Universal matter-wave interferometry from microscopic to macroscopic Philipp Haslinger …in the...
Transcript of Universal matter-wave interferometry from microscopic to macroscopic Philipp Haslinger …in the...
Universal matter-wave interferometry
from microscopic to
macroscopic
Philipp Haslinger
…in the time-domain
Douglas Hofstadter
1923 De Broglie hypothesis
1927 Electrons
1930 He atoms & H2
1936 Neutrons
90‘s I2, He2, Na2
1995 BEC
1999 Fullerenes C60 & C70
2013 m > 10.000 amu 810 atoms
zdB vm
h
Matter-waves timeline
Overview
Motivation
Talbot-Lau interferometry
Talbot-Lau in the time domain (OTIMA)
Experimental protocol
Interference of molecular clusters …
Limits and outlook
Far-off-resonant Bragg interferometer
MotivationProbing quantum theory on large and complex systems
Study of novel decoherence effects
Collapse models Bassi et al. Rev. Mod.Phys. 85, 471 (2013)
5th force models
Realization of a novel matter-wave interferometer scheme
Quantum enhanced metrology of nanoparticles
Relative momentum sensitivity < single photon recoil
The Talbot Lau interferometer
diffractionincoherent
matter waves
intensity
Δx
detection by shift of G3
g
G1 G2 G3
v
Δx
preparation oftransversalcoherence
The Talbot Lau interferometerintensity
Δx
g
G1 G2 G3
v
Δx
dBT
gL
2
dB
T
gL
2
mv
hdB
The Talbot Lau interferometerintensity
Δx
g
G1 G2 G3
v
Δx
dBT
gL
2
dB
T
gL
2
mv
hdB
g
ds dBmax
dB
gd
2
d
g
g
TL
s
A model interferometer
The Talbot Lau interferometerintensity
Δx
g
G1 G2 G3
v
Δx
dBT
gL
2
dB
T
gL
2
mv
hdB
g
ds dBmax
g
d
mv
hs max
Time - domain
g
t
m
hts max)(
mv
hdB g
g = s max
= d
A model interferometer
g
d
mv
hs max
Time - domain
d
g
t
m
hts max)(
g
A model interferometer
Interference pattern of faster particles
g
d
mv
hs max
Time - domain
d
g
t
m
hts max)(
g
A model interferometer
Interference pattern of slower particles
g
d
mv
hs max
Time - domain
g
t
m
hts max)(
After the same time all particles with the same mass produce the same interference, regardless of their velocities!
A model interferometer
After a certain time
.... all particles with the same mass
.... contribute to the same interference pattern
.... regardless of their velocity
Transition to time-domain
Cahn et al., PRL 79 (1997) Nimmrichter et al., NJP 13 (2011)
-pulsed standing laser waves as periodic ionizing gratings
nmnm
g laser 5,782
157
2
g
dBT
gL
2
h
mgTT
2
How to implement?
t=0
to MCP
interferometer mirrorpulsed source TOF MS
t=TT
hmgTT /2
tsource tdetection
mass
sig
nal
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 22000
2
4
6
8
10
12
x 105
Pulsed cluster source
3 x 157 nm, = 8 nsF2 excimer laser
t=2TT
OTIMA interferometer
157 nm post
ionization
t=0
to MCP
interferometer mirrorpulsed source TOF MS
t=TT
hmgTT /2
tsource tdetection
mass
sig
nal
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 22000
2
4
6
8
10
12
x 105
Pulsed cluster source
3 x 157 nm, = 8 nsF2 excimer laser
t=2TT
OTIMA interferometer
157 nm post
ionization
Quantum interference is revealed as a Mass-dependent signal amplification/reduction
T1 T2
Asymmetric pulses
T1 T2
Symmetric pulses⟶ Interference
m
m/2
The machine
Δ𝑆 𝑁≡𝑆𝑦𝑚− 𝐴𝑠𝑦𝑚
𝐴𝑠𝑦𝑚
Interference pattern encodedin the mass spectrum
Haslinger et al. Nature Physics (2013)
AnthraceneC14H10
m = 178 amu
neon seedgas, vmax ≈920m/s ⟶ TT =19 µs
difference due to constructive interference
argon seedgas, vmax ≈700m/s ⟶ TT =26 µs
Haslinger et al. Nature Physics (2013)
Interference pattern encodedin the mass spectrum
AnthraceneC14H10
m = 178 amu
Clusters of the following molecules have interfered in the OTIMA interferometer recently:
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
cluster number
no
rm.
con
tra
st
ferrocene Fe(C5H5)2
m = 186 amu
1973
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
cluster number
no
rm.
con
tra
st
caffeine C8H10N4O2
m = 194 amu
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
cluster number
no
rm.
con
tra
st
vanillin C8H8O3
m = 152 amu
• S. Nimmrichter et al.Concept of a time-domain ionizing matter-wave interferometer New J. Phys. 13, 075002-23 (2011)
• P. Haslinger et al. A universal matter-wave interferometer with optical ionization gratings in the time domainNature Physics, 9, 144–148 (2013)
• N. Dörre et al.Photofragmentation beam splitters for matter-wave interferometryPhys. Rev. Lett. 113, 233001 (2014)
• N. Dörre et al. A refined model for Talbot Lau matter-wave optics with pulsed photo-depletion gratingsJOSA B 32, 114–120 (2015)
-absence of dispersive Grating/wall interactionhigh interference contrast expected for masses even beyond 106 amu
mass Talbot time required velocity
requiredvacuua
gravitational deflection
106 amu
107 amu
108 amu
mass Talbot time required velocity
requiredvacuua
gravitational deflection
106 amu 15 ms
107 amu 150 ms
108 amu 1.5 s
mass Talbot time required velocity
requiredvacuua
gravitational deflection
106 amu 15 ms 1.3 m/s
107 amu 150 ms 13 cm/s
108 amu 1.5 s 1.3 cm/s
mass Talbot time required velocity
requiredvacuua
gravitational deflection
106 amu 15 ms 1.3 m/s 10-9 mbar
107 amu 150 ms 13 cm/s 10-11 mbar
108 amu 1.5 s 1.3 cm/s 10-12 mbar
mass Talbot time required velocity
requiredvacuua
gravitational deflection
106 amu 15 ms 1.3 m/s 10-9 mbar 4.5 mm
107 amu 150 ms 13 cm/s 10-11 mbar 45 cm
108 amu 1.5 s 1.3 cm/s 10-12 mbar 45 m
managable
cooling and/or trapping necessary
Limits & Outlook:
THE OTIMA TEAM
special thanks to
Markus ArndtJonas RodewaldNadine DörrePhilipp GeyerStefan Nimmrichter (Theory)
Universal matter-wave interferometry
from microscopic to macroscopic
…in the time-domain
V(z)
z
Interferometer
Standing wave
Pions
zg
Mirror coils
Bias field
Mirror
Octupole windings
60 cm
Interferometer cell
Trap
Antihydrogen interferometer
P. Hamilton, A. Zhmoginov, F. Robicheaux, J. Fajans, J. Wurtele, H. Müller PRL 112, 121102, 2014
Antihydrogen interferometerGoals and features• Test g for H, anti-H • Initially 10-3, eventually 10-6
Design• Efficient use of ~300 atoms / month• Laser cooling (Donin, Fujiwara, Robicheaux J. Phys. B 46, 025302) • Adiabatic cooling• No Lyman-α laser for interferometry (but for laser cooling)• Far off-resonant Bragg transitions, couples to dc polarizability• Almost any atom
Advantages• Commercial lasers• Based on ALPHA and atom interferometers, both work
P. Hamilton, A. Zhmoginov, F. Robicheaux, J. Fajans, J. Wurtele, H. Müller PRL 112, 121102, 2014
Thank you for your attention!