 0.3327me .Ratio: 0.333278 /0.3327 = 1.001737 or 1.001737 – 1 = 1 /575.6With 1/3 x 1728 = 576 the conserved quark cell.It shows again a self consistent situation including the muon decay as lepton.

Par 4 The pseudo vacuum representation for Planck’s length.

The limit of the cell inversion is determined by the ratio (mpl/ me)1/4 = (λe/ λpl)1/4 = 4.947046 105 = 286.2874 x 1728 with 2 x 137.036 = 274.072.

λe = 2.462583 10-12 and λpl = 4.051453 10-35 (m)me = 9.109462 10-31 and mpl = 5.456035 10-8 (kg)

High energy inversions for quarks: 3 x 1728 =5184 4 x 1728 = 69121/ 274.072 ± 1/ 5184 = 1/ 260.3098 & 1/ 289.37081/ 289.3708 ± 1/ 5184 = 1/ 274.072 & 1/ 306.4784

Exceeds with 289.3708 and 306.4784 Planck’s limit.1/ 286.2874 ± 1/ 6912 = 1/ 274.9012 & 1/ 298.65741/ 286.2874 ± 1/ 5184 = 1/ 271.3045 & 1/ 303.0218

Both difference substitutions exceed the limit again. The values of 5184 and 6912 are not stable in τ-pseudo vacuum. The higher integer values of the 1728 cell have to stay below Planck’s limit because of the diagonal state of τ-lepton, double inversion.

Planck’s representation for the weak pseudo vacuum has three values close together which points to specific inversions. The first is the lepton cell of phase space 288 x 1728. The second is based on Planck’s length 286.2874 x1728. the third has twice the value of Higgs 285.3380 x 1728. Take the ratios between these.

288/ 286.2874 = 1.005982 (1.005882)4 = 1.024143 – 1 = 1/ 41.41820Close enough to show that the lepton spin for this state comes from √1715.467. It points to the self consistency with respect to the quark cell conservation.

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286.2874/ 285.3880 = 1.003152 (1.003327)4 = (1.013374 – 1) = 1/ 74.7624Take lepton inversion.

72/ 68.518 = (1.50818)1/4 = 1.012469 74.7624/ 72 = (1.03366)1/3 = 1.012628Giving a geometric mean of 1.012548. Showing the difference between trigonal and diagonal symmetry.Important is to realize the difference 288 – 286.2874 = 1.7126 with 12 /7 = 1.714285 while √3 /1.714285 = 1.0051682 used in chap 1 par 5 and related to 1.741 /√3 = 1.005166 √3 /1.7126 = 1.011357 with 1.011357 – 1 = 1 /88.79100 and 17 x 5.223 = 88.04775

Note, (288 – 286.2874 = 1.7126) me close to √3.

Par 5 From chap 1’inversion symmetries’. Representation of the time dipole in 3D Newtonian space.

Having defined the transformation of a pseudo vacuum cell to a time dipole for phase space, the reversed transformation is not linear. Namely the axial force along the dipole should be balanced by the angular momentum if the dipole has inertia. A dipole under an angle to the rotation axis cannot exist due to inertia of the pole unless the pole is surrounded by a return frame for momentum flux.So in our spatial 3D space the angular momentum of the pole, centripetal force, has force equilibrium to the axial force of acceleration in a cell. However a split of the rest mass in a centripetal part and a part along the axis is not possible considered the particle is static. The revealing insight is that the equilibrium to the centripetal force can only be due to zeroing of the net return flux of the time dipole.

The conversion is straight forward. Take the square root of the conserved vector of a pseudo cell as the angular momentum to initiate the scaling calculation. Here calculations for the proton, electron, τ-lepton, Higgs, and both massive bosons scrutinized for the part of the centripetal energy in the rest mass, are as follows:

Proton 1836.153 (atom 1837.153)me

√1837.153 – √1728 = 42.86202 1 – 41.56921 = 1.292803Inversion: (1836.153)1/3 = 12.24530 1 /√12.24530 + 1= 1.2857690 Now √137.036 = 11.70623 1 /√11.70623 + 1 = 1.2922747 dev.:1.000430

Electron (fine structure constant of 1 /137.036) and (11.70623)3 = 1604.175)2 x (144 – 137.036) = 13.92800 13.92800 /72 = 0.193444 or 1/x : 5.169442

This ratio is corrected for ½ c and the centre of the dipole. The same for the photon state of the electron:

1 /68.518 giving 68.518 /5.169442 = 13.25442So obviously but revealing: 13.92800 / 13.25442 = 1.050818 = 144 /137.036

τ-lepton42.378 is centripetal part with respect to √1728 = 41.56921 as geometric meanRatio: 1.019456 then 41.56921 /1.019456 = 40.77586Geometric mean √(1728 x 1604.175) = 40.80363 deviation: 1.000681

Further at c-velocity then τ-lepton is normalized at 3456(1 + 21.189 /3456) = 1.006131while 1.047199 /1.040823 = 1.006125Mentioned in the ‘Overview’ par1 the parameter b2 of 1.040823 for the exact pyramid interval 1.06020. The H atom pyramid interval is 1.060627.The g-wave or τ-index of 1.006125 (not the g-coefficient) is guessed the forward rate to time under dense lepton conditions giving 1.000512 as guessed forward phase velocity per universe for (1.000512)12 = 1.006173. See ‘overview’ par 2. As mentioned g-waves are time waves in the coherent 3D phase space of time resulting in volume excitations of Newtonian coherent pseudo matter. Conservation of the parameter (34.259 x 1728) in Higgs’, W± and Zo (1/4 x 137.036 = 34.259)

√34.259 x 1728 = 243.3095 34.259 /243.3095 = 0.140804Pyramid inversion parameter is 0.2041241

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0.140804 /0.2041241 = 0.6897968 compare to ½√2 ratio: 1.025094(1.025094)2 = 1.050818 the fine structure ratio to 144 which is unexpected.

Further1 + 137.036 /(√2 x 1728) = 1.056075 1.056075 /1.050818 = 1.0050021.0024982 = 1.005002

While1 + ¼ 0.056075 = 1.01401896 = 1 + 68.518 /(√2 x 3456)1.014019 x 1.002498 = 1.016551 4.16 10-3 x √2 x 1728 = 1.016604 using (1.000416 – 1)

Higgs 142.6940 x 1728½ √(142.6940 x 1728) = 248.2817 248.2817 – 243.3095 = 4.972211

Divided again by 4 due to four times conserved parameter and subtracted from unit, So factor 16:1.243052 – 1= 0.243053 1/x: 4.11433 making: (4.11433)4 = 286.5483

Deviation (mpl /me)1/4 =286.2874 1.000910Note: In hindsight ½√2 x 1728(142.6940 – 137.036) = 4.000810Chargeless electron of 1.000202. It follows the conservation of 34.259 x 1728.The chargeless electron is heavier because no electric charge in phase forward is generated.

Massive bosons (103.2695 x 1728) and (91.0503 x 1728)√1/3 x 103.2695 x 1728 = 243.8918 243.8918 – 243.3095 = 0.5823 times 3 due to 3 conserved strings: 1.7469 close enough to √3. Deviation 1.008573.

√1/3 x 91.0503 x 1728 = 229.0087 243.3095 – 229.0087 = 14.30080Times 3 gives: 42.90240 with geometric mean √1728 = 41.56921 ratio: 1.032071by dividing gives: 40.27744 compare to √1604.175 = 40.05215 deviation 1.005626.For sure Zo has an enhanced conjugated π-coupling (91.0503 /(3x 30.33) = 1.00662(1.000701)4 = 1.005626 30.33me rest mass τ-neutrino at c-velocity.

The analysis of the above states for the particles is continued in chap 2 par 2 ‘the tentative atom to quark model’.

Par 6 Conjugated excitation of H atom and H2 molecule.

Since there are only the two Fermi states for the c-neutrinos in general representing the four pseudo states it means the anti pseudo state of the e-neutrinos in normal matter calls for the relativistic calculated corrections as in the hyperfine splitting of the H-atom. In terms of physics it means that the anti state pseudo neutrinos occupy some volume in photon space or absolute space giving rise to charge induction to the pseudo vacuum as the conjugated state explaining the quantum mechanics as the sea of electrons surrounding the electron causing the lamb shift. Here the hyper fine splitting of the H atom and the 21 cm photon line of the H2 molecule are discussed from the point of view of the pseudo state of the e-neutrino vacuum surrounding the atom or the molecule.

The statement is that the conjugated pseudo neutrinos are responsible for the hyperfine slitting and the 21 cm photon line. Only due to the unique structure of the H atom and therefore the option of complete balancing of the four spins in the molecule, the conjugated mode can be activated and similarly for the hyperfine splitting. Considering other atoms as Deuterium or Tritium the effects are not pronounced enough or not activated at all. What is unique for the H atom is the trigonal spin at complete rest, 0o K. The orthogonal state of the atom has three quark with spin wave function that can point in the same direction. The other spin state is the para spin of the H2 molecule which has opposing spins for the two protons in the molecule including the two electron spins which can also oppose each other and have zero energy at 0o K.The flip of spin of either one in the electrons can cause the 21 cm line.

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From the literature the exact wave length of the 21 cm line is: 21.106114 cm and the energy difference for the Lamb shift is: 5.8743 10-6 eVThe conversion of the wave length to energy and vice versa is given in the formula:

δE = h2/(2 me e λ2) = 1.504126 10-18/ λ2) in eV.

With me = 9.109462 10-31 kg e = 1.602183 10-19 C h = 6.626125 10-34 [MKS]

Using the formula:E(21cm) = 3.37651 10-17 eV and for the lamb shift: δλ = 0.501060 10-6 m.

From previous estimates the coherent bound energy of the neutrino is 1.340 eV determining the equivalence of N = 0.511 106/ 1.340 = 3.8134 105 neutrinos.Multiply the lamb shift energy by this number giving the binding energy to the proton expressed in electron mass.

5.8743 10-6 x 3.8134 105 = 2.240105 either in me or eV If viewed as in electron mass then subtract one electron mass of this value, one arrives at the available energy of the H2 molecule of 1.240105 me . To find the neutrino mass at c-velocity convert the 21 cm line energy by means of the pseudo vector volume, because there is no other way to deform the vector volume by electric charge or something else. Working backwards determines the cubic root:

3√(3.37651 10-17) = 3.232133 10-6 eV times 3.8134 105 = 1.23254 (me or eV) Corresponding to δλ = 0.68218 10-6 m. Again if viewed in me-units then the energy difference between both is:

1.240105 – 1.23254 = 1/ 132.18Close to the fine structure constant. Using the substitution inversion relates this value to 132.18 to the reciprocal fine structure constant.

1/ 132.188 – 1/ 137.036 = 1/ 3736.492 Compare to 3674.306 of the molecule confirming the resonance is possible because the molecule rest mass is comparable. It suggests that the energy of 1.240105 is exchanged for a neutrino of 1.2325 = 1.233 eV at c-velocity while the bound energy for coherence is 1.340 eV. Compared to the observed mass of 1.2 eV, the deviation error is 3%. Evidently by the inversion of the electron in the weak vacuum the neutrino is released at 1.233 eV close to the c-velocity. Naturally this result invites for experimental verification.

Note that the physics given by the 21 cm line means here that the weak vacuum stretches due to the coherence from the initial state of 0.68 10-6 to 0.21 metres wavelength at emission. Note: As the two wavelengths of respectively energies for A = 5.8743 10-6 and B = 3.23213 10-6 eVcompare to the constant of (1/ 137.036), one recalculates the conversion ratio for the neutrinos:

N = {1 – (1/ 137.036)}/(A – B) = 3.81259 105 (neutrinos) making the coherent energy of the e-neutrino 1.3403 eV.

Conclusion. The photon line and the lamb shift at zero state of the atom contain all the information to calculate the two magnitudes of the e-neutrino, one for the pseudo of 1.340 and the other of 1.233 eV at c-velocity. Note that the 21 cm line could mean the production of e-neutrinos at c which decay into a paired pseudo state because ½c effective is energetically less than the c-state.

Note, the state of para spin of a conjugated H2 molecule consisting of a normal and conjugated proton and accompanying electrons, is unstable due to the opposing charges in both. The prediction is to decay in τ-leptons and τ-pseudo neutrinos or τ c-neutrinos. The ortho spin state cannot exist. The accompanying electron and conjugated electron exchange to para state. The absolute spin of both electrons and protons in conjugation determines charge violation suggesting a decay into solely opposing pseudo τ-neutrinos. In case a normal H2 and a conjugated H2 molecule approach each other, virtual photon exchange means the ensemble prevents attraction. So in diluted condition of gaseous

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clouds between normal and conjugated H2 are gravitational not attractive. Radiation loss in exchange to kinetic energies of the clouds has still to be modeled.

Magnetic field excitation in neutral H2-gas by coherent drift velocities of pseudo vector neutrinos of weak vacuum. Experiments proposed to show that the observed higher than expected, factor 100, magnetic fields around, are caused by the magnetic field excitation of H2-molecules by the pseudo neutrino flux of the Sun. Available for down load on request. Info@universal-creation.org

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CHAPTER 7

THE DEFINITION AND OVERVIEW OF THE COHERENT HELMHOLTZ PHASE SPACE OF TIME

In hindsight it is pretty straight forward, the laws of nature in our cosmos are the consequence of two four dimensional space time intervals opposing each other. Following the symmetry of the equilateral pyramid frame as momentum flux frame for a virtual 3D phase space of time, the fundamental idea of the crossing event cones according to this pyramid symmetry can be understood. The onset of the opposing events or crossing generates a 3D phase space called Helmholtz phase space at first consideration a static phase space of which the internal properties of the particles define its symmetry and due to the main property of internal acceleration in a particle this phase becomes a phase pace of virtual time, just because any particle writes away its momentum caused by labour, internal acceleration in a coherent direction of time. All particles randomized existing in a Newtonian 3D spatial space generate parallel time direction for their virtual labour. As is shown in chap 1 all baryonic matter and dark matter have absolute Newtonian internal properties.

For instance, say the two intervals S1 and S2 are independent from each other on its own merits. The difference of S1 and S2 may not be zero but multiplying the difference with S1 and S2 separately gives an equality. For the equality is valid that if S1S2 = 0 then (S1

2 + S22 = 0). The sum determines that

there exist a class of infinite S3 intervals that can be a linear combination of both S1 and S2 (or either of these) provided S1S2 = 0. In that case the roots have to be real in the sum of S1

2 + S22 = 0. By using

a Helmholtz kind of treatment for these intervals and expressing these in complex variables with c2 = 1 the product of S1S2 must be evaluated firstly.

{(x12 + y1

2 + z12 – it1

2) (x22 + y2

2 + z22 + it2

2)} = 0

Simplified to spherical spatial symmetry it converts to: (±A1

2 ± it12) (±A2

2 ± it22) = 0 giving 16 sets of equations due to the complex

variables. These reduce to 4 sets if A12 = A2

2 = A2

A4 ± 2A2 it2 ± t4 = 0

Two sets reduce to t4 + A4 = 0 having no real roots t12, t2

2 = ± A2i .The sum state of one reduces to

t4 ± 2A2 it2 – A4 = 0 having roots t12, t2

2 = ± A2i ± 0 (2.1) The difference state of the other

t4 ± 2A2 it2 + A4 = 0 having roots t12, t2

2 = ± A2(1 ± √2)i (2.2)

Working out the sum of S12 + S2

2 = 0 for 16 sets: A4 – t4 = 0So t1

2(r), t22(r) = ±A2, (r) = real. (2.3)

There is a mixture of roots t12 and t2

2, one real and two different complex roots. These zero points have to be sorted out, which is not possible without some additional knowledge.

The terms A2 and c2 can be related by taking A2 = 1 /c2. Because of the √2c2 is always greater than one making the vector velocity of c (21/4 > 1). In other words only by inverting the roots the summation of all possible roots can be an option. The normalisation (1 + √2)(1 – √2) = -1 and multiplying by a factor of ½ the roots as combinations will be:

t12, t2

2 = {±½(1 ± √2) ± i}c2 and t12, t2

2 = (±½ ± i)c2 (2.4)

The summation of at least two terms of ½√2 always gives sums greater than one with respect to c. So it is simplified that these terms have to be nullified. Secondly the root inversion can only be valid if the real and the complex part are split and maintained by a second system of paired S-intervals being perpendicular to first paired set. Thirdly one has to realize that A2 is the measure of a volume energy with respect to c2 as a time vector or a direction. This points to the single t- root solution as the pseudo vector for the neutrino which has no complex terms. The vector has three normalized

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components of (½√2) c, the alternating energy states of ½c2 in exchange between pseudo vacuum and particles. Sorting out the summation for the non equal constants in the real and complex part of the t-roots including the remark about √2 gives:

t12 , t2

2 = ½(±3 ± i)c2 t12, t2

2 = ½(±2 ± i)c2 as real solution.t1

2, t22 = ½(±1 ± i)c2 not valid solution.

The term (± 1 ± i) cannot be explained away. Only with the aid of power series for terms of (±1 ± i)4 + (± 1± i)16 + ... etc., one can show that the terms (±3 ± i) and (± 2 ± i) are the important ones confirming the statement below. See power series below.

It is stated because of the understanding of the physics in chap 2 that (3/2 c2) and (1/2c2) are respectively the spin symmetries of the quark cell and leptons in the phase space representing the trigonal and diagonal symmetries of the particles then distinguishing between these.

Having demonstrated in a simplified manner the opening statement, it is not too difficult to guess the follow up consequences. Apparently the existence of a class of curved 4D-space time intervals is separated from the class of particles in equilibrium to the dynamics of the pseudo neutrino vacuum. It determines that the total energy of our cosmos cannot be derived from particle parameters solely as neutrinos and leptons and quarks. However secondly, the infinitesimal of the differences of paired S- intervals in summation gives an overall 4D-time space interval locally and apparently overall as relativistic Lorentz space. The last statement is indirectly proven in par 5 and the essence of chap 1.

The spectacular results in the previous paragraph show a dimensionless relation of ratios between Higgs and the electron mass being a 4th root and the number of vector cells for the entire universe based on me only. Namely the above derivation, apart from the existence of a 3D-phase space of time or not, determines absolute symmetry in parity, charge and time. In that case the existence of a matter universe and an anti matter universe should have been generated from dimensionless parameters. .

Par2.1 Complex calculation for the N dimensional phase space . Note the following shows the conserved relations between Plank’s and electron parameters

IntroductionThis exercise is a trial to express a particle in general, consisting of a complex part representing charge and a real part which is the rest mass of the particle. The last can also be defined as a length due to the uncertainty principle. It is this length which is suited for the substitution summation of the inversed the particle parameters giving the four phase appearances of (±1 ± i) λThe reciprocal determines the interaction for the four states of the particle due to summation of all possibilities for identical particles. The results are three independent series of the 4 th power which could be identified as one series for the photons, one for the leptons and one for the quarks, Apparently a cut off between the three series is possible around the terms of 28th and the 32nd power giving the ratio for Planck’s constant to Compton’s length as mentioned in chap 1 par 3 and worked out as a confirmation of the theory in chap 1.In the sense of physics the complex part for the electric charge is a generalized condition. It means that diagonal symmetry is maintained by the perpendicular crossing of the time axes in the phase space of time which is difficult to explore mathematically without additional information.

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The universal principle of substitution inversionThe statement is that a vector of n-dimensions in a n-dimensional phase space generates k = (n/4) +1 congruent universes due to substitution inversion for n as integer. A vector is defined a complex number.

The assumptions are as follows:1. Due to symmetry of any phase space, a vector can be represented by simplified representation

(±1 ± i)n λ or the reciprocal (±1 ± i)n / λwhere λ is the length or proportional to the modulus of the vector.

Multiplication by conjugated terms in the denominator gives the inversion of the vectors equivalent to the original ones determined apart of a constant.2. Any phase space of say n-dimensions, can be summed from the phase spaces of reduced

dimensions, say of four dimensions.

From a 4D-phase space onwards to higher dimensions one can derive two principal series and no others for any of the n-dimensions. This is sufficiently shown in ref 1 but not proven exhaustedly in the sense of mathematics as the necessary condition. The overview table gives the results:

SUMMARY OF 4TH POWER SERIESTable 2

Substitution summation λs for reciprocal of 1/λ maintains dimension of the parameter λ if inverted.

λs4 λs

16 λs64 λs

256 4th power of zero orderλs

8 λs32 λs

128 quadratic raise of 1st termλs

7 λs28 λs

112 4th power of 1st order

The quadratic raise of the first 4th power series consist of complex terms giving if multiplied by the real 4th order in the summation, a zero sum.

The phase reduction of λs is the rotation of a phase increment. The 7th power series has an initial reduction of ⅓, a third, while the main 4th power has a reduction of ¼, a quarter. It determines the follow up of the other phases of the series in terms:

1/3 1/4 1/12 1/16 1/48 1/64 etc.Consequently the self consisting groups from natural integers can be generated.

(1/4)4 (1/16)16 (1/64)64 etc. real zero order (photon series)(1/4)8 (1/16)32 etc. quadratic raise (lepton series)

(1/3)7 (1/12)28 (1/48)112 etc. real 1st order (quark series)

Substitution inversion of zero and 1st order terms generates a fractal for a point mass in conjunction to the electric charge similarly reduced to a point. Not in the same location and phase shifted nullifying the phase shift generated by a quark complex. Possibly the electric charge is the inversion substitution of the crossed powers of (1/4)7 and (1/3)8. It should be obvious that the photon series acts out in another phase plane, because the lepton and the quark series interact with it for charge formation to maintain the substitution inversion of each combination. See table 3.

The Planck length λpl is the inversion substitution of the crossed over power of 28th and 32nd exponent of

(1/16)28 and (1/12)32. See the table 3 of the inversion substitution scaling for the actual calculation. Planck’s length is the external criterion based on the continuum for vacuum of the infinitely small. The substitution is for the 12 phase group, the 1st terms of the two the series, the terms 37 and 48 .

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SUBSTITUTION INVERSIONStands for rest mass contraction in a pseudo vacuum

Table 3Majoring of Planck’s length:

(1/16)28 < λpl < (1/12)32 (table3.1)19.2593 < 4.051453 < 2.92550 times 10-35 metres

Subtraction substitution of the terms due to the (- ¼) phase term:1628 – 1232 = 1 /3.449478 10-35 giving the ratio 4.051453 /3.4495 = 1.174511

The dimensional constant of 1.174511 is 17% deviated of the left and right hand ratios. To show this constant is dimensionless in the following. Take λe = 2.426583 10-12 (m).

The 3rd power gives vector volume with induction length of 1.428846 10-35 (m) The ratio: 4.051453/ 1.428846 = 1.002490 x (√2)3. The second ratio: (√2)3 / 1.174511 = 2.408173. Take the 3rd root of 2.408173 giving: 1.340382.

Majoring of the electron Compton length:(1/4)7 < λe < (1/3)8 (table 3.1)0.6103515 < λe < 1.524158 times 10-4 unit

For the same reason the substitution in the subtraction gives:16384 – 6561 = 9823 with 1/x =1.018019 10-4

Compare this dimensionless constant with one of the massive boson energy range derived in the brochure, chap 1 par 5 of 1.316753 10 4 .

13167.53 /9823 = 1.340479 with deviation to 1.340382 = 1.000071.It shows that the assumption of substitution inversion from dimensionless power series is correct. The majoring calculations of rel e1 and e2 are closely related.Note: The ratio of 1.021138 gives (1.021138)14 = 1.340238 compared to the mean of 1.340430.

The unexpected equality for the fine structure constant as mentioned. Apparently confirming the four coefficients for inversions of the different states of the pseudo vector vacuum.

1.010205 x 1.016140 x 1.021138 x 1.002490 = 1.050819 = 144 / 137.036

AcknowledgmentIn appreciation to Dr WS in checking out these calculations.

Details of the worked out of the calculations devoted to these theoretical considerations are available with author.

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CHAPTER 8

STATIC QUARK MODEL ACC. TO THE TWO ROTATIONAL SYMMETRIES OF THE EQUILATERAL PYRAMID

1. This quark model derived around the ninties, is an aid for the classification and understanding of the inner structure of the quarks and atoms and the sub atomic particles comming from high collision experiments.

2. This model excludes any ideas as dark matter or pseudo vector neutrinos.3. Due to the pyramid symmetries, phase conjugation of quarks as ghosts is an assumption.

Later on by understanding, the strong force carried by τ-pseudo vector cells and the weak force by µ-pseudo cells, the assumption of the idea of conjugation becomes essential. Here the quarks/ anti quarks are defined as mass points conracted in a phase space screened off our accesseble space. The well known idea of the quark bag model. So these cannot escape as single mass points and are enclosed by a boundary from which the quarks cannot escape. It determines that the ghosts and anti-ghosts for conjugation maintain symmetry. On the outside of the boundary the electric charge as the unit charge for any a quark complex.

4. The quark boundary is the so called 4th quark, in the neutron neutralizing the electric charge of the proton. The ‘4th ‘ quark is in essence the 2nd pyramid rotation symmetry, see fig 1 while the 1st is the obvious rotation configuration. The screening funtion of the ‘4th ‘quark explains the alternation between protons and neutrons in the atoms, the screening circles in all the following figures. The realistic quark model described in chap 1 par 2, shows that the ‘4th ‘quark is carried by five pseudo µ-vector neutrino cells which is determined by the end cap symmetry of the proton. See for the calculation chap 6 par 1.

5. The observed three kind of leptons, e-, µ- and τ and their c-neutrino partners plus anti state are composed of pseudo vector neutrino cells in strong and weak character, which do not fit to the static model.

6. The importance of theclassification model for quarks is that the decay channels of mesons and especially the kaon- mesons can beunderstood as the co- rotating and counter rotating rings (anti quark) shown in the figures.

7. In the static model the flavours quantum quark numbers are not considered because these determine contraction rings repeating the basic geometry of the model.

Hopefully the static model will by an aid in analysing the more complex situations mentioned in chap 2 par 2.3.

Fig 1

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Foundation Cosmic Field Paradigm ©.......... introductory text on standard particle theory and cosmology, the phenomena explained by them, unsatisfactory features of that explanation, and an alternative approach by the Cosmic Field Paradigm which (supposedly) cures those defects .........