Units of Measure
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![Page 1: Units of Measure](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813653550346895d9dd916/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Units of Measure
Math for Clinical Practice
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Weight
• Kilogram = kg
• Gram = g
• Milligram = mg
• Microgram = mcg
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Length
• 1 meter = m
• Centimeter = cm
• Millimeter = mm
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Volume
• 1 liter = L
• 1 milliliter = mL or cc
(cc is not to be used anymore according to JACOH standards but it is a common error since it has been used for years)
CC = mL
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Length
• 1 meter (m) = 100 cm or 1000 mm
• Centimeter (cm) = 10 mm
• Millimeter (mm) = 0.1 cm
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Household Abbreviations
• 1 ounce or oz
• Tablespoon = Tbs
• Teaspoon = tsp or t
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Conversion of Metric Units
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Household Measurement
• 1 ounce (oz) = 30 mL
• 1 tablespoon (Tbs) = 15 mL
• 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL
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Ounces to mL
• You are doing intake and output and the mother states the infant has consumed 3 ½ ounces of formula. How many mL has the infant consumed?
• 3.5 x 30 mL = 105 mL
• You would record 105 mL on the intake record
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Measuring Liquids
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Tablespoons
• You are teaching a geriatric patient how to measure her medications. She is to take 15 mL of liquid Maalox to aid digestion.
• You would instruct her to use what household measuring device to take her mediation?
• Teaspoon or tablespoon • She would take one tablespoon of
medication.
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Teaspoon
• You are working with a mother of a toddler and she has been instructed to give the child 1 ½ teaspoons of medication. You are demonstrating how to give the medication with a syringe with measurements in mL.
• How many mL would you have her give?
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1 Teaspoon = 5 ml
• 1 ½ teaspoons = 1.5 teaspoons
• 1.5 teaspoon x 5 mL = 7.5 mL
• You would have her draw up 7.5 mL in a po syringe.
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Nursing Alert
• Remember if there is not a number to the left of the decimal point a zero is placed there to highlight the decimal point placement.
• Correct: 0.5 mL or 0.25 g
• Incorrect: 5.0 mL or 25.0 g
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Nursing Alert
• Decide whether you are converting from smaller unit to larger unit or larger unit to smaller unit.
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Liter to milliliters
• 1 liter (L) = 1000 milliliters (mL)
• 1.2 L = ___________
• 1.2 x 1000 = 1200 mL
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Milliliters (mL) to Liters (L)
• Change mL to Liter (L)
• mL is smaller than a liter
• Move decimal point three places to the right
• 750 mL = 0.75 L
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Metric Units Weight
• Kilogram = kg
• 1 kg = 1000 grams (g)
• 1 gram (g) = 1000 milligrams (mg)
• 1 milligram (mg) = 1000 micrograms mcg
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How to calculate kilograms
• Remember you will weigh less in kilograms
• To convert pounds to kilogram you divide by 2.2
• Convert 100 pounds to kg
• 100 / 2.2 = 45.454 or 45.45
• In the infant / small child carry out to the 100th or two decimal places.
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Example
• Convert the following metric measurement:
• 0.2 mg = ______ g.
• (gram is larger than a mg)
• Need to move the decimal 3 places or divide by 1000.
• Answer 0.2 mg = 0.0002 g
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Example
• 100 mcg = ______ mg
• You are going from a smaller unit to a larger unit.
• You would move the decimal point 3 places or divide by 1000.
• 100 mcg = 0.1 mg
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International and Milliequivalent Measures
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International Units
• Heparin, insulin, penicillin, epoetin products (Epogen, Procrit) are measured in international units.
• Example: regular insulin 10 units SQ in am
• Example: penicillin 600,000 units IM x one dose
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Milliequivalent Measures
• Do not confuse with milligrams.
• Notation is mEq
• Milliequivalent measures the number of grams of equivalent weight of a drug contained in 1 mL of normal saline.
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mEq
• Common drugs: sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride.
• Examples:
• 10 mEq of potassium chloride to ½ L of IV solution
• 15 mEq of sodium chloride to 1 L of IV solution
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Conversions
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Conversions
• Clinical connection: often you need to calculate between different systems of measure.
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Metric System
• Metric System
• 1 kg = 1000 g
• 1 g = 1000 mg
• 1 mg = 1000 mcg
• 1 L = 1000 mL
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Grains
60 mg = 1 gr
45 mg = ¾ gr
30 mg = ½ gr
15 mg = ¼ gr
10 mg = 1/6 gr
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Conversion to Metric Equivalents60 mg
gr1
15 mggr 1/4
30 mg
gr 1/2
45 mg Gr 3/4
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Practice Problems
• gr ¾ = ___________ mg
• gr ¼ = ___________ mg
• gr 15 = ___________ mg
• 300 mg = _________ gr
• 60 mg = __________ gr
• 30 mg = __________ gr
• gr 1/6 = ___________ mg
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Practice problems
• The bottle of Tylenol states that you are to give X (ten grains) of Tylenol.
• How many mgs are you giving ________
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Chapter Review
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Calculations in the Clinical Setting
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Ratio – Proportion Method
• Using the ratio proportion method offers a systematic approach to solving clinical math calculations.
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The Set-up
• Solving the unknown
• The cookies and the eggs
• If the recipe states you need 2 eggs to make 2 dozen cookies. How many eggs do you need to make a dozen cookies?
• 24 cookies 12 cookies
• 2 eggs = x eggs
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Practice Problem
• Page 106
• Lorazepram 3 mg IV every 6 hours as needed.
• Lorazepam is supplied as 4 mg / mL
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The set-up
• 4 mg3 mg
• 1mL = x mL
• (cross multiply)
• 3 / 4 x = 0.75 mL
• You would draw up 0.75 mL to equal 2 mg of Lorazepam
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Practice Problem
• Page 108
• Phenytoin sodium 300 mg by mouth at bedtime.
• Phenytoin sodium supplied as 125 mg / 5 mL.
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The Set-up
• 125 mg 300 mg
5 mL = x mL
(Cross multiple) (X is on the bottom)
1500
125 X = 12 mL equals 300 mg of the drug
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Practice Problems
• Remember to label properly and put the x on the bottom.
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Body Weight
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Review
• Pounds to kilograms
• Pounds divided by 2.3
• Practice problems 1-10 page 140-41
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Practice Problem
• Neupogen 5 mcg/kg/day IV over 30 minutes.
• Patient weight = 174
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Change Pounds to Kilograms
• 174 / 2.2 = 79.09 kg
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Determine the dosage
• 5 mcg / kg / day
• 5 mcg x 79.09 (weight in kg) = 395.45 mcg per dose
• Drug is rounded to 395 mcg per dose to be added to 50 mL of Dextrose 5% in Water.
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Practice Problem
• Phenobarbital 30 – 120 mg / kg per day in 3 divided doses
• Physician orders the maximum dose or 120 mg / day to be given q 8 hours.
• 1st you would need to divide 120 mg by 3 doses = 40 mg per dose
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Determine the Amount
• Phenobarbital is provided as 65 mg / mL• For one dose you would need to draw up
how much of the medication?• 40 mg = 60 mg x mL 1 mL
40 mg = 0.66 mL 60 x