United States History 1865 - 1920. Reconstruction 1863 to 1877.
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Transcript of United States History 1865 - 1920. Reconstruction 1863 to 1877.
United States History
1865 - 1920
Reconstruction
1863 to 1877
End of Slavery
• About 4 million people• 40 acres and a mule,
work systems & sharecropping
• Freedman’s Bureau
http://www.lva.lib.va.us/whoweare/exhibits/political/images/Harpers1st_vote.jpg
Southern Response
• KKK
• Black Codes
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/reconstruction/section4/section4_blackcodes.html
Presidential Reconstruction
• Lincoln’s Plan• Begins 1863 with
Louisiana• 10 Percent Plan• Black Suffrage• Tennessee• Arkansas• Wade Davis Bill• Iron Clad Oath
Lincoln’s Assassination
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/scsmhtml/scsmimg.html
Andrew Johnson
• Vetoes• Freedman’s Bureau
renewal• Civil Rights Act of
1865
Election of 1866
http://www.impeach-andrewjohnson.com/ListOfCartoons/AndysTrip.htm
Congressional Reconstruction
• 1867 – 1877• Radical Republicans • Thaddeus Stevens &
Charles Sumner• Politics of renewal of
Freedman’s Bureau• Civil Rights Act• Reconstruction Act of
1867
Impeachment
• Tenure of Office Act
• Command of the Military Act
http://www.impeach-andrewjohnson.com/ListOfCartoons/EffectOfTheVote.htm
Constitutional Changes
• 13th Amendment– http://www.nps.gov/malu/documents/amend13.htm
• 14th Amendment– http://www.nps.gov/malu/documents/amend14.htm
• 15th Amendment– http://www.nps.gov/malu/documents/amend15.htm
Election of 1868
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/reconstruction/section4/section4_17.html
Grant Administration
• Enforcements Acts, 1870 & 1871
• Prohibited states from discriminating against voters based on race
• Federal government could supersede state government
• Grant sent federal troops into SC
Panic of 1873
• Liberal Republicans, Horace Greeley, & 1872
• “Grantism”• Greenback Question
"Colored Rule in Reconstructed State" Thomas Nast cartoon from Harper's Weekly 1874. Out of copyright
"And Not This Man?" Thomas Nast cartoon from Harper's Weekly 1865. Out of copyright.
Changing Attitudes
“Negro Rule”
• Black majorities of voters in South Carolina, Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama, and Florida
• Scallywags
• Carpetbaggers
• Black Institutions
• Education
Election of 1876
• Economic Panic
• Corruption of Grant Administration
• Hayes v. Tilden
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/grant/peopleevents/e_election.html
http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/000000df.htm
Compromise of 1877http://www.harpweek.com/09Cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?
Month=January&Date=27
“Home Rule”
• Ku Klux Klan• Knights of the White
Caellia• Red Shirts• White Leagues
Cult of the Lost Cause
“In Memory of Our Southern Heroes.”
The “Redeemers”
• Conservatives
• Bourbons
• Merchants, Industrialists, railroad developers, financiers
• Former planters
• Corruption
Henry Grady & The New South
http://douglassarchives.org/grad_a12.htm
Jim Crow
• Poll Taxes• Literacy Test• All-White Primaries
www.sims.berkeley.edu/.../ s01/paint167.html
Industrialization
• New South Ideology: low wages, outside investors, small government
• Textile Milles• Birmingham & Steel• James B. Duke and
Tobacco
xroads.virginia.edu/.../ BuffaloBill/home.html
The Far West
Indian Wars
• Sioux Wars, 1865-67• “Indian Territory”
Established, 1867• Sioux Uprising, 1876• Battle of Little Big Horn,
1876• Geronimo Surrenders,
1886• Ghost Dance & Battle of
Wounded Knee, 1890
Dawes Act
• Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
• Eliminate tribal ownership of land
• Adult land owners were given citizenship but not land title for 25 years
Buffalo
Vaqueros/Cowboys
“Territory Rings”
Mining
• Rushes• Colorado Gold Rush,
1859• Pike’s Peak Gold
Rush• Black Hills, 1874
Union Pacific Railroad
Chinese
• California Passes “foreign miners” tax, 1852
• Chinese workers strike Union Pacific, 1866
• California Workingmen’s Party, 1878
• Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 (made permanent in 1902
Cattle Kingdom
The Great Plains
• Great American Desert (water)
• Business & Agriculture
• Subsidies for RR• Worldwide
overproductions
Industrialization
Sources
• Labor supply
• Technological innovation
• Organizational innovation
• Entrepreneurs
• Government
• Domestic market
Technology
• Cyrus Field, transatlantic cable
• Alexander Graham Bell, telephone (AT&T)
• Christopher Sholes, typewriter
• James Ritty, cash register
Electricity & Edison
• Menlo Park• Edison Electric Tower
at the World’s Columbian Exposition, 1893
Oil
• Wildcatters• Western
Pennsylvania
Henry Ford
“Scientific Management”
• “Taylorism”
Railroads
Corporations
• Vertical integration
• Horizontal integration
Standard Oil
• Pools
• Trusts
• J. D. Rockefeller
Carnegie Steel
• Iron in Western Ohio and Pennsylvania
• Mesabi Range
• Bessemer & Kelly
“Morganization”
• U. S. Steel
• General Electric
“Survival of the Fittest”
• Social Darwinism & laissez-faire
• “The public be damned.” William Vanderbilt
• “Mr. Speaker, I move we adjourn unless the Pennsylvania Railroad has more business to conduct.”
• “God gave me my money.” John D. Rockefeller
“Gospel of Wealth”
• Andrew Carnegie, 1901
Horatio Alger
Alternatives
• Henry George, Progress and Poverty, single tax
• Edward Belamy, Looking Backward
Labor
• Migration– Rural– Immigrant
• Women and Children• Women = 17% of
industrial workforce in 1900
Unions
• William Sylvis, National Labor Union, 1866
• Molly Maguires
Great Railroad Strike 0f 1877
Knights of Labor
• Uriah Stephens, 1866• All who “toiled”• Excluded lawyers,
bankers, liquor dealers and professional gamblers
• Welcomed women• Terence V. Powderly• Texas & Pacific RR
strike
AFL
• Craft Unions• Samuel Gompers• Bread and butter
unionism
Homestead Strike, 1892
• Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers
• Henry Clay Frick
• Pinkertons & PA National Guard
Pullman Strike, 1894
• George Pullman, workers as “children”
• Corporate Welfare• Eugene V. Debs,
American Railway Union
• President Grover Cleveland
Urbanization
Urban Conditions
Chicago Fire of 1871
San Francisco Earthquake of 1906
Triangle Fire
Boss Politics
• William Tweed• George Washington
Plunkitt• Tammany Hall
Consumer Culture
• Department Stores • Popular Culture• Leisure
Populism
1890s
“What’s the matter with Kansas?”
• William Allen White• Emporia Gazette
• "an old mossback Jacksonian who snorts and howls because there is a bathtub in the State House; we are running that old jay for Governor. We have another shabby, wild-eyed, rattlebrained fanatic who has said openly in a dozen speeches that 'the rights of the user are paramount to the rights of the owner'; we are running him for Chief Justice, so that capital will come tumbling over itself to get into the state . . . . Then, for fear some hint that the state had become respectable might percolate through the civilized portions of the nation, we have decided to send three or four harpies out lecturing, telling the people that Kansas is raising hell and letting the corn go to weed."
Populist’s World View
• Republicanism of the Founders
• Jefferson• Jackson• Lincoln
• laissez-faire capitalism
• social Darwinism • the gospel of wealth
Farmer’s Issues
• Farmers' share of gross domestic product dropped from 28 to 24% from the 1870s to the 1890s.
• Lost status as independent farmers and either became tenants or joined the urban working poor.
• Railroads• Globalization• Currency
The Powers that Be.
Patrons of Husbandry
• Oliver Kelly
• 1867
• Panic of 1873
• Granger Laws
• Supreme Court, 1886
Keeping out of Politics.
Farmers’ Alliance
• Cooperatives
• Sub-Treasury Plan
Politics of Currency
People’s Party
• Omaha Convention, July 4, 1892
• James B. Weaver (Greenback-Labor Party)
• "the railroad corporations will either own the people or the people must own the railroads."
Difficulties of Race and Region
Fusionist
Grover Cleveland
• Panic of 1893 – 97
• Coxey’s Army
• Pullman Strike
Election of 1896
• William McKinley • William Jennings Bryan
Spanish American War
• An American Empire• The New Diplomacy• White Man’s Burden• Cuba and Philippines
Progressivism
Defined
Local & State
• Temperance (WCTU & Anti-Saloon League)
• Robert La Follette – Wisconsin
• Initiative and Referendum
• Galveston, TX 1900
Rose Schneiderman
Jane Addams & Hull House
• Social Housekeeping
• Social work & Social Gospel
Ida Tarbell, History of Standard Oil
http://www.history.rochester.edu/fuels/tarbell/MAIN.HTM
Teddy Roosevelt
Bully Pulpit
• Trust Busting• Square Deal –
Anthracite Strike• Panama Canal• Roosevelt “corollary”• Russo-Japanese War
mediation• Meat Inspection Act
William Howard Taft
• Payne-Aldrich Tariff• Anti-trust action
against U.S. Steel
Election of 1912
• Role of Primaries• Progressive (Bull
Moose) Party• New Nationalism• New Freedom
Woodrow Wilson
• Princeton• Federal Reserve Act• Clayton Antitrust Act• Intervention in Haiti &
Dominican Republic• U.S. pursues Pancho
Villa in Mexico
World War I
Europe, 1914
• Nationalism• Imperialism• Bismarck and Alliances• Arms Race
Bosnian Crisis of 1908• Assassination in Sarajevo• Falling Dominoes
Trench Warfare
Somme
Flanders: No Man’s Land
New Technologies
1916 Election
• “Too Proud to Fight.”
U. S. Enters War
U. S. Troops with Gas Masks
Bolshevik Revolution
Douglas Fairbanks at Bond Rally
Generating Support
• Alien and Espionage Acts
• Committee on Public Information a.k.a. Creel Committee
Great Migration
Labor
• Gompers and AFL• Haywood and IWW
Women
Versailles
• 14 Points• League of Nations• Wilson’s Mistakes
Red Summer
Red Scare
• A. Mitchell Palmer
Constitution
• 18th Amendment – prohibition
• 19th Amendment – woman suffrage
Equal Rights Amendment
• Section 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.
• Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
• Section 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification.
Election of 1920