Universal Design and Assistive Technology Providing access and assistance to people with special...
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Transcript of Universal Design and Assistive Technology Providing access and assistance to people with special...
Universal Design and Assistive Technology
Providing access and assistance to people with special needs.
Part 4 Presentation
20 minutes each (including questions) Load slides onto swiki
Motivation Requirements
• learning from users Design
• learning from prototyping• possible demo
Evaluation Conclusions Q&A
Motivations
Legal RequirementsSection 508 1973/1986 Rehabilitation
Act1990 Americans with Disabilities Act
1/5 Americans have a disability, 1/10 have a severe disability*
Everyone is impaired sometimes Intriguing interface challenges
*2000 US Census Brief
Universal design principles
equitable use flexibility in use simple and intuitive to use perceptible information tolerance for error low physical effort size and space for approach and use
http://www.design.ncsu.edu/cud/univ_design/princ_overview.htm
Multi-Sensory Systems
More than one sensory channel in interaction e.g. sounds, text, hypertext, animation, video,
gestures, vision Used in a range of applications:
particularly good for users with special needs, and virtual reality
Will cover general terminology speech non-speech sounds handwriting
considering applications as well as principles
Multi-modal vs. Multi-media
Multi-modal systems use more than one sense (or mode ) of
interactione.g. visual and aural senses: a text processor may speak the words as well as echoing them to the screen
Multi-media systems use a number of different media to communicate
informatione.g. a computer-based teaching system:may use video, animation, text and still images: different media all using the visual mode of interaction; may also use sounds, both speech and non-speech: two more media, now using a different mode
Usable Senses
The 5 senses (sight, sound, touch, taste and smell) are used by us every day each is important on its own together, they provide a fuller interaction with the natural world
Computers rarely offer such a rich interaction
Can we use all the available senses? ideally, yes practically – no
We can use • sight • sound • touch (sometimes)
We cannot (yet) use • taste • smell
Challenge
Very hard to design a product for everyone What happens when you can’t? “Design for all” vs. “Design for most” Assistive technology
Any item, equipment or system, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of a person with a disability
Prosthetic
Communication for speech impaired
Sign language translators
Educational software for cognitive impairments
Users with disabilities
visual impairment screen readers, SonicFinder
hearing impairment text communication, gesture, captions
physical impairment speech I/O, eyegaze, gesture, predictive systems (e.g.
Reactive keyboard) speech impairment
speech synthesis, text communication dyslexia
speech input, output autism
communication, education
http://enablemart.com/
… plus …
age groups older people e.g. disability aids, memory aids,
communication tools to prevent social isolation children e.g. appropriate input/output devices,
involvement in design process cultural differences
influence of nationality, generation, gender, race, sexuality, class, religion, political persuasion etc. on interpretation of interface features
e.g. interpretation and acceptability of language, cultural symbols, gesture and colour
Example:
Sheila the programmer. She was diagnosed with muscular dystrophy in her early 20's. This condition, which results in progressive loss of muscular strength, means that she works from her motorized wheelchair, and is unable to sit upright for more than a brief time. As a result, she works in a reclined position, leaning back almost horizontally. Her vision problems limit the amount of time she can focus on the screen, and her muscular weakness prevents her from handling paper
manuals.
http://www.sun.com/access/developers/updt.HCI.advance.html#design
Another example:
Carla the secretary. She has no vision in one eye and "tunnel vision" in the other and prepares documents using a standard PC and screen magnification software. Sometimes she is unable to tell the difference between old and new email messages, because her mail application uses color to distinguish old from new. Like many users with low vision, she has problems working with columns, because it is difficult for her to see if text is aligned.
http://www.sun.com/access/developers/updt.HCI.advance.html#design
Range of Physical ImpairmentsComplete lack of function
absence of a limb paralysis – usually due to spinal injury, the
higher the damage the greater the degree of paralysis
• tetraplegia/quadriplegia – all four limbs• paraplegia – lower limbs only
Lack of strengthTremor/lack of accuracySlowness
Keyboard Modifications
Keyguards Alternative layouts
Reduce movementOne-handed keyboards, possible
chords Membrane surfaces (minimize
required pressure)
Software Modifications
Sticky keys Slow keys or disable auto-repeat Modify keyboard mappings On-screen keyboards
Alternative Input Devices
Speech inputDictation versus control
SwitchesKeyboard has approx 50 switchesScanning interfaces
Possible Switches
Foot pedal “Leaf” switch – highly sensitive Sip and puff Dual switch (can be used for Morse code) Joy stick Muscle switch Neural implant Eye gaze
http://enablemart.com/productdetail.aspx?store=10&pid=581&dept=15
Scanning Interfaces
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Mouse alternatives
Trackball Proportional joystick Switched joystick or cursor keys Head sensor or mouth stick Eye-gaze Keyboard only
http://enablemart.com/productDetail.aspx?store=10&pid=998&dept=12
Vision
Low-vision Color blindness Blindness
affordances of different mediainterface modelspecial purpose doesn’t workchallenge of generality
Accommodating Partial Sight Large monitor, high resolution, glare
protection Control of color and contrast Control of font size everywhere Keyboard orientation aids
Hardware or Software Magnification 2 to 16 times Virtual screen Viewport, control Notification of “outside” events CRTs for physical items
http://www.synapseadaptive.com/aisquared/zoomtext_9/zoomtext_9_home_page.htm
Accommodating Blind Users
Screen ReadersFull-featuredCursor-tracking, routingDialogue focusView areas
Auditory or tactile output
http://www.freedomscientific.com/fs_products/software_jaws.asphttp://www.webaim.org/simulations/screenreader
Screen Reader Output
BrailleOnly 10%?Many Braille codesReal and virtual displays
Tactile pads Synthesized speech
http://www.mountbattenbrailler.com/
Access to Graphical User Interfaces Capture and model graphical interface Translate graphical objects Support efficient and intuitive
interaction
Hearing
Redundant outputhardware (flashing title bar)software (text to speech)
An increasing problem?PopulationPhone interfaces
Deafness
Communication aidsSign languageSpeech trainingWriting aids
Preventable form of mental retardationImportance of language development
Seeing Voices (Sacks)
Sign Language
Sign languages are true languages Syntax, semantics, pragmatics
Differ dramatically from oral-based languages Many different sign languages
American (ASL) close to French Sign Language but different than British (BSL)
Signed Exact English for one-to-one translation
Minicoms and TDDs
“Universal” telephone technology Text terminal (keyboard, LED display,
modem) Deaf relay centers
TypeTalk Automation?
Most significant new communication device is…
The mobile phone …with SMS
Sidekicks, Blackberry, etc. – extremely popular
Computing Assistance
Translators Speech to signSign to speech
• Gesture recognitionNeed sign language grammars
Video phones Word processors (Write This Way) Speech training (Speech Viewer, IBM)
Speech & Conversation
Conversation is “a dialogue in which the one taking breath is called the listener”
150 words/minute High-speed input for people with limited
manual dexterity Predictive interface, stored phrases, iconic
boards Chat
Generating Words
Method Words per minute
Conversational speech 150
Skilled copy typist 100
Composing typist 50
One-finger typist 10
Scanning input device 3 – 5
Cognitive Impairments
Memory Perception Problem-solving Learning impairments
redundant input-output, motivation Language impairments
dyslexia (spelling corrector) aphasia (symbolic languages)
Everyday impairments - in-place information Writing Home
Impaired Mental Capabilities
Memory Short or long term, recall and recognition
Perception Attention, discriminating sensory input
Problem Solving Recognizing the problem, implementing
solutions and evaluation Concepts
Generalizing, skill development
Design Guidelines
Input / Interface Controlex: touchpad, prompts and menus
Presentation Formatex: blank space to focus attention
Informational Content and Promptingex: match vocabulary level to user
Learning Impairment
Infinite patience Risk-free environment Accommodate cognitive impairment Motivate
Potential Declining Abilities
Physical Sensory Cognition
Cognitive ageingRetrospective memory
Computing no longer limited to the workplace
Assistive Uses
Sensory aids Memory aids Mobile emergency alerts Information access
ThirdAge (www.thirdage.com) Social communication
SeniorNet (www.seniornet.com)
Universal design principles
equitable use flexibility in use simple and intuitive to use perceptible information tolerance for error low physical effort size and space for approach and use
http://www.design.ncsu.edu/cud/univ_design/princ_overview.htm
What is a Direct Brain-Computer Interface?
… a system that captures signals directly from the human brain, providing a channel to control computers and other devices.
The GSU BrainLab Missionis to pioneer real-world applications research for biometric technologies to improve the quality of life for people with severe disabilities, and to explore mainstream applications.
Brain Signal Detection Techniques
Invasive: implanted electrodes (single neuron)
Noninvasive: scalp electrodes (EEG)
Neural Internet
Neurally controlled Internet Access:Specialized web browser and email programUses: • communication• shopping• education• handling of personal finances• employment
Restoring Motion - Neural Prosthetics
Brain “re-learns” how to move limbs via an artificial nervous system
Simulation
• Virtual reality hand
Restoring Physical Motion
• Robotic arm
The “Aware ‘Chair”
Integrated communication and environmental control
• Intelligent, neurally controlled wheelchair
• Conversation and environmental control prediction
• Learns users habits and context
• Provides emotional expression
Take home points
Think about universal design principles – helps all users, not just disabled
Technology can help provide access and control of computer
Technology can also help people function better in everyday world
Solutions include wide range of physical and software solutions
Work with users! You can’t understand what its like