UNITIII Safety Lessonplan

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AR 511 -A CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT IX B. ARCH. LESSON PLANDeenBandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, Sonepat

Dr Chitrarekha Kabre

SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

Introduction

Construction industry is unorganized and therefore the safety practices in the construction projects are rudimentary.The workers come from rural background and return home at the harvest time. Basically theiremployment in the construction project is of casual nature, so they are susceptible toconstruction accidents.

HAZARDS IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

Construction by its very nature is hazardous. The largest single category for both injuries andfatalities are individual falls. Handling goods in another significant cause of injuries. Ingeneral, types of likely hazards during construction projects:

1.

Falling of persons from height2. Falling of materials from height3. Exposure of heat/cold radiation4. Exposure to or of contact with potentially harmful substances5. Contact with electric current6. Overexertion7. Injury due to projected reinforced rods8. Striking against objects9. Accident due to lifting equipment10. Loose scaffolding11. Machinery

12. Tunneling13. Poisons, gassing, toxic materials14. Impact noise and excavators15. Diseases caused during construction include deafness due to noise impact, bone

fracture, mental stress diseases due to vibration, muscle strain, skin diseases, cancer,tuberculosis

16. Injuries due to welding

WHY AN ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROGRAMME

Accident prevention programme must be made an integral part of the construction industry because it is aimed to reduce the number of accidents and thereby the cost of construction.The following are the primary objectives of the accident prevention programme:

A) Safety of personnel (measured in terms of )i. to reduce the human lives sacrificed

ii. to lessen the temporary and permanent injuries to workersiii. to prevent needless pain and sufferings to its employees

B) Safety of materials and equipmenti. To avoid loss of materials or spoilage of materials

ii. To avoid loss of or damage to equipment

C) Safety of structure

i. To provide minimum cost of construction of structure or demolition of structureii. And thereby ensuring the good quality of the output and better rate of construction





D) Management considerationManagement derives the greatest benefit from accident prevention programme interms of the following:

i. To eliminate the cost of workmen’s compensation insuranceii. To avoid loss of time because of accidents

iii. To get greater margin of profit because of minimum cost of construction or operation.iv. To generate the confidence and trust of employees for its strong stability.

CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS

An accident is an unplanned incident and for each such incident there is usually a specificcause or causes if one could but discover them.

Mechanical Factors

Signifying the unsafe conditions, reflect deficiencies in plant, equipment, tools,materials handling system etc. Inherent engineering hazards such as use of explosives,gas, toxic dusts etc. Failure of temporary structures such as scaffolding, forms,ladders. Uncontrollable contact between men and equipment or between men andmaterials.

i. Unsafe mechanical design or constructionii. Hazardous arrangements (piling, overloading etc.)

iii. Improper machine guardingiv. Defective devicesv. Improper material handling

vi. Broken safety guardsvii. Protruding nails

viii. Leaking acid valveix. Untested boilers or pressure vessels

Causes ofaccident

TechnicalCauses

Mechanicalfactors

Environmentalfactors

Human CausesPersonal factors

Managementfactors





Environmental Factors

Environmental factors also signify unsafe conditions of work environment indicating physicaland atmospheric conditions of work which indirectly promote the occurrence of accidents.

i. Very low temperature which causes shivering

ii.

Very high temperature which causes headache and sweatingiii. Very high humidity which causes uncomfort, fatigue and drowsinessiv. Defective and inadequate illumination causes eyestrain, glare, shadow etc.v. Presence of dust, fumes, smoke, toxic and lack of proper ventilation

vi. Noise, bad odoour and flash emanating from the nearby machinery, equipment or processes.

vii. Poor housekeeping.

Personal Factors

Unsafe practices of individual workers (or human factors) signifying the unsafe acts by persons concerned are due to ignorance, carelessness, forgetfulness etc.

i. Age and healthii. Home environment

iii. Number of dependents and financial positioniv. Lack of knowledge and skillv. Improper attitude toward work

vi. Carelessness and recklessnessvii. Day dreaming and inattentiveness

viii. Emotional instabilityix. High anxiety levelx. Unnecessary exposure to risks

xi.

Fatiguexii. Non use or improper use of safety devicesxiii. Working at unsafe speedsxiv. Overconfidence or false confidence.

Management Factors

Callousness on the part of the management in imparting accident prevention programmescauses accident.

i. Non-availability of the safety accessories to the workers like helmet, plastic gloves,safety belts, gumboots, goggles etc.

ii. Lack of safety instructions and training and communication gapiii. Discontinuity in regular employment in the construction industryiv. Rapid change in character of workv. Award of contract or work order to incompetent persons who do not appreciate the

risks involved.vi. Lack of proper provision of safety director/officials and recruitment of technically

CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTRUCTION ACCIDENTSa) near accident (i.e. an accident with no damage or injury)

b) trivialc) minord) seriouse) fatal





COST OF AN ACCIDENT

An accident can be very costly to the injured employee as well as to the employer ofthe concern.Direct Cost

It consists of compensation, medical and legal payments directly the organization orthrough their insurance schemes.Indirect Cost

These losses are not covered by the insurance. They are indirect i.e. intangible butnevertheless real costs.

i. Cost of lost time of the injured employeeii. Cost of lost time of other employee who stop work because of an accident

iii. Cost of time by the safety engineer or supervisory staff ina. Assisting the injured employee

b. Investigating the causes of accidentc. Arranging someone to replace the injured employeed. Preparing an accident report.

iv. Cost of damage to equipment, plant or other propertyv. Cost due to spoilage of materials

vi. Cost of paying wages to injured employee during the period of the injuryvii. Cost of lost production resulting from slowing down of other employees for a

while following an accidentviii. Cost of delay in production due to an accident

ix. Cost of reduction in efficiency of the injured worker when he joins back afterrecovery

x. The influence of accident on the moral of the employees.Salient features of a safety programmeThe salient features or characteristics of a safety programme are

a) A safety programme tends to discover when, where and why accidents occur b) A safety programme aims at reducing accidents and the losses associated with

themc) A safety programme begins with the assumption that most work connected

accidents can be prevented.

d)

A safety programme is a continuous processe) A safety programme tries to reduce the influence of personal andenvironmental facts that cause accidents.

f) A safety programme involves providing safety equipment and special trainingto employees

g) A safety programme includes four E’s (Engineering, Education, Enlistment,and Enforcement)

h) I) Engineering i.e. safety at planning, design and operation leveli) Ii) Education of employees for safe practices

j) Iii) Enlistment concerns the attitude of employees and management towards the

safety programmesk) Enforcement, i.e. to enforce adherence to safety rules and safety practices.





SAFETY MEASURES FOR STORAGE AND HANDLING OF BUILDINGMATERIALSAll building materials must be stored in such a manner as to prevent deterioration orintrusion of foreign matter and to ensure the preservation of their quality and fitnessfor use.To prevent deteriorationTo prevent intrusion of foreign matterTo ensure the preservation of their quality and fitness for useShould be protected from atmospheric effects due to rain, sun, wind or moisture toavoid deteriorationPrecaution against fire and other hazards to the materials like timber, coal, paint,

petrol, explosives

CementCement bags should be placed in stacks on raised platform, dry and impervious to

water, with adequate waterproof roof covering and at least 30 cm clearance from anywall. The stacks should not be more than 12 bags high.Where bulk handling of cement is undertaken, protective masks should be provided tothe workmen.

LimeLime in a suitable shed to protect it from dampness. It should not be stacked againstany wall. Storage of unslaked fat or semi hydraulic lime is not desirable as itdeteriorates by absorption of moisture form atmosphere.

Bricks, Stones, and Concrete Blocks

Bricks should be stacked at site on level ground in not more than 1.5 m height. Bricksof different types and classification should be stacked separately. Similarly stone blocks and concrete blocks should be stored in stacks avoiding toppling of stacks aswell as crushing of the lowest layer blocks.

AggregatesFine aggregates like sand, surkhi, cinder and coarse aggregate like stone chips, bricks

ballast should be stacked on a hard surface or platform in such a way to prevent theadmixture of clay, dust, vegetable and other foreign matter.

Timber

Timber should be piled in stacks, above the ground level by at least 15 cm with anairspace of about 2.5 cm around scantlings. The width and height should not exceed 2m and distance between adjacent stacks must be 20 cm at least. The stacks must be

protected form hot day wind or direct sun or rain.

SteelSteel reinforcement should be stored in a way to prevent distortion or corrosion. It isdesirable to coat reinforcement with cement wash before stacking to prevent scalingand rusting. For moving heavy steel sections suitable handling equipment should be

provided and workmen should never be allowed to lift with bare hands or carry themon shoulders.





Doors, Window framesMetal frames, aluminium frame, wooden frames and prefabricated frames of door andwindows should be stored in upright position adopting suitable measures against riskof subsidence of soil/ support.Other materialsSmall articles like screws, bolts, nuts, door and window fittings, water supply andsanitary fittings, electrical fittings should be kept in suitable and properly protectedcontainers separately in store rooms.Fire extinguishers and fire buckets must be provided where fire hazards exist.

SAFETY MEASURES FOR EXCAVATION (IS 3764-1966)

Prior to excavation work, a complete knowledge of underground structures such assewers, water pipes, gas mains etc is essential and proper precautions to prevent anyaccident.The workers must be provided with all protective devicesWhen depth of excavation exceeds 2 m, the trenches should be securely shored andtimbered.Sheathing should be placed against the side of the trench. In case of loose or soft soil,sheathing should be driven into the bottom of the trench.Excavated materials should be kept away from the edge of the trench.Heavy equipment such as excavating machineries, trucks etc. should be kept away at asuitable distance from the excavated sides.A fench or barricade should be erected and at night the area must be properly lighted.

SAFETY MEASURES FOR DEMOLITION (IS 4130-1976)

Before beginning the actual work of demolition a careful and detailed study of thestructure to be demolished should be made. While working out the plan of demolition,safety of the adjoining structures must be ensured. The final plan of sequence ofoperation must be approved by the Engineer-in-charge and due permit must beobtained form the authority.Prior to demolition

a. Suitable bracing, shoring etc. should be provided to prevent accidental collapseof the building which has already been damaged by fire, flood or earthquake.

b. All safety appliances must be issued to the workers.c. Suitable safety precautions for the fire must be provided.

During demolitiona. all materials of fragile nature like glass must be removed first

b. all openings should be boarded upc. dust must be controlled by suitable means to prevent them to workmend. Adequate natural or artificial lighting and ventilation should be provided for

the workmene. Easy exit must be provided to arrange for quick evacuation of the workmen

during emergencyf. The demolition should always proceed systematically storey by storey in the

descending order.





SAFETY MEASURES FOR BITUMINOUS WORKS (IS 5916-1970)

The following safety measures should be adopted while dealing with hot bituminous works.i. An experience foreman or supervisor should be made incharge of the work to take

guard against the use of defective/unsafe appliances, equipment and tools. He should

keep stock of fire extinguishing devices and first aid kits.ii. Workers must be provided boots, gloves, goggles, helmets and other protectiveaccessories.

iii. Sufficient stock of clean dry sand or loose earth should be kept ready at the worksite tocope with any resultant fire. When such materials are not available, arrangement must

be made for adequate supply of water to extinguish fire.iv. Working platform should be provided while laying the hot bitumen.v. When bitumen plants are working on a public road an adequate traffic control system

must be established.SAFETY MEASURES FOR SCAFFOLDING, LADDERS, FORMWORKAND OTHER EQUIPMENT (IS 3696 part I & II -1966)

i. All scaffolds and working platforms should be securely fastened to the building orstructure. If independent of a building, they should be braced or guyed properly.

ii. In case, scaffolds are to be kept for a long period, a regular plank stairway, wideenough to allow two persons to pass, should be erected with handrails on both sides.

iii. When work is being carried out over a scaffold platform, a protective overheadcovering should be provided for the men working on the scaffold.

iv. All wooden ladders or bamboo ladders must be strong enough. v. Ladders in heavy duty work should not exceed 6 m in length, for light work it should

not exceed 8 m in length. vi. Dismantling of scaffold should be in a proper sequence.

vii.

No uninsulated electric wires should exist within 3 m of working platform. viii. The supporting props should be individually strong and properly braced and fastened. ix. All persons handling construction equipment should be fully acquainted with safety

aspects of the machines and their operat ion.

UNITIII Safety Lessonplan

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