abridge limit (p. 363)absentee ballot one that allows a person to vote with-

out going to the polls on Election Day (p. 491)absolute monarch a monarch that has complete and

unlimited power to rule his or her people (p. 19)acreage allotment the program under which the gov-

ernment pays support prices for farmers’ cropsgrown on an assigned number of acres (p. 586)

action alert a message from an interest group to itsmembers, calling upon them to respond immediatelyby telephone, fax, or e-mail to a specific lawmaker,group of lawmakers, or other official (p. 547)

administrative assistant member of a lawmaker’s per-sonal staff who runs the lawmaker’s office, super-vises the schedule, and gives advice (p. 147)

administrative law law that spells out the authority,procedures, rules, and regulations to be followed bygovernment agencies (p. 425)

adversary system a judicial system in which opposinglawyers present their strongest cases (p. 428)

advisory opinion a ruling on a law or action that hasnot been challenged (p. 340)

affidavit a written statement to prove statements of factsigned by a witness under oath (p. 435)

affirmative action government policies that award jobs, government contracts, promotions, admissionto schools, and other benefits to minorities andwomen in order to make up for past discriminations(p. 412)

alien a person who lives in a country where he or she isnot a citizen (p. 387)

ambassador an official of the government who representsthe nation in diplomatic matters (p. 615)

amendment a change to the Constitution (p. 65)amicus curiae (uh•mee•kuhs KYUR•ee•EYE) Latin for

“friend of the court”; a written brief from an individ-ual or group claiming to have information useful to acourt’s consideration of a case (p. 333)

amnesty a group pardon to individuals for an offenseagainst the government (pp. 254, 390)

anarchy political disorder (p. 57)answer a formal response by a defendant to the charges

in a complaint (p. 433)apartheid strict segregation of the races (p. 693)appellate jurisdiction authority held by a court to hear

a case that is appealed from lower court (p. 306)appropriation approval of government spending

(p. 191)appropriations bill a proposed law to authorize spend-

ing money (pp. 160, 191)

A arraignment the procedure during which the judgereads the formal charge against the defendant andthe defendant pleads guilty or not guilty (p. 441)

arrest warrant an order signed by a judge naming the individual to be arrested for a specific crime(pp. 85, 438)

article one of seven main divisions of the body of theConstitution (p. 64)

assessment the complicated process involved in calcu-lating the value of property to be taxed (p. 674)

at-large as a whole; for example, statewide (p. 128)audit check more closely (p. 556)authorization bill a bill that sets up a federal program

and specifies how much money may be appropriat-ed for the program (p. 191)

autocracy a system of government in which the powerto rule is in the hands of a single individual (p. 18)

backgrounders information given by top governmentofficials to reporters who can use it in a story, butcannot reveal their source (p. 535)

balanced budget plan requiring that what the govern-ment spends will not exceed its income (p. 77)

bankruptcy the legal proceedings to administer theassets of a person or business that cannot pay itsdebts (p. 161)

biased sample in polling, a group that does not accu-rately represent the larger population (p. 520)

bicameral two-house legislative body (p. 641) bicameral legislature a two-chamber legislature (p. 123)bilateral treaty agreement between two nations (p. 629)bill a proposed law (p. 135)bill of attainder a law that establishes guilt and punish-

es people without a trial (p. 158)bipartisan consisting of members of both major politi-

cal parties (p. 619)bloc coalition that promotes a common interest (p. 344)block grant a grant of money to a state or local govern-

ment for a general purpose (pp. 658, 675)bond a contractual promise by a borrower to repay

a certain sum plus interest by a specified date(p. 657)

borough a political division in Alaska, similar to acounty in other states (p. 664)

boss a powerful party leader (p. 465)bourgeoisie capitalists who own the means of produc-

tion (p. 29)brief a written statement setting forth the legal argu-

ments, relevant facts, and precedents supporting oneside of a case (p. 333)

B

Glossaryabridge–brief

844 GLOSSARY

Glossary

844-856 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:06 AM Page 844

broadcast spectrum the range of frequencies overwhich electronic signals may be sent (p. 547)

bureaucracy government administrators (p. 115)bureaucrat one who works for a department or agency

of the federal government—civil servant (p. 275)

cabinet secretaries of the executive departments, thevice president, and other top officials that help thepresident make decisions and policy (p. 228)

calendar a schedule that lists the order in which billswill be considered in Congress (p. 136)

campaign manager the person responsible for the over-all strategy and planning of a campaign (p. 476)

canvass the vote count by the official body that tabulateselection returns and certifies the winner (p. 487)

canvassing board the official body that counts votesand certifies the winner (p. 490)

capital the means of production—money, factories,heavy machinery—used to produce other productsand goods (p. 718)

capitalism an economic system providing free choiceand individual incentive for workers, investors, con-sumers, and business enterprises (pp. 26, 718)

casework the work that a lawmaker does to help con-stituents with problems (p. 200)

caseworker a member of a lawmaker’s personal staffwho handles requests for help from constituents(pp. 148, 201)

caucus a private meeting of party leaders to choose candidates for office (pp. 134, 464)

cede to yield (p. 50)censure a vote of formal disapproval of a member’s

actions (p. 129)census a population count (p. 124)central clearance Office of Management and Budget’s

review of all legislative proposals that executiveagencies prepare (p. 236)

centralized planning government control of the econo-my (p. 724)

change of venue new trial location (p. 86)checks and balances the system where each branch of

government exercises some control over the others(p. 65)

civil case one usually involving a dispute between twoor more private individuals or organizations (p. 646)

civil law one relating to disputes among two or moreindividuals or between individuals and the govern-ment (pp. 103, 430)

civil rights movement the efforts to end segregation(p. 410)

C

civil service system practice of government employmentbased on competitive examinations and merit (p. 286)

civil society a complex network of voluntary associa-tions, economic groups, religious organizations, andmany other kinds of groups that exist independent ofgovernment (p. 24)

client group individuals and groups who work with a government agency and are most affected by itsdecisions (p. 295)

closed primary an election in which only members of a political party can vote (p. 465)

closed rule rule that forbids members of Congress tooffer amendments to a bill from the floor (p. 190)

closed shop a place of employment where only unionmembers may be hired (p. 583)

cloture a procedure that allows each senator to speakonly 1 hour on a bill under debate (p. 140)

cluster sample a polling method that groups people bygeographical divisions (p. 521)

coalition government one formed by several parties who combine forces to obtain a majority (p. 454)

collective bargaining the practice of negotiating laborcontracts (p. 581)

collective farm farm in which the land is owned by thegovernment but rented to a family (p. 728)

collective naturalization a process by which a group ofpeople become American citizens through an act ofCongress (p. 394)

collective security a system by which the participatingnations agree to take joint action against a nation that attacks any one of them (p. 629)

command economy an economic system in which the government controls the factors of production(pp. 30, 717)

commission form a form of municipal government thatcombines executive and legislative powers in an elect-ed commission (p. 667)

committees of correspondence colonial committees urging resistance to the British and keeping in touchwith one another as events unfolded (p. 44)

committee staff the people who work for House andSenate committees (p. 147)

common law law made by judges in the process of resolving individual cases (p. 426)

communism an economic system in which the centralgovernment directs all major economic decisions (pp. 30, 718)

comparative advantage economic principle that each country should produce those goods it can make more efficiently and trade for other goods(p. 732)

compensation salary (p. 214)

GLOSSARY 845

GlossaryGlossarybroadcast spectrum–compensation

844-856 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:06 AM Page 845

complaint a legal document filed with the court thathas jurisdiction over the problem (p. 433)

concurrent jurisdiction authority shared by both federal and state courts (p. 306)

concurrent powers powers that both the national government and the states have (p. 97)

concurrent resolution a resolution that covers mattersrequiring the action of the House and Senate but onwhich a law is not needed (p. 182)

concurring opinion the Court’s opinion expressing theviews of a justice(s) who agree with the majority’sconclusions but for different reasons (p. 334)

confederacy a loose union of independent states (p. 12)conferee member of a conference committee (p. 187)conference committee a temporary joint committee

set up when the House and the Senate have passeddifferent versions of the same bill (p. 144)

conference report compromise bill presented by the con-ference committee after changes are made (p. 187)

congressional override the power of Congress to passlegislation over a president’s veto (p. 249)

conscription compulsory military service; also called a draft (p. 625)

consensus an agreement about basic beliefs (p. 6)conservation the care and protection of natural resources

including the land, lakes, rivers, and forests; oil, natur-al gas, and other energy sources; and wildlife (p. 651)

conservative one who believes government should belimited, except in supporting traditional values andpromoting freedom of opportunity (p. 517)

consolidated democracy a nation that has democraticelections, political parties, constitutional govern-ment, an independent judiciary, and usually a mar-ket economy (p. 689)

constituent a person whom a member of Congress hasbeen elected to represent (p. 133)

constitution a plan that provides the rules for govern-ment (p. 13)

constitutional commission a group of experts appoint-ed to study a state constitution and recommendchanges (p. 639)

constitutional convention a gathering of citizens elect-ed to consider changing or replacing a constitution(p. 639)

constitutional court a court established by Congressunder the Constitution (p. 312)

constitutional government a government in which aconstitution has authority to place clearly recognizedlimits on the powers of those who govern (p. 13)

constitutional law law that involves the interpretationand application of the U.S. Constitution and stateconstitutions (pp. 14, 424)

constitutional monarch a monarch that has sharedgovernmental powers with elected legislatures orserves mainly as a ceremonial leader of a govern-ment (p. 19)

consul a government official who heads a consulate in a foreign nation (p. 623)

consulate office that promotes American business andsafeguards its travelers in a foreign country (p. 623)

containment the policy designed to keep the SovietUnion from expanding its power (p. 610)

contempt willful obstruction of justice (p. 168)contract a set of voluntary promises, enforceable by

the law, between two or more parties (p. 430)copyright the exclusive right to publish and sell a liter-

ary, musical, or artistic work for a specified period of time (p. 163)

corporate charter a document that gives a corporationlegal status (p. 648)

council-manager form a type of municipal governmentin which legislative and executive powers are sepa-rated (p. 668)

counsel an attorney (p. 401)county the largest political subdivision of a state (p. 663)county board the governing board of most counties

(p. 664)covert secret (p. 265)criminal case one in which the state brings charges

against a citizen for violating the law (p. 646)criminal justice system system of state and federal courts,

police, and prisons that enforces criminal law (p. 437)criminal law one that defines crimes and provides for

their punishment (p. 437) cross-pressured voter one who is caught between

conflicting elements in his or her own life (p. 493)customs duties taxes levied on goods imported into

the United States—tariffs or import duties (p. 557)

de facto existing “in fact” rather than legally (p. 265)defamatory speech false speech that damages a person’s

good name, character, or reputation (p. 369)defendant the person against whom a civil or criminal

suit is brought in court (p. 433)delegated powers powers the Constitution grants or

delegates to the national government (p. 95)democracy government in which the people rule (p. 19)democratic socialism an economic system in which

people have control over government through freeelections and multiparty systems, but the govern-ment owns the basic means of production andmakes most economic decisions (p. 28)

D

846 GLOSSARY

Glossarycomplaint–democratic socialism

844-856 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:07 AM Page 846

denaturalization the loss of citizenship through fraudor deception during the naturalization process(p. 396)

dependent one who depends primarily on another person for basic needs (p. 556)

deregulate to reduce regulations (p. 283)détente a relaxation of tensions between nations (p. 612)developing nation a nation only beginning to develop

industrially (pp. 16, 722)direct democracy a form of democracy in which the

people govern themselves by voting on issues (p. 20)direct primary an election in which party members

select people to run in the general election (p. 465)discount rate the interest rate the Federal Reserve

System charges member banks for loans (p. 569)discovery process when both sides prepare for a trial by

gathering evidence to support their case (p. 433)discrimination unfair treatment of individuals based

solely on their race, gender, ethnic group, age, physical disability, or religion (p. 407)

dissenting opinion the opinion expressed by a minorityof justices in a Court case (p. 334)

divine right belief that certain people are either de-scended from gods or chosen by gods to rule (p. 8)

double jeopardy retrial of a person who was acquittedin a previous trial for the same crime (p. 404)

due process clause Fourteenth Amendment clause stat-ing that no state may deprive a person of life, liberty,or property without due process of law (p. 308)

due process of law principle in the Fifth Amendmentstating that the government must follow proper con-stitutional procedures in trials and in other actions ittakes against individuals (pp. 86, 427)

economics the study of human efforts to satisfy seemingly unlimited wants through the use of limited resources (p. 26)

elastic clause clause in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution that gives Congress the right to make all laws “necessary and proper” to carry out the powers expressed in the other clauses of Article I (pp. 69, 96, 157)

elector member of a party chosen in each state toformally elect the president and vice president (p. 220)

electoral vote the official vote for president and vicepresident by electors in each state (p. 220)

electronic mailing list an automated e-mail notifica-tion that provides subscribers with current informa-tion on a topic (p. 545)

E

electronic petition a message that asks the recipient to“sign” his or her name electronically to a requestthat will be sent to an official (p. 547)

embargo an agreement prohibiting trade (p. 44)embassy an ambassador’s official residence and offices

in a foreign country (pp. 276, 622)eminent domain the power of the government to take

private property for public use (p. 86)enabling act the first step in the state admission proce-

dure which enables the people of a territory to pre-pare a constitution (p. 99)

enemy alien a citizen of a nation with which the UnitedStates is at war (p. 387)

entitlement a required government expenditure thatcontinues from one year to the next (pp. 192, 562)

entrepreneur a person who takes a risk to producegoods and services in search of profit (p. 718)

enumerated powers the expressed powers of Congressthat are itemized and numbered 1-18 in Article I,Section 8 of the Constitution (pp. 69, 96, 157)

equity a system of rules by which disputes are resolvedon the grounds of fairness (p. 426)

establishment clause the First Amendment guaranteethat “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion” (p. 358)

estate tax tax collected on the assets (property andmoney) of a person who dies (p. 558)

evolutionary theory the theory that the state evolvedfrom the family (p. 8)

excise tax tax on the manufacture, transportation, sale,or consumption of certain items such as gasoline,liquor, or cigarettes (pp. 557, 656)

exclusion the right of Congress to refuse to seat anelected member by a majority vote (p. 128)

exclusionary rule a law stating that any illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in a federal court (p. 399)

executive agreement an agreement made between thepresident and a head of state (pp. 80, 257, 619)

executive order a rule issued by the president that hasthe force of law (p. 253)

executive privilege the right of the president and otherhigh-ranking executive officers to refuse to testifybefore Congress or a court (p. 266)

expatriation giving up one’s citizenship by leaving tolive in a foreign country (p. 395)

ex post facto law a law that makes a crime of an act that was legal when it was committed (p. 158)

expressed contract a contract in which the terms arespecifically stated, usually in writing (p. 430)

expressed powers powers directly stated in the Consti-tution (pp. 68, 95, 157)

GLOSSARY 847

Glossarydenaturalization–expressed powers

844-856 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:07 AM Page 847

extradite to return a criminal or fugitive who fleesacross state lines back to the original state (p. 103)

extradition the legal procedure through which a personaccused of a crime who has fled to another state is re-turned to the state where the crime took place (p. 652)

extralegal not sanctioned by law (p. 56)

faction a group of people united to promote special interests (p. 503)

factors of production resources that an economy needsto produce goods and services (p. 717)

fairness doctrine rule requiring broadcasters to provideopportunities for the expression of opposing viewson issues of public importance (p. 538)

federal bureaucracy departments and agencies of thefederal government—mostly the executive branch(p. 71)

federal grant a sum of money given to a state for a spe-cific purpose (p. 657)

federalism a system in which power is divided betweenthe national and state governments (p. 65)

federal system a government that divides the powers ofgovernment between the national government andstate or provincial governments (p. 12)

felony a major crime (pp. 399, 438)filibuster a method of defeating a bill in the Senate

by stalling the legislative process and preventing avote (p. 140)

first reading when a bill introduced in Congress is givena title and a number, printed, and distributed (p. 184)

fiscal policy a government’s use of spending and taxation to influence the economy (p. 567)

fiscal year a 12-month accounting period (p. 560)force theory the theory that the state was born of

force—when all the people of an area were broughtunder the authority of one person or group (p. 8)

foreign policy the strategies and goals that guide a nation’s relations with other countries (p. 607)

forum medium for discussion (p. 249)free enterprise the opportunity to control one’s own

economic decisions (p. 23)free enterprise system an economic system based on

private ownership of the means of production—thecapital—and on individual economic freedom(p. 718)

free exercise clause the First Amendment guaranteethat prohibits government from unduly interferingwith the free exercise of religion (p. 358)

free market economic system in which buyers and sell-ers make free choices in the marketplace (p. 27)

F

front-runner the early leader in an election (p. 530)fundamental right a basic right of the American system

or one that is indispensable in a just system (p. 407)

gag order an order by a judge barring the press frompublishing certain types of information about apending court case (p. 373)

gentrification the phenomenon of new people movinginto a neighborhood, forcing out those who livethere, and changing the area’s essential character(p. 681)

gerrymander to draw a district’s boundaries to gain anadvantage in elections (p. 126)

government the institution through which the statemaintains social order, provides public services, and enforces binding decisions on citizens (p. 8)

government corporation a business that the federalgovernment runs (p. 280)

grandfather clause an exemption in a law for a certaingroup based on previous conditions (p. 483)

grand jury group that hears charges against a suspectand decides whether there is sufficient evidence tobring the person to trial (pp. 312, 439)

gross national product (GNP) the sum of all goods and services produced in a nation in a year (pp. 568, 729)

hearing a session at which a committee listens to testi-mony from people interested in the bill (p. 184)

heckler’s veto public veto of free speech and assemblyrights of unpopular groups by claiming demonstra-tions will result in violence (p. 379)

Holocaust the mass extermination of Jews and othergroups by the Nazis during World War II (p. 379)

horse-race coverage media approach of focusing on“winners” and “losers,” and “who’s ahead,” ratherthan on issues or policy positions (p. 537)

house arrest a sentence which requires an offender tostay at home except for certain functions the courtpermits (p. 653)

human rights fundamental freedoms (p. 355, 710)hung jury a jury that is unable to reach a decision

(p. 443)

ideological party a political party that focuses on over-all change in society rather than on an issue (p. 455)

I

H

G

848 GLOSSARY

Glossaryextradite–ideological party

844-856 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:07 AM Page 848

ideology a set of basic beliefs about life, culture, gov-ernment, and society (pp. 454, 517)

illegal alien a person without legal permission to be in acountry (p. 387)

image mental picture (p. 476)immunity freedom from prosecution for witnesses

whose testimony ties them to illegal acts (p. 169)impeach to accuse a public official of misconduct in

office (p. 79)impeachment a formal accusation of misconduct in

office against a public official (p. 164)implied contract a contract in which the terms are not

expressly stated but can be inferred from the actionsof the people involved and the circumstances (p. 430)

implied powers powers that the government requiresto carry out the expressed constitutional powers (pp. 96, 157)

impound refuse to spend (p. 337)impoundment the president’s refusal to spend money

Congress has voted to fund a program (pp. 175, 253)income tax the tax levied on individual and corporate

earnings (p. 108)incorporation a process that extended the protections

of the Bill of Rights against the actions of state andlocal governments (p. 356); the process of setting upa legal community under state law (p. 666)

incrementalism the term used to explain that the totalbudget changes little from year to year (p. 564)

incumbent elected official that is already in office(p. 130)

independent a voter who does not support any particu-lar party (p. 458)

indictment a formal charge by a grand jury (pp. 312, 440)industrialized nation a nation with large industries and

advanced technology that provides a more comfort-able way of life than developing nations (p. 16)

information a sworn statement by the prosecution that there is sufficient evidence for a trial (p. 440)

infrastructure the basic facilities of a city, such as pavedstreets and sidewalks, water pipes, sewers, bridges,and public buildings (p. 680)

inherent powers powers that the national governmentmay exercise simply because it is a government(p. 96)

initiative a method by which citizens propose a consti-tutional amendment or a law (p. 639)

injunction an order that will stop a particular action or enforce a rule or regulation (pp. 297, 433, 582)

inner cabinet members of the cabinet who wieldinfluence with the president because they head de-partments that are concerned with national issues(p. 232)

interest group a group of people with common goalswho organize to influence government (p. 503)

intergovernmental organization (IGO) an inter-national organization comprised of members ofnational governments (p. 702)

intergovernmental revenue revenue distributed by onelevel of government to another (p. 657)

interlocking directorate the same people serving on the boards of directors of competing companies(p. 579)

internationalism involvement in world affairs (p. 609)interstate commerce trade among the states (pp. 55, 161)interstate compact a written agreement between two or

more states (p. 105)iron triangle a relationship formed among government

agencies, congressional committees, and clientgroups who work together (p. 298)

isolationism the avoidance of involvement in world affairs (p. 609)

item veto the power to turn down a particular item in abill without vetoing the entire bill (p. 645)

Jim Crow law law requiring racial segregation in suchplaces as schools, buses, and hotels (p. 408)

joint committee a committee of the House and theSenate that usually acts as a study group and reportsits findings back to the House and the Senate (p. 143)

joint resolution a resolution passed by both houses ofCongress dealing with unusual or temporary matters,such as correcting an error in an earlier law (p. 182)

judicial activism the philosophy that the SupremeCourt should play an active role in shaping national policies by addressing social and political issues (p. 81)

judicial circuit a region containing a United States appellate court (p. 313)

judicial restraint the philosophy that the SupremeCourt should avoid taking the initiative on socialand political questions (p. 80)

judicial review the power of the Supreme Court to de-clare laws and actions of local, state, or national gov-ernments unconstitutional (pp. 66, 308, 336, 640)

jurisdiction the authority of a court to rule on certaincases (pp. 64, 305)

jury a group of citizens who hear evidence during a trial and give a verdict (p. 442)

jus sanguinis (YOOS SAHN•gwuh•nuhs) Latin phrasemeaning “law of blood”; the principle that grantscitizenship on the basis of the citizenship of one’sparents (p. 393)

J

GLOSSARY 849

Glossaryideology–jus sanguinis

844-856 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:07 AM Page 849

jus soli (YOOS SOH•LEE) Latin phrase meaning “lawof the soil”; the principle that grants citizenship tonearly all people born in a country (p. 393)

kibbutzim collective agricultural communes (p. 725)

laissez-faire the philosophy that government shouldkeep its hands off the economy (pp. 27, 578)

lame duck an outgoing official serving out the remain-der of a term, after retiring or being defeated for re-election (p. 90)

land all natural resources such as soil, water, air, andminerals (p. 717)

law set of rules and standards by which a society gov-erns itself (p. 423)

leak the release of secret information by anonymousgovernment officials to the media (pp. 230, 529)

legislative assistant a member of a lawmaker’s personalstaff that makes certain that the lawmaker is well in-formed about proposed legislation (p. 148)

legislative court a court created to help Congress exer-cise its powers (p. 314)

legislative oversight a continuing review by Congressof how effectively the executive branch carries outthe laws Congress passes (p. 169)

legislative veto the provisions Congress wrote intosome laws that allowed it to review and cancel ac-tions of executive agencies (p. 171)

liaison officer a cabinet department employee whohelps promote good relations with Congress (p. 296)

libel false written or published statements intended todamage a person’s reputation (pp. 84, 369, 536)

liberal one who believes the national governmentshould be active in promoting health, education,justice, and equal opportunity (p. 517)

lieutenant governor the presiding officer of the upperhouse in some state legislatures (p. 642)

life peer a person who has been awarded a title in the House of Lords for outstanding achievement (p. 690)

limited government a system in which the power of thegovernment is limited, not absolute (p. 36)

limited war a war in which the more powerful nationor nations will not go beyond certain limits (p. 709)

line-item veto the power to veto only certain lines oritems in a bill (pp. 176, 255)

litigant a person engaged in a lawsuit (p. 307)

L

K

lobbying direct contact made by a lobbyist in order to persuade government officials to support the poli-cies their interest group favors (pp. 198, 508)

lobbyist interest group representative (pp. 198, 508)logrolling an agreement by two or more lawmakers to

support each other’s bills (p. 202)

majority leader the Speaker’s top assistant whose job is tohelp plan the majority party’s legislative program andto steer important bills through the House (p. 134)

majority opinion the Court’s decision expressing theviews of the majority of justices (p. 334)

mandate a formal order given by a higher authority(pp. 245, 658)

mandatory sentencing a system of fixed, required termsof imprisonment for certain types of crimes (p. 651)

market economy an economic system which allowsbuyers and sellers acting in their individual intereststo control the factors of production (p. 717)

marketing quota a limit set among farmers to marketonly an assigned portion of an overproduced crop(p. 586)

market value the amount of money an owner may expect to receive if property is sold (p. 674)

mass media means of communication, such as televi-sion, newspapers, movies, books, and the Internet,that influence large audiences (pp. 515, 527)

mass transit systems such as subways that are used totransport a large number of people (pp. 602, 671)

mayor-council form a form of municipal governmentin which executive power belongs to an electedmayor, and legislative power to an elected council(p. 666)

media event a visually interesting event designed to re-inforce a politician’s position on some issue (p. 529)

mediation a process in which each side is given the opportunity to explain its side of the dispute andmust listen to the other side (p. 434)

metropolitan area a large city and its surrounding suburbs (p. 671)

metropolitan government a type of government thatserves several different communities in the same region (p. 682)

militia armed forces of citizens (p. 85)misdemeanor a minor crime that is usually punished by

a fine or jail sentence of less than one year (p. 438)mixed economy a system in which the government

regulates private enterprise (pp. 575, 721)moderate one whose beliefs fall somewhere between

liberal and conservative views (p. 517)

M

850 GLOSSARY

Glossaryjus soli–moderate

844-856 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:07 AM Page 850

monarchy autocracy in which a king, queen, or emper-or exercises supreme powers of government (p. 19)

monetary policy a government’s control of the supply ofmoney and credit to influence the economy (p. 567)

monopoly a business that controls so much of an in-dustry that little or no competition exists (pp.578, 719)

mortgage a loan taken out to pay for a house (p. 431)mullah a specially trained Islamic religious leader (p. 700)multilateral treaty international agreement signed by

several nations (p. 629)municipality an urban unit of government chartered

by a state (p. 665)Muslim a follower of the religion of Islam (p. 699)mutual defense alliance an agreement between nations

to support each other in case of an attack (p. 627)

nation group of people united by bonds of race, language,custom, tradition, and, sometimes, religion (p. 6)

national budget the yearly financial plan for the na-tional government (p. 175)

national committee representatives from the 50 stateparty organizations who run a political party (p. 460)

national convention a gathering of local and state partymembers chosen to nominate presidential and vice-presidential candidates (p. 460)

national debt the total amount of money the govern-ment owes at any given time (pp. 160, 559)

nationalist position a position that favors national action in dealing with problems (p. 106)

nationalization the process by which a governmenttakes control of industry (p. 724)

national security protection of a nation’s borders andterritories against invasion or control by foreignpowers (p. 608)

national security adviser director of the National Secu-rity Council staff (pp. 237, 616)

nation-state a country in which the territory of boththe nation and the state coincide (p. 6)

naturalization the legal process by which a person isgranted citizenship (p. 392)

necessary and proper clause Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which gives Congress the power to make all laws that are necessary and proper for carrying out its duties (pp. 96, 157)

newly developed nation a nation that has had significantor rapid industrial growth in recent years (p. 722)

news briefing a meeting during which a governmentofficial makes an announcement or explains a poli-cy, decision, or action (p. 528)

N

news release a ready-made story government officialsprepare for members of the press (p. 528)

nominating convention an official public meeting of a party to choose candidates for office (p. 464)

nongovernmental organization (NGO) an inter-national organization comprised of individuals andgroups outside the scope of government (p. 702)

non-resident alien a person from a foreign countrywho expects to stay in the United States for a short,specified period of time (p. 387)

nuclear proliferation the spread of nuclear weapons (p. 709)

office-group ballot one that lists the candidates togeth-er by the office for which they are running (p. 489)

oligarchy a system of government in which a smallgroup holds power (p. 19)

oligopoly situation when only a few firms dominate aparticular industry (p. 579)

open-market operations the means the Federal ReserveSystem uses to affect the economy by buying or sell-ing government securities on the open market(p. 570)

open primary an election in which all voters may participate (p. 465)

open shop a place of employment where workers mayfreely decide whether or not to join a union (p. 583)

opinion a written explanation of a Supreme Court de-cision; also, in some states, a written interpretationof a state constitution or state laws by the state’s at-torney general (pp. 322, 331, 645)

ordinance a law (pp. 50, 425)original jurisdiction the authority of a trial court to be

first to hear a case (p. 306)

pardon a release from legal punishment (p. 254)parish a political division in Louisiana, similar to a

county in other states (p. 664)parliamentary government form of government in

which executive and legislative functions both residein an elected assembly, or parliament (p. 689)

parochial school a school operated by a church or religious group (p. 359)

parole means by which a prisoner is allowed to servethe rest of a sentence in the community under thesupervision of a parole officer (p. 653)

partisan adhering to or supporting a particular party,faction, cause, or person (p. 544)

P

O

GLOSSARY 851

Glossarymonarchy–partisan

844-856 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:07 AM Page 851

party-column ballot one that lists each party’s candi-dates in a column under the party’s name (p. 489)

passport a document entitling a traveler to certain pro-tections established by international treaty (p. 623)

patent the exclusive right of an inventor to manufac-ture, use, and sell his or her invention for a specificperiod of time (p. 163)

patronage the practice of granting favors to rewardparty loyalty (pp. 256, 462)

peer group an individual’s close friends, religiousgroup, clubs, or work groups (p. 515)

per curiam opinion (puhr KYUR•ee•AHM) a briefunsigned statement of a Supreme Court decision(p. 333)

perjury lying under oath (p. 168)personal property movable belongings such as clothes

and jewelry, as well as intangible items like stocks,bonds, copyrights, and patents (pp. 431, 673)

personal staff the people who work directly for individ-ual senators and representatives (p. 147)

petition an appeal (p. 77)petit jury a trial jury, usually consisting of 6 or 12

people, that weighs the evidence presented at a trialand renders a verdict (p. 313)

petty offense a minor crime, usually punished by a ticket rather than being arrested (p. 437)

picket to patrol an establishment to convince workersand the public not to enter it (p. 378)

plaintiff person who brings charges in court (p. 433)plank a section of a political party platform (p. 469)platform a statement of a political party’s principles,

beliefs, and positions on vital issues (p. 469)plea bargaining the process in which a defendant

pleads guilty to a lesser crime than the one withwhich the defendant was originally charged (p. 440)

plurality the largest number of votes in an election (pp. 465, 644)

pocket veto when a president kills a bill passed duringthe last 10 days Congress is in session by simply re-fusing to act on it (p. 188)

political action committee (PAC) an organizationformed to collect money and provide financial sup-port for political candidates (pp. 130, 477, 511)

political culture a set of shared values and beliefs abouta nation and its government (p. 516)

political efficacy an individual’s feelings of his or hereffectiveness in politics (p. 516)

political party a group of individuals with broad com-mon interests who organize to nominate candidatesfor office, win elections, conduct government, anddetermine public policy (pp. 23, 453)

political socialization process by which individualslearn their political beliefs and attitudes throughpersonal background and life experiences (p. 515)

politics the effort to control or influence the conductand policies of government (p. 14)

polling place the location in a precinct where peoplevote (p. 488)

poll tax money paid in order to vote (pp. 90, 483)popular sovereignty rule by the people (p. 65)pork-barrel legislation laws passed by Congress that

appropriate money for local federal projects (p. 202)preamble a statement in a constitution that sets forth

the goals and purposes of government (p. 13)precedent a model on which to base later decisions or

actions (pp. 338, 364, 426)precinct a voting district (pp. 459, 488)precinct captain a volunteer who organizes party work-

ers to distribute information about the party and itscandidates and to get the voters to the polls (p. 459)

presidential government a form of democratic govern-ment in which a president heads the executivebranch (p. 691)

presidential succession the order in which officials fillthe office of president in case of a vacancy (p. 217)

president pro tempore the Senate member, elected bythe Senate, who stands in as president of the Senatein the absence of the vice president (p. 139)

press conference the news media’s questioning of ahigh-level government official (p. 535)

press secretary one of the president’s top assistants who is in charge of media relations (p. 239)

presumed innocence the presumption that a person isinnocent until proven guilty (p. 428)

price supports the program under which Congressbuys farmers’ crops if the market price falls belowthe support price (p. 586)

prime minister the leader of the executive branch of aparliamentary government (p. 691)

prior restraint government censorship of informationbefore it is published or broadcast (pp. 84, 371, 536)

private bill a bill dealing with individual people orplaces (p. 181)

private law a law that applies to a particular person (p. 390)

probable cause a reasonable basis to believe a person or premises is linked to a crime (p. 85)

procedural due process principle that prohibits arbitrary enforcement of the law, and also providessafeguards to ensure that constitutional and statutory rights are protected by law enforcement(p. 427)

procurement the purchasing of materials (p. 283)

852 GLOSSARY

Glossaryparty-column ballot–procurement

844-856 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:07 AM Page 852

profit the difference between the amount of moneyused to operate a business and the amount of moneythe business takes in (p. 720)

progressive tax tax based on a taxpayer’s ability to pay(pp. 556, 657)

proletariat workers who produce the goods (p. 29)propaganda the use of ideas, information, or rumors to

influence opinion (p. 495)proportional representation a system in which several

officials are elected to represent the same area in proportion to the votes each party’s candidate re-ceives (p. 457); used in presidential primaries toelect delegates in proportion to their popular vote(p. 467)

proportional tax tax that is assessed at the same rate foreveryone (p. 657)

public assistance government programs that distributemoney to poor people (p. 590)

public bill a bill dealing with general matters and ap-plying to the entire nation (p. 181)

public housing government-subsidized housing forlow-income families (p. 600)

public-interest group a group that seeks policy goalsthat it believes will benefit the nation (p. 506)

public opinion the ideas and attitudes a significantnumber of Americans hold about issues (p. 514)

public policy the course of action a government takesin response to some issue or problem (p. 112)

public utility an organization that supplies such neces-sities as electricity, gas, or telephone service (p. 648)

public welfare government efforts to maintain basichealth and living conditions for those people whohave insufficient resources of their own (p. 654)

public works bill a bill in which Congress appropriatesmoney for local projects (p. 201)

pure speech the verbal expression of thought and opin-ion before an audience that has chosen to listen(p. 366)

quorum the minimum number of members who mustbe present to permit a legislative body to take officialaction (p. 137)

quota a limit on the quantity of a product that may beimported (p. 733)

racial discrimination treating members of a race differ-ently simply because of race (p. 408)

R

CQ

random sampling a polling technique in which every-one in the “universe” has an equal chance of beingselected (p. 520)

ratify to approve (pp. 48, 76)rational basis test used by a Court to determine

whether a state law is reasonably related to an acceptable goal of the government (p. 406)

real property land and whatever is attached to or growing on it (pp. 431, 673)

reapportionment the process of reassigning representa-tion based on population, after every census (p. 124)

redistrict to set up new district lines after reapportion-ment is complete (p. 125)

referendum a special election (p. 666)refugee a person fleeing a country to escape persecution

or danger (p. 387)regional security pact a mutual defense treaty among

nations of a region (p. 627)register to enroll one’s name with the appropriate local

government in order to participate in elections(p. 487)

regressive tax tax in which people with lower incomespay a larger portion of their income (pp. 557, 657)

representative democracy a form of democracy inwhich the people elect representatives and give themthe responsibility and power to make laws and con-duct government (p. 20)

representative government a system of government in which people elect delegates to make laws andconduct government (p. 37)

representative sample a small group of people, typicalof the universe, that a pollster questions (p. 520)

reprieve the postponement of legal punishment (p. 254)republic a government in which voters hold sovereign

power; elected representatives, responsible to thepeople, exercise that power (p. 20)

reserved powers powers that belong strictly to thestates (p. 96)

reserve requirement the percentage of money memberbanks must keep in Federal Reserve Banks as a re-serve against their deposits (p. 570)

resident alien a person from a foreign nation who hasestablished permanent residence in the United States(p. 387)

revenue the money a government collects from taxes orother sources (p. 43)

revenue bill a law proposed to raise money (p. 158)reverse discrimination situation where a qualified

individual loses out to an individual chosen becauseof their race, ethnicity, or gender (p. 414)

revitalization investments in new facilities in an effortto promote economic growth (p. 681)

GLOSSARY 853

Glossaryprofit–revitalization

844-856 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:07 AM Page 853

rider a provision included in a bill on a subject otherthan the one covered in the bill (p. 182)

riding the circuit traveling to hold court in a justice’sassigned region of the country (p. 320)

roll-call vote a voting method used by the Senate inwhich senators respond “Aye” or “No” as theirnames are called in alphabetical order (p. 187)

runoff primary a second primary election between thetwo candidates who received the most votes in thefirst primary (p. 465)

sample group surveyed in an opinion poll (p. 520)sampling error a measurement of how much the sample

results may differ from the sample universe (p. 520)sanction a measure such as withholding economic aid

to influence a foreign government’s activities(pp. 630, 693)

scarcity a condition that exists because society does nothave all the resources to produce all the goods andservices that everyone wants (p. 717)

school board a usually elected local body that governs aschool district (p. 673)

search warrant an order signed by a judge describing aspecific place to be searched for specific items (p. 85)

secular nonreligious (p. 360)securities financial instruments, including bonds, notes,

and certificates, that are sold as a means of borrow-ing money with a promise to repay the buyer withinterest after a specific time period (pp. 559, 581)

security classification system the provision that infor-mation on government activities related to nationalsecurity and foreign policy may be kept secret (p. 416)

seditious speech speech urging resistance to lawful authority or advocating the overthrow of the gov-ernment (p. 367)

segregation separation of people from the larger socialgroup (p. 408)

select committee a temporary committee formed tostudy one specific issue and report its findings to the Senate or the House (p. 142)

self-incrimination testifying against oneself (p. 402)senatorial courtesy a system in which the president

submits the name of a candidate for judicial ap-pointment to the senators from the candidate’s before formally submitting it for full Senate approval (p. 317)

seniority system a system that gives the member of the majority party with the longest uninterruptedservice on a particular committee the leadership ofthat committee (p. 145)

S

sentence the punishment to be imposed on an offenderafter a guilty verdict (p. 443)

separate but equal doctrine a policy which held that iffacilities for different races were equal, they could beseparate (pp. 309, 409)

separation of powers the division of power among thelegislative, executive, and judicial branches of gov-ernment (pp. 40, 65)

sequester to keep isolated (p. 373)session a period of time during which a legislature

meets to conduct business (p. 123)shah a king (p. 701)shield law a law that gives reporters some means of pro-

tection against being forced to disclose confidentialinformation or sources in state courts (pp. 374, 537)

shock incarceration a prison program involving short-er sentences in a highly structured environmentwhere offenders participate in work, community service, education, and counseling (p. 653)

shock probation program designed to show young offenders how terrible prison life is through brief incarceration followed by supervised release (p. 653)

simple resolution a statement adopted to cover mattersaffecting only one house of Congress (p. 182)

single-issue party a political party that focuses on onemajor social, economic, or moral issue (p. 455)

single-member district electoral district in which onlyone candidate is elected to each office (p. 457)

slander false speech intended to damage a person’s reputation (pp. 84, 369)

social consensus when most people in a society acceptdemocratic values and agree about the purpose andlimits of government (p. 24)

social contract theory that by contract, people surrenderto the state the power needed to maintain order andthe state, in turn, agrees to protect its citizens (p. 8)

social insurance government programs designed tohelp elderly, ill, and unemployed citizens (p. 590)

social insurance tax the money collected by the federalgovernment to pay for major social programs, suchas Social Security, Medicare, and unemploymentcompensation programs (p. 556)

socialism an economic system in which the govern-ment owns the basic means of production, distributes the products and wages, and provides social services such as health care and welfare(pp. 28, 718)

soft money money raised by a political party for generalpurposes, not designated for a candidate (p. 478)

sovereignty the supreme and absolute authority withinterritorial boundaries (p. 7)

854 GLOSSARY

Glossaryrider–sovereignty

844-856 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:07 AM Page 854

special district a unit of local government that dealswith a specific function, such as education, watersupply, or transportation (p. 665)

splinter party a political party that splits away from a major party because of some disagreement (p. 455)

spoils system the practice of victorious politicians rewarding their followers with government jobs(p. 285)

spot advertising the brief, frequent, positive descrip-tions of a candidate or a candidate’s major themesbroadcast on television or radio (p. 531)

standing committee a permanent committee in Con-gress that oversees bills that deal with certain kindsof issues (p. 142)

standing vote a voting method used by the House andSenate in which members vote by standing andbeing counted (p. 187)

stare decisis (STEHR•ee dih•SY•suhs) a Latin termmeaning “let the decision stand”; the principle thatonce the Court rules on a case, its decision serves as a precedent on which to base other decisions(p. 338)

state a political community that occupies a definiteterritory and has an organized government with thepower to make and enforce laws without approvalfrom any higher authority (p. 5)

state central committee committee usually composedlargely of representatives from the party’s county organizations (p. 460)

state farm farm owned by the government and run like a factory, with farmworkers being paid wages(p. 728)

state-sponsored terrorism terrorism that is secretlysupported by a government (p. 708)

states’ rights position a position that favors state andlocal action in dealing with problems (p. 106)

statute a law written by a legislative branch (p. 425)statutory law a law that is written down so that every-

one might know and understand it (p. 425)straight party ticket one where a voter has selected

candidates of his or her party only (p. 493)straw poll an unscientific attempt to measure public

opinion (p. 520)strong-mayor system a type of mayor-council govern-

ment in which the mayor has strong executive powers (p. 666)

subcommittee a group within a standing committeethat specializes in a subcategory of its standing com-mittee’s responsibility (p. 142)

subpoena a legal order that a person appear or producerequested documents (p. 168)

substantive due process certain rights of individuals inthe application of laws, some that are specified in theConstitution (like free speech) and some that are notspecified (like the right of privacy in making person-al decisions) (p. 427)

suburb a densely settled territory adjacent to a centralcity (p. 672)

suffrage the right to vote (p. 481)summons an official notice of a lawsuit that includes

the date, time, and place of the initial court appear-ance (p. 433)

sunset law a law that requires periodic checks of govern-ment agencies to see if they are still needed (p. 112)

sunshine law a law prohibiting public officials fromholding meetings not open to the public (p. 113)

supranational organization an organization whoseauthority overrides the sovereignty of its individualmembers (p. 704)

supremacy clause statement in Article VI of the Consti-tution establishing that the Constitution, laws passedby Congress, and treaties of the United States “shallbe the supreme Law of the Land” (pp. 64, 97)

suspect classification a classification made on the basis of race or national origin that is subject to strict judicial scrutiny (p. 407)

swing vote the deciding vote (p. 344)symbolic speech the use of actions and symbols, in

addition to or instead of words, to express opinions(p. 366)

tariff a tax placed on imports to increase their price inthe domestic market (p. 733)

tax the money that people and businesses pay to sup-port the activities of the government (pp. 189, 555)

taxable income the total income of an individual minuscertain deductions and personal exemptions (p. 555)

tax credit allows taxpayers to reduce their income taxliability (p. 559)

terrorism the use of violence by nongovernmentalgroups against civilians to achieve a political goal(p. 708)

theocracy a government dominated by religion (p. 453)third party any political party other than one of the two

major parties (p. 455)ticket the candidates for president and vice president

(p. 466)ticket-splitting voting for candidates from different

parties for different offices (p. 489)tort a wrongful act, other than breach of contract, for

which an injured party has the right to sue (p. 432)

T

GLOSSARY 855

Glossaryspecial district–tort

844-856 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:07 AM Page 855

totalitarian dictatorship a form of autocratic govern-ment where the ideas of leaders are glorified and thegovernment seeks to control all aspects of social andeconomic life (p. 18)

town meeting a gathering of all the voters of a town to express their opinions and participate in the law-making process (p. 665)

township a unit of local government found in somestates, usually a subdivision of a county (p. 664)

trading bloc a group of nations that trade without barriers such as tariffs (p. 734)

traditional economy economic system in which cus-toms dictate the rules for economic activity (p. 717)

transcript a summary record (p. 417)treaty a formal agreement between the governments of

two or more countries (pp. 80, 257, 615)trial court the court in which a case is originally tried

(p. 306)trust a form of business consolidation in which several

corporations combine their stock and allow a boardof trustees to operate as a giant enterprise (p. 578)

unanimous opinion a Court decision in which all justices vote the same way (p. 334)

uncontrollable government expenditure required bylaw or resulting from previous budgetary commit-ments (pp. 192, 562)

unemployment compensation payments to workerswho lose their jobs (p. 649)

unemployment insurance programs in which the federal and state governments cooperate to providehelp for people who are out of work (p. 592)

unfunded mandates programs ordered but not paid for by federal legislation (p. 588)

unicameral a single-chamber legislature (pp. 48, 641)union shop a place of employment where workers are

required to join a union soon after they have beenhired (pp. 583, 649)

unitary system a government that gives all key powersto the national or central government (p. 12)

universe in polling, the group of people that are to bestudied (p. 520)

urban renewal programs under which cities apply for federal aid to clear slum areas and rebuild(pp. 599, 678)

U

verdict decision (p. 443)veto rejection of a bill (pp. 66, 188)victim compensation a program in many states

whereby the state government provides financial aid to victims of certain crimes (p. 651)

visa a special document, required by certain countries,that is issued by the government of the country thata person wishes to enter (p. 623)

voice vote method in which House or Senate memberscall out “Aye” or “No” and the Speaker determineswhich side has the most voice votes (p. 187)

ward a large district comprised of several adjoiningprecincts (p. 459)

weak-mayor system mayor-council government inwhich the mayor has limited powers (p. 666)

welfare state a nation that has an economic system,such as socialism, that provides many welfare programs (p. 723)

whip an assistant to the party floor leader in the legislature (p. 135)

withholding the money an employer withholds fromworkers’ wages as payment of anticipated incometax (p. 556)

workers’ compensation payments people unable towork as a result of job-related injury or ill health receive (p. 649)

writ of certiorari (SUHR•shee•uh•RAR•ee) an orderfrom the Supreme Court to a lower court to send upthe records on a case for review (p. 332)

writ of habeas corpus a court order to release a personaccused of a crime to court to determine whether heor she has been legally detained (p. 158)

zoning the means a local government uses to regulatethe way land and buildings may be used in order toshape community development (p. 669)

Z

W

V

856 GLOSSARY

Glossarytotalitarian dictatorship–zoning

844-856 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:07 AM Page 856

Italicized page numbers refer to illus-trations. The following abbreviationsare used in the index:m=map, c=chart or graph, p=photograph or picture, ctn=cartoon, ptg=painting, q=quote

Aaron, Henry J., q592Abington School District v. Schempp,

361abridge, 363absentee ballots, 491absolute monarchy, 19;

in Saudi Arabia, 701acceptance, 431access, media rights of, 537accused, rights of, 86, 398; cruel and

unusual punishment, 87, 405; doublejeopardy, 85, c86, 404–5; guarantee ofcounsel, 401–2; searches and seizures,398–401, p399, p400; self-incrimina-tion, 85–86, 402–4

Acevedo, Charles Steven, 400acquisitions, U.S., c7acreage allotment, 586action alerts, 546–547Adams, Abigail, 151, p151Adams, John, 71, 151, 155, q155, q219,

454; and Declaration ofIndependence, 46; and judicialreview, 307–8, p307; and nominationof Marshall as chief justice, 305; asvice president, 58, 69

Adams, John Quincy, 220, 224, 241; inelection of 1824, 164; as secretary ofstate, 616

Adams, Samuel, 44Adams, Sherman, 265Adarand Constructors Inc. v. Peña, 414Addams, Jane, 421, q421Adderly v. Florida, 377administrative assistant, 147–48administrative law, 425Administrative Procedures Act (1946),

297adversary system, 428advertising: campaign, 476, 531; Feder-

al Communications Commissionregulation of, 538; financing TV, 531;and free press, 375; propaganda in,495–496; protection against false,580; spot, 531

affiliated PACs, 512

A

Albright, Madeleine, 229, p229alcohol, driving under the influence of,

p439Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms,

Bureau of, 277Aldrin, Edwin E., Jr, p294Alexander, Jane, p191Alien Registration Act (1940), 382aliens, 382; classifying, 387–88; enemy,

387; illegal, 387–88; nonresident, 387;resident, 387; rights of, 388. See alsoimmigrants

Allegheny County v. ACLU, 362Allende, Salvador, 725alliances, bilateral treaties of, 629Allott, Gordon, p139ambassadors, 615, 622amendments, 76, c77, 83–90, c88; de-

fined, 65; power of Congress in,165; proposing, 76–77, 79; ratifying,77–79; for state constitutions,639–40. See also specific amendments

American Association of Retired Per-sons (AARP), 505

American Bar Association (ABA), 506;and judicial appointments, 325

American Battle MonumentsCommission, 279

American College of Surgeons, 510American Conservative Union, 490American Farm Bureau Federation,

505American Federation of Labor (AFL),

581American Independent Party, 224, 457American Library Association, U.S. v.,

548–49American Medical Association, 506American Nazi Party, march of, in

Skokie, 378–79American Online (AOL), 538, 540,

p548American Revolution, 699American Samoa, representation in

Congress, 129Americans for Free International

Trade, 512Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

(1990), 72, 337, 580America Online, 532AmeriCorps, 256, p256amicus curiae brief, 333amnesty, 390; granting of, 254anarchy, 57Anglican Church, 700Ankara, 722Annapolis Convention (1786), 52

Afghanistan, 163, 259; Taliban controlof, 708–9; war in, 82

AFL-CIO, 505; Committee on PoliticalEducation, 490

Africa: economic development in,725–26. See also South Africa

African Americans: and affirmative action, 412–14, p413; in the cabinet,229; citizenship rights to, 98; civilrights for, 98, 99, p99, 113, 408–10,p407, p408; and Civil War amend-ments, 88–89, 98; and desegregation,95, p95, 309, p309, 310, 346–47; ef-forts to end discrimination against,261–62; judicial appointments of,317, 323; and “separate but equal”doctrine, 309, 346; suffrage for,482–84; in World War II, 133. See also civil rights movement

African National Congress (ANC),693–94

Afrikaner Nationalist Party (SouthAfrica), 694

Afroyim v. Rusk, 695Agence France-Presse, 533Agency for International Development

(AID), 629Agnew, Spiro, resignation of, 217Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

(1933), 586Agricultural Marketing Services, 586agriculture: collective farms in, 728;

communes in, 725; federal govern-ment role in, 584–86; interest groupsin, 505; state farms in, 728; subsidiesfor, 586; subsidies in, 734

Agriculture, U.S. Department of, 277,283, 295; aid programs in, 586; cre-ation of, 584; school lunch programof, 586

Aid to Families with Dependent Chil-dren (AFDC), 593, 594, 654

Aid to the Blind, 654Aid to the Permanently and Totally

Disabled, 654Air Force, Department of the, 625Air Force One, 214air pollution, policies on, 587, 651Air Pollution Act (1955), 587Air Quality Control Act (1967), 651Alabama: apportionment in, 126; laws

in, 425; legislature in, 642; regionalgovernment in, 673

Alaska: admission to Union, 100; envi-ronment concerns in, 651; local gov-ernment in, 664; purchase of, 153

Albany Plan of Union, 44

INDEX 857

IndexAaron, Henry J.–Annapolis Convention (1786)

857-881 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:55 AM Page 857

Anthony, Susan B., p197anticolonialism, 724anthrax, 237, 595Anti-Federalists, 56–57Anti-Masons, 466antitrust legislation: Clayton Antitrust

Act (1914), 579, 581; enforcing, 579;Sherman Antitrust Act (1890),578–79, 581

Anthony, Susan B., p498, q498ANZUS Pact, 629apartheid, 693, 705Appalachian Regional Commission,

201appeals courts: federal, 313–14; state,

647appellate jurisdiction, 306–7, 321appointments: of cabinet members,

228–29; power of Congress to con-firm, 619; presidential, 253, 288–89;to Supreme Court, 323–26

Apprendi, Charles, 411Apprendi v. New Jersey, 411appropriation, 191appropriations bills, 160, 191–92appropriations committees, 192Arab-Israeli wars, 709Arafat, Yasir, p615arbitrator, 434archives, 544Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 589Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, p266, 702,

p702Aristotle, 5, 18, p31Arizona: admission to Union, 100; elec-

tion of governor in, 643–44; waterrights disputes in, 105

Arizona v. Fulminante, 404Arkansas: local government in, 664;

prison conditions in, 105Arkansas v. Sanders, 400armed forces. See militaryArmed Forces Radio and Television

Network, 531Armed Liberty (Crawford), p134Arms Control and Disarmament

Agency, 294Armstrong, Neil, 294Army, Department of the, 625arraignment, 441arrest, 438–39arrest warrant, 85, 438–39Arthur, Chester A., succession to presi-

dency, 286articles, 64Articles of Confederation, 65; achieve-

ments of, 50–51; government under,48, c49; weaknesses of, 49–50, 245, 577

bilateral treaties of alliances, 629Bill of Rights: English, 36–37; in state

constitutions, 638; in U.S. Constitu-tion, 56–58, 83–87, 355–57, 438, 638,789–90. See also specific amendments

bills of attainder, 158Binder, Sarah, q193Bin Laden, Osama, 708–09Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act

(BRCA), 216, 478–79bipartisan support, 619birth, citizenship by, 393, p393Bisnow, Mark, 148, q148Black, Hugo, 290, 334, q359, q361, q402Blackmun, Harry, 326Blair, Tony, p690block grants, 658, 675Board of Education v. Allen, 360Boerne, Texas, City of v. Flores, 363–64Bolton, John, 312Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon, 690Bonaparte, Napoleon, 425bonds, 559, 657, 675books, 528Bootstrap Institute, 611Bork, Robert, 324boroughs, 664borrowing for revenue, 559Bosnia, 628bosses, 465Boston, laws in, 425Boston Tea Party, 43bourgeoisie, 29Bowery at Night (Sontag), 670brain trust, 231Brandeis, Louis D., q318, 343, q382Brandenburg, Clarence, 369Brandenburg v. Ohio, 369Branzburg v. Hayes, 537Braswell v. United States, 403–4Breyer, Stephen, p322, 324, 347briefs, 333Brinton, Jason, 458, p458broadcast media, 527; court coverage

by, 533; regulation of, 536–41,537–38; Roosevelt's use of, 528

broadcasting, public, 531broadcast licensing, 530broadcast spectrum, 547Brookhart, Smith, 153Brougham, Henry, q575Brown, Eddie, 103Brown, Linda, p309Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka,

309, p309, 310, 319, 337, 346–47,409–10

Bryan, William Jennings, 499, 473,q473

Asia: developing economies in, 734;Japan’s leadership in, 734

Ashcroft, John, p144, 275, q418Askins, Renée, 324, p324assembly, freedom of, 84, 376; limits on

parades and demonstrations, 377; lim-its on public, 377; and property rights,378; protecting, 376, 381; public, anddisorder, 378–80; on public property,377

assessment, 674Associated Press (AP), 528–29, 533association, freedom of, 382Atlanta: housing problems in, 678–79;

mass transit in, 681; suburbs of, 672at-large, 128atomic bomb, 279attitudes, media impact on, 534attorney general, 325; in state

government, 645Atwater v. City of Lago Vista, 399Australia: ANZUS Pact with, 629; fed-

eral system of government, 12Australian ballot, 490authoritarian governments, 696–701authorization bill, 191autocracy, 18

backgrounders, 528–29bad tendency doctrine, 368bail, 439Baird, Zoë, 230Baker, Vernon, 133, p133Baker v. Carr, 126, 341Bakke, Allan, 412–14, p413balanced budget, 77, 563; amendment

for, 77Balanced Budget and Emergency

Deficit Control Act (1985), 563ballots, 224, 489; absentee, 491; Aus-

tralian, 490; security of, 481Barrett, Bill, 15Batista, Fulgencio, 698Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART), 681Bay of Pigs, 698Beaver, Mary Ellen, 440, p440Beer, Samuel H., q115Bennett et al. v. Spear et al., 518Bentsen, Lloyd, 223, 476Bethel School District v. Fraser, 370Betts v. Brady, 401, 402biased sample, 520bibliography, preparing, 713bicameral legislature, 123, 641, 689Bigelow v. Virginia, 375

B

858 INDEX

IndexAnthony, Susan B.–Bryan, William Jennings

857-881 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:55 AM Page 858

Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 299, q299Buck, Tom, 656Buckley v. Valeo, 512Buddhism, 697budget: balanced, 77; incremental, 564Budget and Accounting Act (1921),

561, 564Budget Impoundment and Control

Act (1974), 175Bulgaria: application for EU member-

ship, 704, 734; and NATO member-ship, 628; overthrow of communismin, 692

Bull Moose Party, 457, p457bureaucracy, 275; cabinet departments

as, 276–79, c276; in Constitution, 275;cutting size of federal, 283; defined,115; Executive Office of the Presidentas, 234–38; and federal budget, 561;growth of, 71, 293; independent agen-cies as, 279–80; influence of clientgroups on, 297–98; influences on deci-sions of, 295–97; in influencing policy,291–93; and limitations on presiden-tial power, 250; reasons for makingpolicy, 293–95; regulatory commis-sions in, 281, 283; size of, 275, ctn289,294; technology in, 293–94; WhiteHouse Office as, 238–39; women in,284

Bureau of Citizenship and Immigra-tion Services (BCIS), 277, 388, 393,394

Burger, Warren E., q267, 326Burns, James MacGregor, 173Burr, Aaron, 164, 221Burstyn v. Wilson, 375Burton, Harold, 345Bush, George H.W., p234, p312;

bureaucracy of, 236; cabinet of,231–32; communication skills of,263; education policy under, 599; inelection of 1992, p70; and federal aidpolicies, 109; foreign policy under,612, 619, 621; isolation of, 265; judi-cial appointments of, 348; nationaldefense, 567; nominations of, 532;and Operation Desert Storm, 258,p258, 618; and overthrow of Noriega,258; and Persian Gulf War, 197; asvice president, 213, p213; war powersof, p157

Bush, George W., in 2004 presidentialcampaign, 497, 531; budget of, 564;cabinet of, p231; campaign, 216; andDefense Department, 294; and De-partment of Homeland Security, 237;and education reform, 599; and the

Cannon, Joseph G., 136canvassing board, 490capital, 718capitalism, 26, 718, c719, 722; changing

face of, 720–21; characteristics of,718–20; defined, 26; modified, 721;origins of, 27

capital punishment, 87, m404;constitutionality of, 405

Capitol, U.S., p69card catalogs, 383Cardozo, Benjamin, 325“Carnivore,” 417Carter, Jimmy, 77, 237, 261, 468; and

civil service reform, p288; communica-tion skills of, 263; and Department ofEducation, p279; and deregulationmovement, 283; in election of 1976,521; in election of 1980, 494–95; for-eign policy under, 619; and granting ofamnesty to draft evaders, 254; and Irancrisis, 259, 628; judicial appointmentsof, 317, 347; and legislative vetoes,176; life after presidency, 266, p266;and ratification of Panama Canaltreaties, 619, ctn619; and use of exec-utive order, 253

Carter, Rosalynn, 266Carter Center, 266Cary, John H., q585casework, 200caseworkers, 148, 201Castro, Fidel, ctn698, 698–699, 725categorical-formula grants, 658, 675Cato the Younger, p139Cattlemen’s Action Legislative Fund

(CALF), 512caucus, 134caucuses, 464Cavazos, Lauro F., 229ceded, 50Cedras, Raul, 702censorship, 538census, 124Census, Bureau of the, 124, 277Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention, 595Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 257,

280, 294, 616central issues, identifying, 31centralized planning, 724change of venue, 86Channel One News, 514Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 370Charles I (King of England), 36Charles X (King of France), 690Chase, Samuel, impeachment of, 322checkbook journalism, 535

environment, 589; and foreign policy,616; governor of Texas, 641, p641;and Kyoto Treaty, 712; and themedia, p248; and the military, p623;president, p74, p212, p214, 222, 224,225, m225, 237, 240, p240, q240, 241,259, 475, c489, m494, 499, 564, 567,p606, 613, p623, 630, 709; and war inIraq, q241, 613; and war against ter-rorism, 248, q248, 612–13, 707, 709;Web site of, 240, 547

Bush v. Gore, 340, 342, 756business: and antitrust legislation,

578–79; deregulation of, 578; federalpromotion and protection of, 575–76;federal regulation of, 576–79; interestgroups in, 505; and protection of con-sumers from, 309–10; state regulationof, 648–50

Business Roundtable, 505business trusts, 309–10Business Week, 528Butler, Pierce, 326butterfly ballot, 498, p498Byrd, Robert, 201

cabinet, 228, 276–79, c276; AfricanAmericans in, 229; factors limiting,232; function of, 692; Hispanics in,229; in history, 231; influence of, 232;modern, 231; nominations and con-firmation, 230; role of, 230–32; selec-tion of, 228–30; women in, 229

Cable News Network (CNN), p531,544, p545

cable television, 535, 536, 538Calendar of General Orders, 140calendars, 136California: anti-pollution laws in, 112;

criminal law in, 437; legislature in,642; local government in, 664; recallof governor, 644; water rights dis-putes in, 105; welfare in, 654

California v. Acevedo, 400California v. Greenwood, 399campaigning online, 130campaign manager, 476Campbell, Ben Nighthorse, 153Camp David, 216Campos, Gladiola, 381Canada, federal government in, 12candidates: identifying, 529–30; nomi-

nation of, 464–70, 530–31; recruiting,461

Cannon, Charlie, 26

XYZC

INDEX 859

IndexBrzezinski, Zbigniew–checkbook journalism

857-881 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:55 AM Page 859

checks and balances, 65–66, c66, ctn67,172, 173, 174, p237, 341

Cheney, Dick, p153, 153, 219, 219, 509,564

Cheney, Lynne, 509Chiang Kai-shek, 696Chicago, 672; municipal government

in, 666; political boss in, 519; votingrights in, 484

Child Labor Act (1916), 336Child Online Protection Act (1998),

548Children's Internet Protection Act

(2002), 548Chile: economic policies in, 724;

socialist democracy in, 725Chiles, Lawton, p103China, People's Republic of, 696–98;

appeals for democracy in, 697, p697;changing economy in, 729–31; civilliberties in, 697–98; communism in,29–30, 697; constitution of, 13; for-eign policy with, 607; as permanentmember of Security Council, 703; po-litical history of, 696–97; relationswith U.S., 698, 731; TiananmenSquare in, 13, p18; and trade barriers,733; workers in, p716, 730

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 389Chisholm, Shirley, 153Chisholm v. Georgia, 348choice, freedom of, 720Christian Democratic Union, 700Christmas tree bills, 182, 190Church, Frank, 197–98Churchill, Winston, 610Church of England, 700cities, 671–72citizen participation: and Internet,

546–48citizens: participation of, 23;

representation of, 36, p36;responsibilities of, 396–97; right toknow, 416–17; right to privacy,417–18, p417

citizenship: by birth, 393, p393; andFourteenth Amendment, 392–93; los-ing, 395–96; national, 391–93; by nat-uralization, 393–94, p394;qualifications for, 393–94, p394; stepsto, 394–95, p396

civic responsibility, 529Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), 283civil cases, 646, 647; steps in,

433–34civil law, types of, 430–32civil liberties, p21, 339, 725; affirmative

action, 412–14; in China, 697–98;

ctn347, 348; legislation signing by,171; and line-item veto, 176, 255; andthe media, p248, p526, p528; andparty politics, 173; political cam-paigns of, 530, 543; and reinventinggovernment, 109–10, 283, p293; andCongress, 257; support for NAFTA,711, 734; land investments of, 168,171; White House staff of, 239

Clinton v. City of New York, 188, 255closed primary, 465closed rule, 190closed shops, 583cluster sample, 521Code of Hammurabi, 423coercive force, 9Cohen, Bernard, q534Cold War, 294, 610, 630; end of, 607,

611–13, 616, 698, 704; North At-lantic Treaty Organization after, 628

collective bargaining, 581collective farms, 728collective naturalization, 394–95collective security, 629colonies: conflict with Great Britain,

42–44; government in, 38–40;legislatures in, 39–40; political her-itage of, 35–38; taxing, 43; unity of,44

Colorado: sunset laws in, 112; waterrights disputes in, 105

command economy, 717, 718, 720, 723;communism as, 29–30

commander in chief, president as, 615,p623

Commerce, U.S. Department of, 277,c278, 295, 297, 576

Commerce and Slave-TradeCompromise, 55

commerce power, 108, 161commission form of municipal

government, 667, c667committee action on bills, 184Committee for Public Education v.

Regan, 360Committee for the Propagation of

Virtue and the Prevention of Vice,701

committee hearings of bills, 184Committee on Administrative

Management, 234, 238Committee on Permanent Organiza-

tion, 469Committee on Political Education

(COPE), 505committees of correspondence, 44committee system: in House of Repre-

sentatives, 133, 136–37, 183–84;

discrimination against women,414–16; protecting, 310

Civil Rights Act (1957), 140Civil Rights Act (1964), 108, 162,

415–16, 580Civil Rights and Women’s Equity in

Employment Act (1991), 416Civil Rights Commission, 279civil rights complaint, filing, p414civil rights movement, 408–10;

education in, 409–10; under Eisen-hower, 99; under Johnson, 98, p407;under Kennedy, 99; sit-ins in, p408, 410; under Truman,261–62. See alsoAfrican Americans

Civil Service Commission, 286Civil Service Commission v. Letter Car-

riers, 290civil service system, 284–86; benefits

and problems, 287; getting job with, 286; Hatch Act (1939),287–88, 290; origins, 285–86; politicalappointees, 288–89

civil society, 24Civil War, p71, 625; political parties be-

fore and after, 454Civil War amendments, 88–89, 98, 308civil wars, 710Clark, Tom, q162, 324, q338Clark v. Community for Creative Non-

Violence, 365classroom courtroom, 444–47Claybrook, Joan, 513Clayton Antitrust Act (1914), 579, 581Clean Air Act (1963), 651Clean Air Act (1990), 587, 651Clean Air Amendments (1970), 587,

651clear and present danger doctrine, 320,

368, 382Cleveland, Grover, 238; and labor rela-

tions, 99Cleveland, Ohio, voting in, 484client groups, influences of, on

bureaucracy, 297–98Clinton, Hillary Rodham, p138, p529Clinton, William “Bill,” p80, 261, p262,

277, 454, q594, p615; appointmentsof, 230, 254, 539; and balancing ofbudget, p562; cabinet of, 229, 231–32;and deregulation, 283; drug policyunder, 679–80; education policyunder, 599; in election of 1996, 494;and foreign policy, 612; and healthcare reform, 102, 250; impeachment,164, p164, 249; isolation of, 266; judi-cial appointments of, 324, 347,

860 INDEX

Indexchecks and balances–committee system

857-881 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:55 AM Page 860

in state legislatures, 642Commodity Credit Corporation

(CCC), 586Common Cause, 478, 506common law, 426Common Sense (Paine), 45–46Communications Act (1934), 547Communications Decency Act (1996),

375, 548communism, 718, c719; in China,

696–98, 729–31; class struggles in, 29; collapse of Soviet, 728–29; ascommand economy, 29–30; in Cuba, 698–99; defined, 29; over-throw of, in Eastern Europe, 692–93

Communist Manifesto, The (Marx), 29,739, q739

Communist Party, 453; of the RussianFederation, 731; in United States, 455

compacts, 98comparative adviantage, 732comparisons, making, 603competition, 719–20; in free-enterprise

economy, 27complaint, filing, 433Comprehensive Employment Training

Act (1974), 682computer databases, 383Concord, 42, 44concurrent jurisdiction, 306concurrent powers, 97–98concurrent resolutions, 182concurring opinion, 334Conestoga Wagon on the Pennsylvania

Turnpike (Birch), ptg601confederacy, 12conferees, 187conference committee, 144; actions by,

187confidentiality, 417confirmation power of Senate, 164Congress, U.S.: in amendment process,

76–77, 165; and appropriation ofmoney, 191–92; commerce power of,108, 161; confirmation hearings of,532; in Constitution, 68–70, 79–80,157–58; versus courts, 74–75; debateover communications policy in, 547;e-mailing messages to, 121, 552; enu-merated powers of, 69; and federalbudget, 562–64; first home of, 69;foreign policy powers of, 162–63,617–19; helping constituents in,200–203; influence of, on bureaucra-cy, 296–97; influence of, overSupreme Court, 347–48; influence ofpolitical action committees on, 513;

constituents: defined, 133; helping,200–3

Constitution, U.S., 3, 13; amending, 65,c77; articles of, 64; Bill of Rights in,56, 58, 83–88, 355–56, 638; bureau-cracy in, 275; changes through cus-tom and usage, 82; checks andbalances in, 65–66, c66, ctn67; citi-zenship in, 391–93; commerce clauseof, 577, 578; concurrent powers in,97–98, c97; custom duties in, 558; de-nied powers in, 97; division of federaland state powers in, c97; division ofpowers in, 95; elastic clause in, 69;enacting clause of, 184; executivebranch in, 64, 68, 70–71; expressedpowers in, 95–96, c97; federal courtsystem in, 306; federalism in, 65; “fullfaith and credit” clause in, 103–4;guarantees to states in, 98–99; impactof court decisions on, 80–81; impliedpowers in, 96, c97; informal changesin, 79–81; inherent powers in, 96,c97; interpretation of, 157–58;judicial branch in, 64, 68, 72–73; ju-dicial review in, 66–67; legislativebranch in, 64, 68–70; limited govern-ment in, 67; necessary and properclause in, 96, 157; popular sovereign-ty in, 65; Preamble to, 13–14, 63, q63;presidential powers in, 245–47; andprivacy, 417; privileges and immuni-ties clause in, 104; ratifying, 56–57,m57; reserved powers in, 96, c97; sep-aration of church and state in, 699;separation of powers in, 65; sharedpower and conflict in, 73–75; strictversus broad interpretation of, 69;structure of, 63–65; supremacy clausein, 64, 96; taxes in, 555. See also spe-cific amendments by number

constitutional commissions, 639Constitutional Convention (1787), 20,

214; beginning of, 53; Commerce andSlave-Trade Compromise in, 55;Connecticut Compromise in, 54–55;delegates to, 53; New Jersey Plan in,54; organization of, 53–54; slaveryquestion in, 55–56; Three-FifthsCompromise in, 55; Virginia Plan in,54

constitutional conventions, 639, 640constitutional government, 13; in

Poland, 692–93constitutional law, 14, 424constitutional monarchs, 19constitutional rights, 355–57

influencing, 194–98, ctn195; Internetcommunication with, 546; investiga-tions by, 167–68, p168; investigationsby, and witness rights, 168–69; lead-ership of, p144, 152–53, p152, p153;legislative oversight activities of, 539;limits on presidential power, 249;media coverage of, 532–33, p532;meeting of first, 58; members of,129–30; money powers of, 160–61;override of veto, 188, 249; oversightactivities of, 532; perks for membersof, 123, p123; personal activities ofmembers of, 532; powers denied to,158; versus president, 74; profile of109th, c129; and ratification ofamendments, 78–79; recording stu-dios for, 533; and redistricting, 125;reelection to, 130; relations withpresident, 172–76, 619–20; sessionsof, 123; spending power of, 158, 160;Statuary Hall in, 635; swings in con-trol of, c127; symbols in, 152; taxingpower of, 108–9, 158, 160, p554; andterm limits amendment, 112; termsof, 123. See also House of Represen-tatives, U.S.; Senate, U.S.

Congressional Budget Act (1974), 562Congressional Budget Office (CBO),

149–50, 175, 562, 563, 658congressional committees: assignment

to, 144; chairperson’s role of, 145;choosing members of, 144–45; kindsof, 142–44; purposes of, 141; seniori-ty system of, 145; staff of, 147

Congressional Record, 188, 545, 550Congressional Research Service (CRS),

149congressional staff: committee, 148–49;

growth of, 147, ctn147; influence of,on Congress, 194; personal, 147–48;role of, 146–47; support agencies,149–50; work of, 203

Connecticut, 39; economic develop-ment in, 681; election of governor in,643; local government in, 664; onslavery issue, 55

Connecticut Compromise, 54–55conscription, 625consensus, 6Consent Calendar, 136conservation: federal policy on, 586;

state efforts in, 651conservative ideology, 495, 496, 517consideration, 431consolidated democracies, 689

INDEX 861

IndexCommodity Credit Corporation (CCC)–constitutional rights

857-881 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:55 AM Page 861

constitutions: defined, 13; and govern-ment, 13–14; in Japan, 690; in Mexi-co, 694; in Poland, 693; state, 47. Seealso Constitution, U.S.; state constitu-tions

consul, 623consulates, 623, 710Consumer Product Safety Commis-

sion (CPSC), 579, 580, p291consumer protection: federal role in,

579–82; state role in, 649containment, 610–11contempt, 168Continental Army, 48Continental Congress: First, 44; Sec-

ond, 44–45, 47, 48Continental soldier, p48Contract with America, 594contracts, 430–31; role of Congress in

winning, 202–3; yellow-dog, 582contras, 532convention delegates, 466Coolidge, Calvin, p464copping plea, 441copyright, 163corporate charter, 648corporate income tax, 556Corporation for Public Broadcasting

(CPB), 531corruption, and spoils system, 285–86Corzine, Jon S., 477Council for a Livable World, 512council-manager form of municipal

government, 668, c667Council of Economic Advisers, 237,

256Council of State Governments, 507Council of the European Union, 705counsel, guarantee of, 401–2county, 663–64county board, 664Court of International Trade, 314Court of Military Appeals, 315Court of Veterans’ Appeals, 316Court TV, 451courts: versus Congress, 74–75;

of District of Columbia, 315–16; in-fluence of, on bureaucracy, 297; mag-istrate, 646; media coverage of, 533;municipal, 646; teen, 665. See alsofederal court judges; federal courts;state court judges; state courts;Supreme Court, U.S.; SupremeCourt, U.S., cases

Cox, James, 464Cox v. Louisiana, 377Cox v. New Hampshire, 377cracking, 127

database, building, 349Davie, William, q50Davis, Arthur, 663Davis, Gray, 644Dayton peace accord, 395Dean, Howard, 547death penalty. See capital punishmentdebates, 268–71, 476, 546; Lincoln-

Douglas, 551, q551; of 1960, 476; of1976, 476; of 1980, 494–95; Nixon-Kennedy, 528

Debs, Eugene V., 309Debs v. United States, 309decentralized justice, 651–52decisions: making, 737; in trial, 442–43Declaration of Independence, 33, q33,

355; citizenship in, 391; parts of, 46–47

Declaration of the Rights of Man, 61,q61

defamatory speech, 369–70defendant, 433, 435defense, secretary of, 616Defense, U.S. Department of, 257, 277,

294, 295, 298, 595, 615, 616, 623–25;establishment of, 624; size of, 625;winning contracts with, 202–3

deficit spending, 568de Gaulle, Charles, 691DeJonge, Dirk, 376DeJonge v. Oregon, 376–77, 382de Klerk, Frederik, 693Delaware: constitution of, 640; local

government in, 664; on slavery issue,55

delegated powers, 95Dellums, Ronald, 202democracy(ies), 19–20, 38; characteris-

tics of, 20–23; consolidated, 689; criteria of, 23–24; defined, 19; direct,20; and economic systems, 23–24;emerging, 692–94; as foreign policygoal, 609; and public opinion, 522;representative, 20; socialist, 725; inSouth Africa, p689

Democracy in Action Workshops,204–7, 268–71, 444–47

Democratic Left Alliance (SLD)(Poland), 693

Democratic National Committee, 461Democratic Party, 454; and campaign

finance reform, 478; Caucus in, 136;in House of Representatives, U.S.,134; media coverage of convention,p537; national committee for, 507;1964 national convention for, 469;1968 national convention for, 398,p398, 666; 1996 national convention

cradle-to-grave benefits, 723Cranston, Alan, p167Crassus, Marcus Licinius, 669Crawford, Thomas, p134credentials committee at national con-

ventions, 469credit information, sharing, 418crime, 437; definition of, 398; and law

enforcement, c438; punishment for,395; rights of accused, 85–86; typesof, 437–38

criminal cases, 646, 647; federal, 437;steps in, 438–43

criminal corrections, state, 652–53criminal justice, 437; spending on,

c652; state efforts in, 651–53, c652criminal law, 437; mandatory

sentencing in, 437critical thinking: analyzing news media,

571; analyzing primary sources, 117;analyzing secondary sources, 299;demonstrating reasoned judgment,676; distinguishing fact from opinion,327; identifying central issues, 31; in-terpreting information, 193; inter-preting point of view, 631; makingcomparisons, 603; making decisions,737; making generalizations, 151; syn-thesizing information, 480

Croatia: application for EUmembership, 704, 734

cross-pressured voter, 493cruel and unusual punishment, 87, 405C-SPAN (Cable-Satellite Public Affairs

Network), 527, 532, p532, 533Cuba, 698–99; under Castro, 698–99,

725; future of, 699; jinoteros in, 696;trade embargo against, 736

Cuban Democracy Act (1992), 706Cultivation of Cotton (Volkov), ptg29cultural activities, local government

role in, 671customs duties, 557–58cybervolunteering, 547Czechoslovakia, overthrow of

communism in, 692Czech Republic, and NATO

membership, 628;

Dale, Thomas, p35damages, 434Dardick, Geeta, 72, p72Dardick, Sam, 72, p72Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 308Das Kapital (Marx), 29

D

862 INDEX

Indexconstitutions–Democratic Party

857-881 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:55 AM Page 862

for, 537; and political control of Con-gress, 113, 454, c127; post-Civil War,113; symbol of, 462

Democratic-Republican Party, 221,285, 454

democratic socialism, 28, 33, 723democratic society, media contribu-

tions to, 527demonstrations, limits on, 377denaturalization, 396denied powers, 98Dennis v. United States, 369, 382deputy whips, 135deregulation, 283, 578desegregation: of businesses, 108, p108;

in education, 95, p95, 309, p309, 310,346–47, p346

Detroit, 672; 1967 riots in, 98; politicalboss in, 519; voting rights in, 484

developing economies: in Asia, 734; inthe global economy, 735–36

developing nations, 722, p726; compar-ison of, c723; defined, 16; sustainabledevelopment and, 711–12

Deykes, Robin, 170, p170Díaz, Porfirio, 699Dickerson v. United States, 331, 404dictatorship, totalitarian, 18Dincer, Alaatin, 722Dingell, John, p112direct benefit payments, 566direct democracy, 20direct popular vote, 220, 226direct primary, 465disabled voters, special assistance for,

491disabled workers, 580Discharge Calendar, 136discrimination: proving intent in,

407–8; reverse, 412–13, p413; againstwomen, 414–16, p415, p416. See alsocivil rights movement

dissenting opinion, 334District of Columbia: courts of,

315–16; representation in Congress,129. See also Washington, D.C.

districts, role of Congress in helping,201–3, p202

divine right theory, 8divorce, 431documentaries, 530Doggett, Lloyd, p200Dolbeare, Kenneth M., q313Dole, Bob, p138; campaign finance re-

form and, 478; in election of 1996,p269, p468, 494; Web site of, 543

domestic affairs in Constitution, 80Domestic Policy Council, 238

command, 29–30, 717, 718, 720, 723;global, 732–36; laissez-faire, 27, 578;market, 717; mixed, 575; mixed-mar-ket, 28; and taxes, 558–59; traditional,717; transformation of Russian,728–29

education: Clinton's proposals for, 106;desegregation in, 95, p95, 309, p309,310, 346–47; federal programs for,597–99; local administration of, 669,673; political parties role in, 461; staterole in, 653; in Turkey, 722. See alsoschools

Education, U.S. Department of, 279,297

Edwards, George C., III, q529Edwards, John, p452, p467; in 2004

presidential campaign, 531Edwards v. Aguillard, 362e-government, 545–46E-government Act (2002), 546Eighteenth Amendment, 78, 83, 89,

16518-year-olds, voting rights for, 5, p5,

212, 484Eighth Amendment, 87, 439Einseln, Aleksander, 391, p391Eisenhower, Dwight D., 172, 215, 218,

219, 237, 259, p259; and civil rights,99; and civil service, 284, q284; inelections of 1952/1956, 495; foreignpolicy under, 617; isolation of, 265;judicial appointments of, 325; andNASA, 294; and political campaigns,529, 531

elastic clause, 69, 96election(s): of 1800, 164, 221; of 1824,

164, 220, p220; of 1828, 496; of 1896,499; of 1920, p464; of 1952, 495; of1956, 495; of 1964, 493, 495; of 1968,515; of 1976, 495, 521; of 1980, 493,494–95; of 1988, 476, 495; of 1992,p70; of 1996, c477, 478, 494; of 2000,c222, 224, p224, m225, 248, 497, 498,499; of 2004, m225, c489, m494, 497;decline in participation, 497; free, 22;and the Hatch Act, 287–88; politicalaction committees in, 513; of presi-dent, 220–26; primary, 465

election campaigns, 216, 460, p460,475–79; advertising in, 537–38;candidates image in, 476, 495;financing, 477–79, c477, 511, ctn511,538; influencing, 513–14; issues in,494–95; media coverage of, 536–39;organization of, 476; for the president, 475–76; strategy of, 476;working in, 478

domestic relation courts, 646Dorr, Thomas, 637, p637double jeopardy, 85, 404–5Douglas, Stephen, debate with Abra-

ham Lincoln, 551, q551Douglas, William O., 323, 332, 344, 372Douglass, Frederick, 392Dred Scott v. Sandford, 308, 337, 392driving under the influence, p439drug abuse, 679–80Drug Enforcement Administration

(DEA), 277, p296, 679due process of law, 89, 356–57, 427–28,

438; defined, 86; procedural, 427–28,p427; and regulatory power, 308–10;substantive, 427, p427

Dukakis, Michael, 223, 476, 495Dulles, John Foster, 237, 617Duma (Russia), 729dumping, 734Duncan, John J., Jr., 133, q133Dunifer, Stephen, 536Dunlap, John, p40

Earth Summit, 712Eastern Europe, overthrow of

communism in, 692–93East Germany, overthrow of

communism in, 692Eckford, Elizabeth Ann, 99, p99e-commerce, taxing, 549economic aid, 629economic and monetary union (EMU),

733, 734Economic and Social Council

(ECOSOC), 704economic answers, searching for,

724–25economic choices, making, 722–24economic development: in Africa,

p725, 725–726; meeting challenges in,681

Economic Opportunity, Office of, 238economic organization, forms of, 718Economic Report of the President,

237–38economics, 26; decision making in, 11economic sanctions, 630economic systems: comparison of,

c719; democracy and, 23–24; factorsof production in, 717–18, p718, 723;role of, 26; types of, 26–30. See alsospecific system

economies, emerging, 722–26economy: changing, in China, 729–31;

E

INDEX 863

IndexDemocratic-Republican Party–election campaigns

857-881 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:55 AM Page 863

election campaign spending: ceilingon, 463, 477, c477, 479, ctn479; asform of speech, 475

Election Day, 475; setting, 498; video-taping of polling places on, 481

election map, interpreting, 233, m233Electoral College, 56, 163, 220–21,

c222; casting of votes by, 475–76; is-sues, 223–24; replacement of, 227;today, 221–23

electronic eavesdropping, 400–1, p401electronic mailing lists, 545electronic petition, 547electronic spreadsheet, 471electronic voting, 547–48Elementary and Secondary Education

Act (1965), 598Eleventh Amendment, 87–88, 348Ellis Island, 353e-mail, 520; agencies, 210; and

campaigning, 130, 476; and freepress, 375; and lawmakers, 196; sena-tors, 552

Emancipation Proclamation, 231embargo, 44embassies, 622–23, p622embedded journalists, 541emerging economies, 722–26Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 516, q516eminent domain, 86emperor, 721Employment Act (1946), 170, 256enabling act, 99Endangered Species Act (1973), 324Endo, Mitsuye, 21–22Endo v. United States, 21–22Endres, Arlys, 197, p197enemy alien, 387energy: crisis in, 589; government poli-

cy on, 588–89Energy, U.S. Department of, 279, 589Engel v. Vitale, 361Engelbart, Christina, 611Engelbart, Douglas, 611, p611Engels, Friedrich, q29English Bill of Rights, 36–37Enron Corporation, 581entertainment value of news, 535entitlements, 192, 562, 566entrepreneurs, 718, 720, p720enumerated powers, 69environment: federal policies on,

587–89; interest groups for, 506; pro-tecting, 711–12; state policies on,650–51

Environmental Action, Inc., 506Environmental Policy, Office of, 238Environmental Protection

Executive Calendar, 140Executive Office of President (EOP),

234–35; agencies in, 234–38, c282executive orders, 253, 625executive privilege, 68, 266–67expatriation, 395ex post facto laws, 158expressed powers: of Congress, 157; de-

fined, 68–69, 95–96extradition, 103, 104–5, 652extralegal, 56

fact, distinguishing from opinion,327

factions, 454, 503. See also political par-ties

factors of production, 717–18, p718,723

Fainstein, Norman L., q678Fainstein, Susan F., q678Fair Housing Act (1965), 431fairness doctrine, 538fair trade, 735–36fair trials and free press, 372–74Falun Gong, 697Falwell, Jerry, 370Family Educational Rights and Privacy

Act (1974), 417family in political socialization, 515family law, 431–32Farm Service Agency, 586farm subsidies, 586Federal Aid Highway Act (1956), 601federal aid to states, 109–10, m110Federal Aviation Administration

(FAA), 170, 279, 601Federal Aviation Agency (FAA), 146federal budget: percentage of, for for-

eign aid, 727; preparing, c561, 560–64Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),

275, 277; Training Academy, 553Federal Communications Commission

(FCC), 314, 374; content regulationby, 538; creation of, 537; fairness doc-trine, 538; ownership regulation by,538–539; and radio piracy, 536; ontelevision advertising, 531

federal court judges: impeachment of,322, 647; party affiliation of, 316–17;selection of, 316–17, c316

federal courts, c306; of appeals, 313–14;changes in, 72–73; Court of Interna-tional Trade, 314; Court of MilitaryAppeals, 315; Court of Veterans’Appeals, 316; district, 312–13; of Dis-

F

Agency (EPA), 238, 279, 298, 482,587, p587, 588, 651; unfunded man-dates of, 588

Epperson v. Arkansas, 362Epstein, Laura, 15, p15Equal Access Act (1984), 362Equal Credit Opportunity Act (1974),

416Equal Employment Opportunity Act

(1972), 416equal justice under law, 427equal protection, 406–7equal rights, struggle for, 408–10Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 78,

p78, 340equal time doctrine, 545equity, 426Ervin, Sam, 171Escobedo v. Illinois, 403Espionage Act (1917), 368, 369Espy, Mike, 586establishment clause, 358–63estate tax, 558Estonia, and NATO membership, 628ethnic warfare, 628; in former

Yugoslavia, 612euro, 734–35eurocracy, 706European Commission, 706European Community (EC), 705European Convention of Human

Rights, 710European Court of Human Rights, 710European Court of Justice, 706European Economic Community

(EEC), 705; economic sanctionsagainst South Africa, 693

European Parliament (EP), 705–6European Union (EU), 702, 704–6;

government of, 705–6; human rightsand, 710; and Kyoto Treaty, 712; andpolitical developments, 705; andtrade, 734–35

Evans, Donald, p231 Evangelical Lutheran Church, 700Everson v. Board of Education, 359evolution, teaching theory of, 362evolutionary theory of government

origin, 8excise taxes, 557, 656exclusionary rule, relaxing, 399executive activities, congressional limits

on, 170executive agreements, 80, 619; power

to make, 257executive branch: in Constitution, 68,

70–71; in Mexico, 700; in state gov-ernment, 643–46. See also president

864 INDEX

Indexelection campaign spending–federal courts

857-881 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:55 AM Page 864

trict of Columbia, 315–16; jurisdic-tion of, 72, 305–7; legislative, 314–15;limits on presidential power, 249–50;officers of, 313; powers of, 305–10;territorial, 315; United States ClaimsCourt, 315; United States Tax Court,315

federal criminal case, 437Federal Deposit Insurance Corpora-

tion (FDIC), 280federal district courts, 312–13Federal Election Campaign Act (1971),

477, 511Federal Election Commission (FEC),

477, 479, 511, 547federal government: agricultural policy

of, 584–86; in consumer protection,579–82; education policy of, 597–99;energy policy of, 588–89; growth of,107–9; impact of mass media on,527–34; powers of, c97; transporta-tion programs of, 600–2; types ofsubsidies, 576

federal grants, 109, 116, 657–58Federal Highway Administration

(FHWA), 279, 601, 602Federal Housing Administration

(FHA), 599, 672federalism, 87, 95; defined, 65;

developing, 106–10; and differencesamong states, 115; direction of,115–16; and political parties, 113;and professional politicians, 115; andpublic policy, 112–13; and taxes, 549

Federalist, The, 15, 57, p58, 96, 454Federalist Party, 454Federalists, 56–57, 106, 221, 454federal mandates, 658Federal Metal and Non-Metallic Safety

Board of Review, 295Federal Power Commission, 297Federal Radio Commission, 545Federal Railroad Administration, 279,

601Federal Register, 578Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act

(1946), 508Federal Reserve System: Board of Gov-

ernors, 569; districts, m569; makingmonetary policy, 566, 569–70; orga-nization of, 568–69; seal of, p570

Federal Road Aid Act (1916), 601federal system, 12, 65Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 295,

297, 314, 575, 579, 580Federal Transit Administration, 279Federation for a Democratic China

254; political campaign of, 531;succession to president, 217

Ford Foundation, 531Foreign Affairs, Department of, 621foreign affairs in Constitution, 80Foreign Agricultural Service, 586foreign aid: programs for, 629–30; rea-

sons for U.S. increase in, 727foreign exchange student, hosting, 730,

p730foreign governments, recognition of,

257–58Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act

(1978), 316, 401Foreign Intelligence Surveillance

Court, 316foreign policy: in action, 627–30; advis-

ers for, 615–17; cabinet departmentsfor, 615–16; congressional powers in,162–63, 617–19; development of,609–13; goals of, 607–9; influence ofpublic opinion on, 620; president’spowers in, 614–17

Foreign Service, 622Foreign Service Officers, 622Fort Sumter, shelling of, p247Fourteenth Amendment, 88–89, 308–9,

321, 346, 356–57, 411; and citizen-ship, 392–93

Fourth Amendment, 85, 343, 398–401Fox, Vicente, 694France: as permanent member of

Security Council, 703; presidentialgovernment in, 691–92; unitary system of government in, 12

Frank, Barney, 513Frank, Barry, 82Frankfurter, Felix, 345, q381franking privilege, 128Franklin, Benjamin, 20, 37, 40, 44, 53,

56, 555; and Declaration ofIndependence, 46

freedom of choice, 720, p720Freedom of Information Act (1966),

416free enterprise, 23, 26, 27, 718; in Unit-

ed States, 28free exercise clause, 363–64free market, 27free market economies, 722, 726Free Radio Berkeley, 536Free Soil Party, 455free trade: 735; as foreign policy goal,

608; importance of, 575–76French and Indian War, 42, 43French Revolution (1789), 47, 699Friedman, Milton, q729

(FDC), 705Feiner, Irving, 379Feiner v. New York, 379Feingold, Russell, p123, 478felonies, 399, 438, 439Ferraro, Geraldine, 216, 470, p470, 499,

p499Fifteenth Amendment, 89, 482Fifth Amendment, 85–86, 169, 357,

402–4, 442, 719; due process clauseof, 406

filibuster, 140, p139, p181financing: campaign advertising, 537;

election campaigns, 477–79, c477,511, ctn511; local governments,673–75, c674; state government,656–58, c674

firearms, right to own, 84–85fire protection, local government role

in, 670fireside chats, 528First Amendment, 83–84, q83, 343,

356; establishment clause, 358–63;freedom of assembly in, 84, 376–82;freedom of speech in, 84, 366–70;freedom of the press in, 84, 371–75;free exercise clause, 363–64; free pressguarantees in, 536–37; interpreting, p364; pro-tection of song lyrics under, 41; rightsunder, 548

First Continental Congress, 44first reading of bill, 184fiscal policy, 567–68, 721Fishner, Steven M., 677flag: display of, 96, p96; pledge of

allegiance to, 107, 359, 361; salutecases, 363–64

Fletcher v. Peck, 308Flood, Curt, 166, p166Flood v. Kuhn, 166Florida: conservation in, 651; and elec-

tion of 2000, 498; legal assistanceprogram in, 440; local governmentin, 664; sunset laws in, 113

Florida v. J.L., 399Food and Drug Administration (FDA),

279, 297, 580, 595Food From the ‘Hood, 720, p720food stamps, 592–93force theory, 8Ford, Gerald R., q67, 223, p254, q295,

462, 499, p499; cabinet of, 229; inelection of 1976, 521; and granting ofamnesty to draft evaders, 254; judicialappointments of, 316; nomination of,in 1976, 537; pardoning of Nixon by,

INDEX 865

Indexfederal criminal case–Friedman, Milton

857-881 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:55 AM Page 865

Friends of the Earth, 506Frisby v. Schultz, 367front-runners, 530–31Fujitsu, p718Fulbright, J. William, 528, q528Fuller, Melville, 318, p318“full faith and credit” clause, 103Fulminante, Oreste, 404Fulton, Robert, 161Fundamental Orders of Connecticut,

39fundamental rights, 407Furman v. Georgia, 405future challenges, meeting, 680

gag orders, 371; unconstitutional, 373Gallup Poll, p521Galveston, Texas, municipal

government in, 667Gannett Co. v. Pasquale, 373Gannett newspaper chain, 528Gans, Curtis B., q173Garfield, James A., 218; assassination

of, 286; and mail scandal, 284Gates, Bill, 578General Accounting Office (GAO),

150, 171General Agreement on Tariffs and

Trade (GATT), 734, 735generalizations, making, 151General Services Administration

(GSA), 280general trial courts, state, 646–47gentrification, 681–82George III (King of England), 42, 43,

44, 45, 47; crown of, p44Georgia: apportionment in, 126; elec-

tion of governor in, 643–44; taxes in,656

Germany, education in, 722Gerry, Elbridge, 126–27gerrymandering, 125, 126, 130Gibbons, Thomas, 161Gibbons v. Ogden, 111, 161, 308, p161Gideon, Clarence Earl, 334, p334,

401–2, p402Gideon v. Wainwright, 334, 401–2gift taxes, 558Gingrich, Newt, 130, 137, q188, 532,

594, q595Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 254, 319, p319,

p322, 323, p325, p344Gitlow v. New York, 357, 368Glenn, John, 153, p153Glickman, Dan, 513

G

Graham, Henry, p95Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act (1985),

563Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone

(Moran), ptg162grandfather clause, 482–83grand jury, 312, 439–40Grange, 505, 525, q525Granger Cases, 309Grant, Ulysses S., 259; and corruption,

286grants, role of Congress in winning,

202–3; to states and localities, 567grants-in-aid, 658Gray, Horace, 323Grayned v. City of Rockford, 377–78Great Britain: conflict with colonies,

42–44; democracy in, 689; democrat-ic socialism in, 28; dissolving the gov-ernment in, 692; government reformsin, 689, p690; Parliament in, 36, 68,123, 689–90; as permanent memberof Security Council, 703; prime min-ister in, 690, p690; unitary system ofgovernment in, 12

Great Depression, 28, 107; farmingduring, 585; impact of, 590–91; polit-ical parties in, 454–55; and stockmarket, 566, 581; and use of sales tax,656. See also New Deal

Great Fundamentals, 39Great Seal of the United States, p2, 3,

10, p10Greece, education in, 722Green, Theodore Francis, p152greenhouse gas emissions, 712Greenspan, Alan, 566, ctn566, p570Gregg v. Georgia, 405Gregory, Dick, 380Gregory v. Chicago, 380Grenada, use of military force in, 82,

163Griswold v. Connecticut, 416–17Grodzins, Martin, 114, q114gross national product (GNP), 568,

729, 734Grutter v. Bollinger, 413Guam, 163; representation in Congress,

129; territorial courts in, 315guarantee of counsel, 401–2Guardian, The, p302Guatemala, Wheels for Humanity in, 700Guiteau, Charles, 286Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 248, 618gun control debate, 356Gurwitt, Rob, 672, q672Guthrie, Oklahoma, 100

global economy, 732–36; trade in, c733global issues, 707–712global pollution, 711Glorious Revolution, 36Goals 2000: Educate America Act

(1994), 599Gobitis, Lillian, 363Gobitis, William, 363Golden Fleece Award, p189Goldwater, Barry M., 216, 617; in elec-

tion of 1964, 493, 495Gonzalez, Henry B., 577, q577Gorbachev, Mikhail, 612–13, 729Gore, Al: and balancing of budget,

p562; in election of 2000, c222, 224;and the media, p535; and reinventinggovernment, 110, 283, p293; ontelecommunications, 546; as vicepresident, 245, 283

government: under Articles of Confed-eration, c49, 48; authoritarian,696–701; in colonies, 38–40; com-municating with officials in, 546;comparison of, c20; comparison ofpresidential and parliamentary, c692;constitutional, 692–93; and constitu-tions, 13–14; in daily life, p9; defined,8; European Union, 705–706; forma-tion of, 12–17; influence on econo-my, 28; interest groups in, 507;Islamic, 699–701; parliamentary,689–91; and politics, 14–15;presidential, 691–92; presidentialversus parliamentary, c693; princi-ples of, 5–11; purposes of, 9–11; rep-resentative, 37; separation betweenreligion and, 699–700; spending by,566–67; totalitarian, 696; in twenti-eth century, 16–17; types of, 18–24,c20. See also federal government;local government; state government

government broadcasting, 531government corporations, 280government leaders in political

socialization, 516Government National Mortgage

Association, 279Government Performance and Results

Act, 296Government Printing Office (GPO),

150, 188, 545government securities, 559government systems: federal, 12;

unitary, 12governor, 643; election of, 643–44; roles

of, 644–46; term of office and salaryfor, 644

866 INDEX

IndexFriends of the Earth–Guthrie, Oklahoma

857-881 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:55 AM Page 866

Habitat for Humanity, p266Hague, Jane, 545–46Haiti: government in, 614; military

force in, 163, 612, 630; overthrow ofgovernment in, 702

Halberstam, David, 528, q528, q534Haldeman, H.R., 265Hale, Jubal, 295Hamilton, Alexander, p52, 57, q106;

and Electoral College, 220; as Federal-ist, 106; as member of cabinet, 228,p230, 259; probusiness policies of, 575

Hammurabi, 423, p423; code of, 449,q449

Hancock, John, 46, 53, p53Hand, Learned, 355, q355Han Seung-soo, p617Harding, Warren, 464Harlan, John Marshall (1877-1911),

q409Harrison, Benjamin, 224, 254Harrison, Michael, 529Harrison, William Henry, 259Hatch, Carl, 287Hawaii: admission to Union, 100; con-

servation in, 651Hayes, Rutherford B., 224Hazelwood School District v.

Kuhlmeier, 333, 355, 370Health and Human Services, U.S. De-

partment of, 278, 292, 595Health Care Financing Administra-

tion, 591hearings, 184Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United

States, 162Heavily Indebted Poor Countries

(HIPC), 725heckler’s veto, 379Help America Vote Act, 484Henry, Patrick, p12, 44, 56, q57, q83Herbst, Margaret, q705Hickman, Harrison, 527highways, 601–2Hills, Carla, 229Hinckley, John, Jr., p218Hirsch v. Atlanta, 378Hispanics, in cabinet, 229Hitler, Adolf, 19, 610, 630; treatment of

Jews by, 387, p387Hobbes, Thomas, 8, p8Hoffman, Julius, 398, p398Holder, Richard, 17, q17Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., q318, 320,

p320, q336, p368, q368

HHudson v. United States, 404Hughes, Charles Evans, q74, 334, q334,

376, q377, q582Hughes v. Superior Court, 381Humane Society, 24humanity, 609, p609human rights, 355, 710–711Humphrey, Hubert H., 170, 219, 224Hundt, Reed, 531, q531Hungary, and NATO membership, 628;

overthrow of communism in, 692

hung jury, 443Hussein, Saddam, 612, 613, 707Hustler Magazine v. Falwell, 370Hutchinson, Anne, 358, p358Hutchinson v. Proxmire, 128

Idaho, conservation in, 651; laws in, 425

ideological party, 455ideology, 495, 496, 517Iglesias, Miquel Angel, 696, p696“I Have a Dream” Foundation, 215Ikeda, Yukihiko, 229, p229illegal aliens, 387–88; hiring of, 390image of political candidate, 476, 495immigrants: qualification for

citizenship, 393–94. See also aliensimmigration, laws on, 623Immigration Act (1924), 389Immigration Act (1990), 390Immigration and Naturalization Ser-

vice v. Chadha, 171immigration policy, 388, c388; growth

of restrictions, 389; Immigration Act(1990), 390; Immigration Reform Act(1965), 389, p389; Immigration Re-form and Control Act (1986), 390;national origins quotas, 389

Immigration Reform Act (1965), 389,p389

Immigration Reform and Control Act(1986), 390

immunity, 169impeachment, 249; charges in House of

Representatives, 164; of Chase, 322; Clinton hearings, 164:defined, 79, 164; of Johnson, 79, 164,p194, 249; of judges, 322, 647; ofNixon, 79, 249; trial in Senate, 164

implied powers, 96, 157impoundment, 175; of funds by

Jefferson, 253–54; of funds by Nixon,253, 254, p252

I

Holocaust, the, 379Home Depot, 717Homeland Security Council, 237Homeland Security, Department of,

237, c282Homeland Security, Office of, 237, homelessness, 679HOME program, 600Homestead Act (1862), 585Hoover, Herbert C., 238, 241, p241,

q498, q545; communication skills of,263; judicial appointments of, 325;leadership style of, 262

Hoover, J. Edgar, 253horse-race coverage, 530House, Edward, 265, 617house arrest, 653House Leadership Fund, the, 512House of Burgesses, p37House of Commons (Great Britain),

37, 689, 690House of Councillors (Japan), 690, 691House of Lords (Great Britain), 37,

689, 690House of Representatives (Japan),

690–91House of Representatives, U.S., 123,

189–90; appropriations committeeof, 192; calendar in, 136, 137; com-mittees in, 133, 577; in Constitution,68; in deciding presidential election,224; floor leaders in, 134–35; and im-peachment, 164; lawmaking in,135–37; leadership of, 134–35; Over-sight Committee in, 146, p146; partyaffiliation in, c129, 134; political divi-sion of, c127; power over revenuebills, 189–90; qualifications of, 124;quorum for, 137; representation andapportionment for, 124–25, m125;revenue bills in, 158; Rules Commit-tee in, 136–37; rules for, 132–33;symbols in, 152; term of office of,124; Ways and Means Committee in,189. See also Congress, U.S.; Senate,U.S.

housing: coping with shortages of,678–79; discrimination in, 678; feder-al government policy toward, 599;public, 538, 600, 678

Housing Act (1949), 599Housing and Community Develop-

ment Act (1974), 600Housing and Urban Development,

U.S. Department of, 191–92, 279,292, 599–600

Houston, Texas, 671Howenstein, G. Albert, q652

INDEX 867

IndexHabitat for Humanity–impoundment

857-881 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:56 AM Page 867

Inaugural Address, 226inauguration, 226income taxes: corporate, 556; defined,

108; individual, 555–56; replacementof, 565; state, 657. See also taxes

incorporation, 356–57, 666incremental budget making, 564incumbents, 130, 513; reelection of, 130independence days, comparing, c45Independence Hall, 3independent agencies, 279–80independent counsel, 171independent voters, 493–94, 495India, federal system of government in,

12Indian Affairs Department, of New

Mexico, 665Indiana: economic development in,

681; local government in, 664India-Pakistan wars, 709individual income tax, 555–56individual initiative, 719Indonesia, Muslims in, 699industrial development bonds, 649–50Industrial Revolution, 432industrialized nations, 16infomercials, p461information, 440; censorship of, 536;

entertainment versus, 535; informa-tional, p542; Internet in gathering,544–46; interpreting, 193; and mediarights, 537–40; sharing, 528–29; syn-thesizing, 480

infrastructure, 680–81inherent powers, 96initial appearance, 439initiative, 639injunctions, 582injunctive relief, 434inner cabinet, 232Institutional Revolutionary Party

(PRI) (Mexico), 454, 694intellectual property, 733intentional tort, 432interdependence, 16, 613interest groups, 114, 229, p229;

in agriculture, 505; in business, 505;comparison with political parties,504; contributing to, 506, 507; de-fined, 503, 504; effect of, on publicpolicy, 508–13; in environment, 506;in government, 506; influence onCongress, 198; and judicial appoint-ments, 325–26; in labor, 505; leader-ship and membership in, 505; letterwriting by, 510; limitations on, 510;in measuring public opinion, 519;media campaigns of, 510; national,

Interstate Commerce Act (1887), 338,578

Interstate Commerce Commission(ICC), 283, 578

interstate compacts, 105Interstate Highway System, 601–2interstate relations, 103–5interviews, p529; conducting, 542 Intolerable Acts, 43investigations, 438–39; congressional,

167–69, p168Iran: Muslims in, 699; nuclear weapons

development by, 710; revolution in,701; sponsorship of terrorism by,708; U.S. hostages in, 628, 701

Iran-contra affair, p169, p234; mediacoverage of, 532

Iraq: economic sanctions against, 630;military force in, 163; and PersianGulf War, 612; sponsorship of terror-ism by, 708; and United Nations, 704

Iraq War, 82, 613, 630; media coverageof, 541

Irish Republican Army (IRA), 17iron curtain, 610iron triangles, 297–98, c297Islam, 699; views of, 700–1Islamic governments, 699–701Islamic Republican Party, 453isolationism, 609, 610Israel, kibbutzim in, 725issue advocacy advertising, 478issue awareness, media role in, 533–34Istanbul, 722Italy: government in, 453, p453; unitary

system of government in, 12item veto, 645

Jackson, Andrew, 75, 231, 259, 466;campaign advertising for, 531; inelection of 1824, 164, 220, p220, 466,p466; in election of 1828, 496, 499;judicial power of, 341, p341; andspoils system, 285; and states’ rights,308; struggle with Congress, 174

Jackson, Jesse, 216Jackson, Robert, 323, q364Jacksonville, Florida, 671Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 363James II (King of England), 8, 36Jamestown, p35, 39, 42Japan: constitution in, 690; National

Diet in, 690–91; prime minister in,690–91; teenagers in, 689, p689; tradebarriers in, 733

J

504; power of, 503–4; professional,506; public interest, 506; purpose of,504; and shaping of public opinion,514–17; and state legislatures,642–43. See also lobbyists

intergovernmental organization(IGO), 702, 704

intergovernmental revenue, 657–58,675

Interior, U.S. Department of the, 277interlocking directorates, 579intermediate appellate courts, 647Intermodal Surface Transportation Ef-

ficiency Act (1991), 683Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 167,

277, 296, 297, 556, 565international agreements, 712International Atomic Energy Agency

(IAEA), 709International Broadcasting Act (1994),

531International Brotherhood of Team-

sters, 505International Brotherhood of Team-

sters, Local 695 v. Vogt, 381–82International Civil Aviation Organiza-

tion, 704–706international conflict, types of, 708–10International Court of Justice, 704International Criminal Court (ICC),

710–711International Criminal Police Organi-

zation (Interpol), 704International criminal tribunals, 710International Exchange (iX), 732internationalism, 609, 610International Monetary Fund, 704international news, 533International Red Cross, 702International Sugar Council, 17international trade, 732–34; barriers to,

733–34; with China, 698; fair, 735; fi-nancing, 734; free, 608, 735; in theglobal economy, c733; importance offree, 575–76; managed, 736; most-fa-vored-nation (MFN) status in, 619;protectionism and, 736; purpose of,732–33

Internet, 106, 536, 540; and campaign-ing, 130, 476, 479; in China, 698; andcitizen participation, 546–48; featuresof, 543–44; and free press, 375; andgovernment surveillance, 417; and in-formation gathering, 544–46; powerof, 527; and privacy issues, 417; pub-lic policy challenges for, 548–49; andtracking legislation, 188

interstate commerce, 55, 161

868 INDEX

IndexInaugural Address–Japan

857-881 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:56 AM Page 868

Javits, Jacob, 618, q618Jaworski, Leon, p68Jay, John, 57; as chief justice, 73, 318,

481; as Federalist, 106Jefferson, Thomas, q24, 37, 43, q46,

p55, q132, p136, p149, q152, p193,q241, 285, q345, 454, 536, q536, q543;as author of Declaration of Indepen-dence, 46; and Barbary States, 258; inelection of 1800, 164, 221; and FirstAmendment, 358, 359; foreign policyunder, 609; impoundment of fundsby, 253–54; and judicial review,307–8, p307; and Louisiana Purchase,247; on New England towns, 665; assecretary of state, 228, p228, p230,307, 616

Jeffords, James, 130Jennings, Peter, p529Jewish refugees, 387, p387Jiang Zemin, 730Jim Crow laws, 408jinoteros, 696job creation, trade and, 732Job Opportunities and Basic Skills

program (JOBS), 593–94John (King of England), 35–36Johnson, Andrew, p164; impeachment

of, 164, p194, 249Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 152, p152,

q174, 219; in election of 1964, 493,495; and election of 1968, 515, 620;cabinet of, 229, 231; and civil rightsmovement, 98, q241, p407; foreignpolicy under, 612, 617, 618; Great So-ciety program of, 119, q119, 598; iso-lation of, 264; judicial appointmentsof, 317; leadership style of, 262, p262;legislation of, 255; and the media,536; as vice-presidential candidate,470; and Vietnam War, 197–98, 248,250, 259

Johnson, Paul, 413Johnson Act (1924), 389Johnson v. Transportation Agency,

Santa Clara County, California, 413Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 277, 625joint committees, 143–44joint resolutions, 182Jones, LeAlan, 530, p530Jordan, Barbara, 82, p82, q82Joyce, Diane, 413, p413judges. See federal court judges; state

court judges; Supreme Court, U.S.,justices

judgment, demonstrating reasoned, 676judicial activism, 81judicial circuits, 313, c314

Kerry, John, p452, p467; in 2004 presi-dential campaign, 497, 531

Kettl, Donald F., q116Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 701kibbutzim, 725Kilberg, Gillian, 680, p680Kim II Sung, 699Kim Jong II, 699King, Martin Luther, Jr., p357, 410King, Samuel, 637Kiryas Joel v. Grumet, 361Kissinger, Henry, 237, p237, 617kitchen cabinet, 231Knight, Dottie, p172Knox, Henry, 51, p230Koizumi, Junichiro, 694Korea: government in, 20; and foreign

policy, p617. See also South KoreaKorean War, 82, 162, 294, 611–12, 709Korematsu v. United States, 21Kosovo, 628Kotohda, Junko, p689Kovic, Ron, p367Kuwait, 704; economy in, 722Kyoto Protocol, 587, 712

labor, 718; interest groups in, 505Labor, U.S. Department of, 277, 295, 582Labor Statistics, Bureau of, 277labor unions: government protection of,

581, 583; government regulation of,583; and judicial appointments, 326

Lafayette, Marquis de, 71Laffer, Arthur B., 576, q577laissez-faire economy, 27, 578lame ducks, 90Lampkin, Bertina, p443land, 717–18Landgraf, Heidi, 296, p296land ordinances, 50Landrum-Griffin Act (1959), 583Lang, Eugene M., 215, p215Lardy, Nicholas, 730Latin America: nationalization in,

724–25; Organization of AmericanStates in, 629; Rio Pact in, 628

Latvia, and NATO membership, 628Laughery, David, 512, p512Lau v. Nichols, 338law(s): administrative, 425; common, 426;

constitutional, 424; due process of,427–28; early systems of, 423–24; equaljustice under, 427; family, 431–32; mar-tial, 425; property, 431; registering, 188;secular, 700; shield, 537; statutory, 425

L

judicial interpretation, 640judicial proceedings, 104judicial restraint, 80–81judicial review, 66–67, 73, 80–81, 307,

336–37, ctn339, p307, p403, 640judicial system: in Constitution, 68,

72–73; media coverage of, 533; instate government, 646–47. See alsofederal courts; Supreme Court, U.S.

Judiciary Act (1789), 73, 79, 308, 312Jungle, The (Sinclair), 579–80jurisdiction, 72, 305–6; appellate,

306–7, 321; concurrent, 306; defined,64; of federal courts, 72; original, 306,307, 321; of Supreme Court, 321

jury, 442; decision of, 442–43; grand,312, 439–40; hung, 443; petit, 313;rights to trial by, 86; serving on, 315,p315

jus sanguinis, 393jus soli, 393Justice, U.S. Department of, 277, 292;

Antitrust Division, 579justice courts, 646justice of the peace, 646, p646Justinian Code, 425juvenile courts, 646

Kamber, Victor, 577, q577Kansas: local government in, 664;

women’s rights in, 645Kantor, Mickey, 736Kasanoff, Larry, 141Katz, Charles, 401Katz v. United States, 401Kayden, Xandra, q459KaZaA, 544Keating, Charles, p167Kemmelmeyer, Frederick, p221Kennan, George F., 607, 610, 633, q633Kennedy, Anthony, p322Kennedy, Edward, 468–69Kennedy, John Fitzgerald, q152, 216,

217, 224, 232, 470; assassination of,231, 323; and civil rights, 99; debateof, with Nixon, p270, 528; ExecutiveOffice staff of, 236; foreign policyunder, 617; judicial appointments of,317; leadership style of, 263; and themedia, 536; and NASA, 294; politicalcampaign of, 529–30; and public as-sistance programs, 592

Kennedy, Joseph, 577Kennedy, Robert, 277, p277Kentucky: admission to Union, 99;

taxes in, 657

K

INDEX 869

IndexJavits, Jacob–law(s)

857-881 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:56 AM Page 869

law clerks for Supreme Court, 323Law Enforcement Assistance

Administration, 292lawmaking: in House of Representa-

tives, 135–37; involvement of bureau-cracy in, 292

Lawrence v. Texas, 417lawyer: choosing, 426; hiring, 433League of Nations, 263–64League of Women Voters, 490, 546leaks, 263, 529Lebanon, use of military force in, 163Lee, Richard Henry, 44, 48Lee v. Weisman, 361legislation: agricultural, 584–585; in

House of Representatives, 135–137;Internet tracking of, 545; passage ofstate, 642–643

legislative activities of Congress, 532legislative assistants, 148legislative bills: appropriations, 191–92;

committee action on, 184; committeehearings on, 184; debating andamending of, 186; defined, 135–36;final steps in passing, 185–88; flooraction on, 184–85; how a bill be-comes law, c185; initiating, 182, p182;introduction of, 182, 183–84; passageof, 187; presidential action on, 187;private, 181; public, 181–82; report-ing, 186; role of lobbyists in drafting,509; role of president in passing,254–55; scheduling, 135–36; state,642–43; taxing and spending, 189–92;types of, 181–82; vetoing, 188; votingon, 186–87, p186

legislative oversight, 169–71; limits on,170

Legislative Reorganization Act (1946),147, 169

Legislative Reorganization Act (1970),145

legislative veto, 171, 176legislatures: bicameral, 123, 641, 689;

colonial, 39–40; comparing, c135; inConstitution, 68–70; contactingmembers of, 101; in France, 692; inJapan, 691; in Mexico, 699; in stategovernment, 641–43, 645; unicamer-al, 48. See also Congress, U.S.

legitimacy, 9Lemon test, 360Lemon v. Kurtzman, 360Lenin, Vladimir, 729Leo, John, 508Lerner, Barbara, 598, q599Letourneau, Mary Kay, 535

loss, 720lotteries, state, 657Loucks, William, q718Louisiana: election of governor in,

643–44; legislature in, 642; local gov-ernment in, 664

Louisiana Purchase, 247Louis Philippe (King of France), 690Lowden, Frank, p464Lurton, Horace H., q101, 323Lusk, R.D., q585Lynch, John, 170Lynch v. Donnelly, 362

Maastricht Treaty (1993), 705mace, 152, p152Madison, James, q15, 43, p52, 76, p76,

q83, 96; and Bill of Rights, 58, 356; onfactions, 503; as father of the Consti-tution, 53; as Federalist, 454; as secre-tary of state, 616; and Virginia Plan,54

magazines, 527magistrate courts, 646Magna Carta, 35–36, 93, q93magnetic levitation (MAGLEV) trains,

602Mahe, Eddie, Jr., q459Maine, admission to Union, 99majority leaders, 134–35, 139–40majority opinion, 334majority rule, 21majority whip, 135Malaysia, economy in, 734Malcolm X, 385, q385Mall of America, p376managed trade, 736Management and Budget, Office of

(OMB), 150, 236–37, 292, 561, 563mandates, 658; federal, 109, 658; un-

funded, 588, 658mandatory sentencing, 651Mandela, Nelson, 693Manhattan Project, 279Manual of Parliamentary Practice (Jef-

ferson), p136Mao Zedong, 696–97Mapp v. Ohio, 399Marbury, William, 307–8Marbury v. Madison, 67, 73, 249,

307–8, p307, 337Marcus, Bernie, 717market economy, 717marketing quotas, 586

M

letter writing, in expressing publicopinion, 520

Levitt, David, 113, p113Levitt v. Committee for Public Educa-

tion, 360Lewis, Bernard, 699, 709Lexington, 44, p42libel, 84, 369, 536–37liberal ideology, 495, 496, 517Libertarian Party, 455, 517liberty, individual, 21Liberty Party, 455Library of Congress, 149, p149library resources, using, 383Libya, sponsorship of terrorism by, 708license plates, Confederate flags on,

366, p366licenses, 648; broadcast, 530; state fees

for, 657Lieberman, Joseph, p468lieutenant governor, 642, 645limited government, 36, 67limited war, 709Lincoln, Abraham, q10, 19, p71, 216;

Civil War and, p71, 231, 247–48, 264,425; debate with Stephen Douglas,551, q551; inaugural speech of, 226;judicial appointments of, 317; onpurpose of government, 10; strugglewith Congress, 174

Lineberry, Robert L., q529Line Item Veto Act, 176, 188, 255line-up, 439Li Peng, 705Lippmann, Walter, 198literacy test, 483Lithuania, and NATO membership, 628Livingston, Robert, 161Lloyd Corporation v. Tanner, 378lobbying: amicus curiae briefs as form

of, 333; defined, 198, 508Lobbying Disclosure Act (1995), 508,

513lobbyists, 297; defined, 198; identifying,

508–9; work of, 508–9. See also inter-est groups

local government: financing, 673–75,c674; in Mexico, 701; regionalarrangements, 673; services of,669–71; structure of, 663–68; typesof, 663–68

Locke, John, 8, p8, 9–10, q9, q38, 46;ideas of, 37–38

Lodge, Henry Cabot, q140logrolling, 202Los Angeles, 672; housing problems in,

678

870 INDEX

Indexlaw clerks for Supreme Court–marketing quotas

857-881 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:56 AM Page 870

market value, 674markup session, 184Marshall, John, 73, q76, q83, q158, 305,

p305, 318, p318, 341, 638Marshall, Thurgood, p310, 317, 323,

329, q329Marshall Plan, 610, 727Mars Pathfinder, p280Martin, Casey, 337–38, p337Martindale-Hubbell Law Directory,

426Marx, Karl, 29–30, p30, q30, 739, q739Mary II (Queen of England), 8, 36Maryland: courts in, 647; legislature in,

642Mason, George, 43, p43Massachusetts: colonial government in,

39, 43, 44; militia in, 51; ratificationof Constitution by, 53; on slaveryissue, 55; state legislature in, 641; wel-fare in, 654

mass media: content control on, 538,540; coverage of Congress by, p532,532–33; coverage of courts, 533; de-fined, 527; First Amendment protec-tion of, 536–37; in gauging publicopinion, 520; global access to, c539;impact on government, 527–34; in-terest group use of, 510; and mergers,p538, 540; and national security,540–41; ownership of, 538–39; in po-litical socialization, 515; and presi-dent, 527–29; and presidentialcampaigns, 529–30; presidential useof, p248, 248–49, 263; protection ofsources, 374, 537; regulation of,536–41; setting of public agenda by,533–34; types of, 527; in the UnitedStates, c544; war coverage by, 534,541, p541

mass transit: federal programs in, 602;improving to solve traffic congestion,683; local government role in, 671;meeting challenges in, 681

material scarcity, 11Matsch, Richard P., p371Mayflower (ship), 39Mayflower Compact, 39, q39mayor-council form of municipal gov-

ernment, 666–67, c667Mbeki, Thabo, 699McCaffrey, Barry R., q680McCain, John, 478, q498McCain-Feingold bill, 478McCarthyism, 171McClellan, Scott, p238McCollum v. Board of Education, 361McCulloch, James, 158

mixed-market economy, 28moderates, 517modified capitalism, 721Mohammed, death of, 700Molinari, Susan, 200monarchy, 19; absolute, 19Mondale, Walter F., 470monetary policy, 567, 568, 569–70, 721money: appropriation of, 191–92; life

of, 721; power of Congress, 618monopoly, 578, 719Monroe, James, q609; as secretary of

state, 615–16Monroe Doctrine, 609Montesquieu, baron de, p63Moran, Thomas, ptg162Morrill Act (1862), 585, 598Morris, Gouverneur, 53Morse, Eric, 530mortgage, 431Moscow, homeless in, 726Mosely-Braun, Carol, 153most-favored-nation (MFN) status,

619Mothers Against Drunk Driving

(MADD), p439, 503motion pictures, and free press, 375;

ratings, 141motor voter law, 488, 492Mount Vernon, 52Moyers, Bill, q83, 239Mueller v. Allen, 360Muhlenberg, Fredrick A., 69mullahs, 700multimedia activities, 3, 177, 211, 303,

353, 449, 451, 635, 687multinational corporations, 16–17, 732multiparty systems, 454municipal courts, 646municipal government, forms of,

666–68municipality, 665Murphy, Frank, q22, q370Murray v. Curlett, 361Music Television (MTV), “Rock the

Vote,” 223, p223Muslim fundamentalists, 700–1Muslims, 699. See also IslamMussolini, Benito, 19, 610mutual defense alliances, 627–29

Nader, Ralph, 506, 513, 580, 605, q605;in election of 2000, m225

Napoleon Crossing the Great St.Bernard, ptg19

N

McCulloch v. Maryland, 69, 102, 107,308

McGovern, George, 216, 462McKinley, William, 238, 499McReynolds, James, 343, p343McVeigh, Timothy, p98, p371Meat Inspection Act (1906), 28, 580media. See mass mediamedia events, 529media outlets, growth in, 535mediation, 434Medicaid, 278, 593, 654Medicare, 278, 292, 592“meet-the-candidates” nights, 546mergers: mass media and, p538, 540; of

stock markets, 732Merit System Protection Board, 286metropolitan communities, 671–72metropolitan government, 682Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 671Mexico: democracy in, 692; federal sys-

tem of government in, 12; politicalparties in, 694

Michael, Mark, 26Michigan: local government in, 664;

state police in, 98; welfare in, 654Microsoft, 578military, c624; civilian control of, 624;

desegregation of, p253; president ascommander-in-chief of, 258–59, 615,p623; spending, 567; use of, 626,630–31; volunteer, 616, 625; womenin, p416, 625

military rule, 425militia, 85Miller v. California, 375Milligan, Ex parte, 337Mills, Wilbur, 190Minersville School District v. Gobitis,

363Mines, Bureau of, 277minimum wage laws, 160minority leaders, 135, 139minority whips, 135Mint, Bureau of the, 277Minute Men, p42Miranda, Ernesto, 403, p403Miranda v. Arizona, 83, 331, 337,

403–4, p403misdemeanor, 438Mississippi: election of governor in,

643–44; legislature in, 642; term lim-its in, 644

Missouri, local government in, 664Missouri Compromise, 337Missouri Plan, 647mixed economy, 575, 721Mitchell v. Helms, 360

INDEX 871

Indexmarket value–Napoleon Crossing the Great St. Bernard

857-881 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:56 AM Page 871

Napoleon I, 690Napoleonic Code, 425Napoleon III, 690Nast, Thomas, 462, 499nation, 5–6; defined. See also stateNational Abortion Rights Action

League PAC, 512National Action Party (PAN) (Mexico),

694National Aeronautics and Space Ad-

ministration (NASA), 199, 279, p280National Archives, p74, 82, p82National Assembly: in France, 692; in

South Africa, 693–94National Association for the

Advancement of Colored People(NAACP), 317, 326, 409

National Association of Counties, 507National Association of Manufacturers

(NAM), 505national budget, 175national citizenship, 391–93National Commission on Excellence in

Education, 598national committee, 460National Conference of State

Legislators, 506–7national debt, 559; interest on, 562national defense, 566–67National Diet (Japan), 690–91National Drug Control Policy, Office

of, 236National Economic Council, 238National Emergencies Act (1976), 175National Environmental Policy Act

(1969), 651National Farmers’ Union (NFU), 505National Governors’ Association, 101,

106, 110, 506–7National Guard, 645National Highway System, 602National Highway Traffic Safety Ad-

ministration, 601National Industrial Recovery Act

(1935), 348National Institute of Standards and

Technology, 277Nationalist Party (China), 696nationalists, 106; states’ rightists versus,

106–7nationalization, 357; in Latin America,

724–25National Labor Relations Board

(NLRB), 297, 582–83National League of Cities, 507National Organization for Women

(NOW), 326national origins system, 389

newly developed nations, 722Newman, Lloyd, 530, p530, p538New National Party, 699New Orleans, housing problems in,

678–79New Republic, 528news: entertainment value of, 535; pro-

tection of sources, 374, 537news briefings, 528news media, analyzing, 571newspapers, 527, 543news releases, 528New York (state), 57; courts in, 646–47;

ratification of Constitution by, 58;term limits in, 644; use of interstatecompacts, 105; welfare in, 654

New York City: political boss in, 519;terrorist attack on, 248; voting rightsin, 484

New York Times, 533, 541, 544New York Times Co. v. United States,

369, 372, p372, 541New Zealand, ANZUS Pact with, 629Nicaragua, contra affair and, 532Nineteenth Amendment, 89, 414Ninth Amendment, 87Nixon, Richard M., 164, 218, 224, 237,

p237, 241, p241, q241, 457; cabinet of,231; debate of, with Kennedy, p270,528; and executive privilege, 267; for-eign policy under, 617; and housingassistance, 600; impeachment, 164;impoundment of funds by, 252, p252,254; isolation of, 265; judicial appoint-ments of, 324, 347; leadership style of,p264; and nuclear powers, 259; par-doning of, 254; and price and wagecontrols, 256; resignation of, 67, 217;suspension of draft by, 625; veto ofWar Powers Act by, 249; and VietnamWar, 259, 620; visit to China, p299,698; and Watergate scandal, p68, 171;White House staff of, 239

Nixon, Sydney, 476Nix v. Williams, 400No Child Left Behind Act, 599nolo contendere, 441nominating conventions, 464–65nominating process, 464–70, 530–31nonconnected PACS, 512–13nongovernmental organizations

(NGOs), 702nonpartisan voters’ guides, 546Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT),

709–10nonresident aliens, 387nonstate international groups, 17non-tariff barriers, 733

National Park Service, 277, p285National Party Congress, 703National People’s Congress, 704National Performance Review, 110National Public Radio (NPR), 530, 544National Recovery Administration

(NRA), 74, c75National Republicans, 454National Review, 528National Rifle Association, 24, 510, 544National Right to Life PAC, 512National Road, 600National Science and Technology Poli-

cy, 238national security, as foreign policy goal,

608, p608; and mass media, 540–41;providing, 10

National Security Act (1947), 616national security adviser, 616National Security Archive, p312National Security Council (NSC), 169,

219, 236–7, 257, 616, 620National Security Establishment, 624National Voter Registration Act

(1995), 488, c488, 492National Wildlife Federation, 506nation-state, 6Native Americans, citizenship for,

394–95; and tribal government, 665naturalization: citizenship by, 393–94,

p394; collective, 394–95Navy, Department of the, 625NBC, 544Near v. Minnesota, 371Nebraska: local government in, 664;

state legislature in, 641Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart,

373necessary and proper clause, 96, 107,

157negligence, 432Neighborhood Legal Assistance

Program, 440Newark, voting rights in, 484New Deal program, 107, 249, 256, 582,

585–86, 590–91. See also Great De-pression

New Federalism, 109New Hampshire, 57; constitution of,

640; legislature in, 642; ratification ofConstitution by, 56; state legislaturein, 641; term limits in, 644

New Jersey: executive branch in, 644;governor of, 482; local governmentin, 664; and use of

interstate compacts, 105New Jersey Plan, 54New Jersey v. T.L.O., 400

872 INDEX

IndexNapoleon I–non-tariff barriers

857-881 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:56 AM Page 872

nonvoters, profiles of, 496–97Noriega, Manuel, 258Norris-LaGuardia Act (1932), 582North, Oliver, 169, p169North American Free Trade

Agreement (NAFTA), 16, 219,575–576, 613, 735

North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO), 627–28, 711; post-ColdWar, 628

North Carolina: congressional districtsin, m126; executive branch in, 645;ratification of amendments in, 5

North Dakota: state legislature in, 641;voting rights in, 497

Northern Mariana Islands, territorialcourts in, 315

North Korea: development of nuclearweapons by, 699, 709–10; relationswith U.S., 699

Northwest Ordinance (1787), 50notes, taking, 91nuclear weapons: development of, 699,

709–10; threat of, 709–10

obscenity: free press and, 375; laws on,540

Occupational Safety and Health Ad-ministration (OSHA), 298

O’Connor, Sandra Day, 317, p318,q318, p322, 323, 326, p344, q362

offer, 430–31office-group ballot, 489Office of Electronic Government, 546Office of National Drug Control

Policy, 679–80off the record meetings, 529Ogden, Aaron, 161Ohio: local government in, 665;

ratification of amendments in, 5oil industry, 722; global importance of,

708Oklahoma: admission to union, 100–1;

ratification of amendments in, 5;taxes in, 657

Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI), 591

Old Age Assistance, 654Old Treaty Seal, p2oligarchy, 19, c20oligopoly, 579, 719Olmstead v. United States, 339, 401Omnibus Crime Control and Safe

Streets Act (1968), 401Omnibus Education Act (1972), 416

O

parliamentary procedure, p136parliamentary systems, 688parochial schools, state aid to, 360–61parole, 653Parrish, Elsie, 581–82Partido Revolucionario Institucional

(PRI), 699, 701party-column ballot, 489party county chairperson, 459party national chairperson, 460party state chairperson, 460passports, 623; applying for, 50Patent and Trademark Office, 277patents, 163Paterson, William, 54Patrick, Deval, 481patronage, 461–62Patrons of Husbandry, 505Paul, Alice, p415Payton v. New York, 399peace as foreign policy goal, 608Peace Corps, 294peacekeeping, role of UN in, 704peer groups, in political socialization,

515Pendleton Act (1883), 286Pennsylvania: Fair Labor Law in

(1978), 440; local government in,664; police force in, 652; public edu-cation in, 24; on slavery issue, 55; taxpolicy in, 158

Pentagon, 543; terrorist attack on,612–13, 707, 708

Pentagon Papers case, 372, p372per curiam, 333perestroika, 730–31Pericles, 19periodical guides, 383perjury, 168Perkins, Frances, 229Perot, Ross, p461, 479, 493–94Persian Gulf War, 82, p359, 612, 619,

704; media coverage of, p541; mili-tary force in, 163

personal liberties, foundations of, c64personal property, 431, 673personal staff, 147Personnel Management, Office of, 286Peterson, Peter G., q592Petition of Right, 36petitions, 77, 101, 465–66, 546–47;

signing, 84, p369petit jury, 313petty offenses, 437–38Pew Research Center for the People

and the Press, 519Philadelphia: housing problems in,

678–79; political boss in, 519

O’Neill, Thomas P. “Tip,” 134one-party systems, 453–54“one person, one vote” rule, 22, 126,

642online computer services, 535open housing, p431Open Housing Act (1968), 678open-market operations, 570open primary, 465open shops, 583Operation Desert Storm, 258, p258,

618Operation Green Ice, 296Operation Restore Hope, p618opinions, 331, 333, 645; distinguishing

from fact, 327Oregon: conservation efforts in, 651;

laws in, 425; regional government in,673; state legislature in, 641

Oregon v. Elstad, 403Oregon v. Mitchell, 485Oregon v. Smith, 363Organization for Security and

Cooperation, 729Organization of American States

(OAS), 629original jurisdiction, 306, 307, 321Our America: Life and Death on the

South Side of Chicago, 530, p530outlining, 419Owens, R., 133, q133

packing, 127Packwood, Robert, 167–68Pahlavi, Mohammed Reza, 701Paine, Thomas, 45–46, q45Pakistan, Muslims in, 699Palestine Liberation Organization

(PLO), 17Panama, use of military force in, 163Panama Canal treaties, 619; ratification

of, 619, p619parades, limits on, 377paragraph, writing, 117pardon, 254parishes, 664Park Communications, 528Parker, Barrington, p312Parliament, 36, 68, 123, 689–90parliamentary government, 689–91;

comparison of, with presidential gov-ernment, c692; dissolving govern-ment, 691, 692; function of thecabinet in, 691; in Great Britain,689–90; in Japan, 690–91

P

INDEX 873

Indexnonvoters–Philadelphia

857-881 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:56 AM Page 873

Philadelphia v. State of New Jersey, 111picketing, protection for, 381pigeonholing, 184Pilgrim, 39Pinochet, Augusto, 725Pitt, William, p124plaintiffs, 433, 435platform committee, at national con-

ventions, 469plea bargaining, 440–41pleas, 439, 441Pledge of Allegiance, 359Plessy, Homer, 346Plessy v. Ferguson, 309, 346, 408–9plum book, 288plurality, 465, 644pocket veto, 188Poland: constitutional government in,

692–93; and NATO membership,628; overthrow of communism in,692–93; Solidarity in, 693

Police Department of Chicago v.Mosley, 378

police protection: local governmentrole in, 670; state, 652

Politburo, 697political action committees (PACs),

130, 511–13, ctn511; in election cam-paigns, 478–79, 513–15; laws govern-ing, 511; strategies for influence, 198,513–15, ctn511

political appointees, 288–89political campaigns. See election cam-

paigns, election campaign spendingpolitical cartoons, interpreting, 260,

551political efficacy, 516political participation, 114political parties, in China, 705; See also

specific partiespolitical parties, 453; affiliation of

federal judges, 316–17; comparisonwith interest groups, 504; defined, 23,453; federalism and, 113; functionsof, 460–62; in Germany, 700; growthof American, c456, 454–55; in Houseof Representatives, U.S., 134; impactof, 221; influence on Congress,196–97; in measuring public opinion,519; media coverage of, 531; mem-bership of, 458–59; in Mexico, 694;minor, 455, 457; multiparty systems,454; one-party systems, 453–54; orga-nization of, 458–59, 460, 519; inPoland, 693; president as leader of,256–57; in South Africa, 693–94;third, 455, 457; two-party systems,

ers in, 614–17; in France, 691; as headof state, 252; inauguration of, 226; in-fluence of, over Supreme Court, 347;influence on Congress, 197–98; infor-mal sources of power for, 247–49; ju-dicial appointments of, 323–24;leadership styles of, 261–67; as legisla-tor, 73–74, 254–55; limits on powerof, 249–50; mass media and, 527–29;in Mexico, 694; nominating processfor, 530–31; as party leader, 256–57;in Poland, 693; powers of, c246; quali-fications of, 215–17; relations withCongress, 74, 172–76, 619–20;relations with media, p248, 248–49,263; in South Africa, 693–94; specificpowers of, 71; succession of, 80, p216,217–18; versus Supreme Court, U.S.,75; term and salary of, 214–15; anduse of executive privilege, 266–67. Seealso by name

presidential campaigns, and massmedia, 529–30

presidential disability, 218presidential government, 691–92;

comparison of, with parliamentarygovernment, c692; in France, 691–92

presidential nominations, 466–68presidential preference poll, 467presidential primaries, 466–68, 530–31presidential succession, 80Presidential Succession Act (1947),

217–18president pro tempore, 139, 218President’s Council on Sustainable De-

velopment, 735, q735press, freedom of, 84, 536–37; and free

trials, 372–74; and gag orders, 371,373; and mass communication,374–75; and prior restraint, 371–72;and protection of new sources, 374

press conferences, 263, 528pretrial discovery, 433price supports, 586primary elections, 465, 466–68primary sources, analyzing, 117prime minister: in Great Britain, 690,

p690; in Japan, 690–91Printing and Engraving, Bureau of,

277print media, 527; regulation of, 536–41prior restraint, 84, 371, 536prison population, state, m442privacy: citizens’ right to, 417–18, p417;

right to, 85Privacy Protection Act (1980), 537private bills, 181

454; voter loyalty to, 493–94. See alsospecific parties

political socialization, 515–16; mediarole in, 534

political sovereignty, 7political Web sites, 544politics: defined, 14; and government,

14–15; importance of, 15Polk, James K., 238Polk, Sarah, 238poll taxes, 90, 483pollution: air, 587, 651; state efforts in

controlling, 112–13, 651; water,587–88, 651

Poole, George, 290popular sovereignty, 65population, 6; managing decline in,

677; mobility of, 6pork-barrel legislation, 201–2Portland, Oregon, regional government

in, 673Port of New York Authority, 105Post Office Department, 280Powell, Adam Clayton, 131Powell, Colin, 216, p541, p548Powell, Lewis F., Jr., q251, 327, p327,

q327, 344, q527Powell v. McCormack, 129, 131powers, separation of, 40preamble, 13 Preamble, the, 63, q63precedent, 364, 426precinct, 459precinct captain, 459preemption, 109, 613preferred position doctrine, 368–69preliminary hearing, 439–40premier in France, 692president: and use of executive privilege,

266–67. See also by namepresident: action on bills, 187; appoint-

ment power of, ctn347; budget of,560–62, p562; changes in Constitu-tion and, 80; changes in office of, 71,p71; as chief diplomat, 257–58; aschief executive, 253–54; as comman-der in chief, 258–59, 615, p623; con-gressional power in selecting, 163–64;constitutional powers of, 70, 245–47;curbing emergency powers of, 175;duties of, 213–14; as economic plan-ner, 256; election campaign for, c477,475–76; election of, 220–26; of theEuropean Commission, 706; Execu-tive Office of, 234; executive privilegeand, 266–67; financing election cam-paign for, 477–79; foreign policy pow-

874 INDEX

IndexPhiladelphia v. State of New Jersey–private bills

857-881 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:56 AM Page 874

INDEX 875

Private Calendar, 136private law, 390private ownership, 719privileges and immunities clause, 104Privy Council, 40probable cause, 85probate courts, 646procedural due process, 427–28, p427production, factors of, 717–18, p718product safety, government role in,

580–81professional associations, 506Professional Golfers’ Association (PGA)

v. Martin, 337, p337profit, 720, p720Progressive Party, 455–57 progressive taxes, 556, 558, 657Project 1992, 710proletariat, 29propaganda, 495–96property: personal, 431; private owner-

ship of, 719; real, 431property law, 431property rights, and assembly, 378property tax, 657, 673–74proportional representation, 467proportional tax, 657protectionism, 736protective tariffs, 557, 575Proxmire, William, 189public acts, 103–4public agenda, 544; setting of, by the

media, 533–534public assembly and disorder, 378–80public assistance, 590–91, 592–95public bills, 181–82public broadcasting, 531Public Broadcasting Act (1967), 531Public Broadcasting System (PBS), 531Public Citizen, Inc., 506, 513public education, 24public health: government promotion

of, 594–95; state role in, 653–54Public Health Service, 279, 595public housing, 600, 678; violence in,

538public-interest groups, 506public life, religion in, 359public opinion, 2; and democracy, 522;

influence of, on foreign policy, 620;interpreting polls, 523; limitations onpresidential power, 250; measuring,519–22; shaping, 514–17

public opinion polls, 517, 519, 520–22;on ideology, 517; interpreting results,522, 523; by mail, 521; by phone, 521;questions in, 521

public policy, bureaucracy in

doctrine, q538; and federal aid poli-cies, 109; foreign policy under, 617;as governor of California, 187–88;and hostages in Iran, 628; isolation of, 265; judicial appointments of,316, 317, 324, 347; leadership style of,261, 263; political campaign of,529–30; as president, 232; Social Se-curity and, 591; use of e-mail and,p312

real property, 431, 673Realtors’ Political Action Committee,

512reapportionment, 124Reapportionment Act (1929), 125reasonable standard, 415recall, 644reconciliation, 563–64records, 104recount, 475recreation, local government role in,

671Red Cross, 24redistricting, 125Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC, 538Reed, Stanley, 345Reed, Thomas Brackett, q152Reed v. Reed, 415Reedy, George, q264, 536, q536Reeve, Christopher, p205referendum, 640, 666refugees, 387Regan, Donald, 261, 265Regents of University of California v.

Bakke, 412–14, p413regional security pacts, 627–29regional wars, 709–10regressive taxes, 557, 657regulatory agencies, deregulation of,

283regulatory commissions, 281, 283Rehnquist, William H., p322, 326, p344religion: and Bible reading, 362; and

flag statute, 363–64; limitations onpractices of, 363; in public life, 359;and release time for students, 361;and school prayer, 362; separationbetween state and, 699–700; state aidto parochial schools, 360–61

religion, freedom of, 84; establishmentclause, 358–63; free exercise clause,363–64

Religious Freedom Restoration Act(1993), 363

Reno v. American Civil LibertiesUnion, 375, 548

Reno v. Condon, 417Reorganization Act (1970), 169

influencing, 291–93; definition of, 291; effect of interest groups on,508–13; federalism and, 112–13; In-ternet challenges for, 548–49; reasonsbureaucracy makes, 293–95; tools forshaping, 336–39

public property, assembly on, 377public services, providing, 10public utility, 648–49public welfare, state role in, 654Puerto Rico: representation in

Congress, 129; and statehood question, 100, 107; territorial courtsin, 315

Pulling Down the Statue of George III(Walcutt), ptg46

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), 28pure speech, 366Putin, Vladimir, 729

al-Qaeda, 17, 612, 613, 708–9quorum, 69, 137quotas, 733, 734; marketing, 586;

national origins, 389Quran, 699, 700, 708, 709

Rabin, Yitzhak, p615radio, 527, 540, 543; campaign

advertising on, 531; fireside chats on,p248, 248–49, 263; and free press,374; pirate, 536

Raines, Franklin, p236Randolph, Edmund, 54, 57, p230random sampling, 520ratification: of amendments, 77–79; de-

fined, 48; power of Senate in, 165; ofstate constitutions, 640; of U.S. Con-stitution, 56–57, m57

ratings services, 532rational basis test, 406–7Ray, Robert, 663, p663Rayburn, Sam, q201Reagan, Ronald, 223, p234, 236, 241,

p241, q546, 559; assassination at-tempt on, p213, p218; budget of, 566;bureaucracy under, 236; cabinet of,229, 231; communication skills of,249, 263; and content-based mediaregulation, 538; and contra affair,532; drug policy under, 679; in elec-tion of 1980, 493, 494–95; on fairness

R

Q

IndexPrivate Calendar–Reorganization Act (1970)

857-881 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:56 AM Page 875

reports, writing, 659representative democracy, 20, 21representative government, 37; princi-

ples of, 689representative sample, 521reprieve, 254republic, 20Republican Court, The (Huntington),

ptg73Republican National Committee, 461Republican Party, 454, 455; and cam-

paign finance reform, 478; and Con-tract with America, 295, 594; inHouse of Representatives, U.S., 134;ideology in, 495; mailing lists of, 545;national committee for, 507; nationalconvention of, 531, 666; 1996 con-vention of, 458; and political controlof Congress, c127, 454–55; symbol of,462, 499

Republicans for Choice, 512reserved powers, 96–97resident aliens, 387resolutions, 182; concurrent, 182; joint,

182restraint, 109Reuters of Britain, 533revenue: borrowing as source of, 559;

defined, 43; taxes, 555–59Revenue Act (1971), 511revenue bills, 158reverse discrimination, 412–13, p413revitalization, 681Revolutionary War, 44Revolution of 1848, 690Reynolds, George, 363Reynolds v. Sims, 126, 642Reynolds v. United States, 363Rhode Island, 39; local government in,

664; ratification of Constitution by,56; on slavery issue, 55

Rhodes v. Chapman, 405Rice, Condoleezza, 482, p482, 616Richard, David, 700Richard, Dennis, 700Richard, Mark, 700Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v.

Virginia, 373Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., 414rider, 182right-to-work laws, 583, 649Rio Pact, 628–29Robert, Henry M., p136Robert’s Rules of Order (Robert), p136Robinson, Ryan, 26Rockefeller, John D., 578Rockefeller Foundation, 531Rock the Vote, 223, p223

Sanchez, Loretta, 465, p465Sanders, Leonard, 563, p563San Diego, 671, p672San Francisco, mass transit in, 681sanitation, local government role in,

670Santa Fe School District v. Doe, 361Santobello v. New York, 441Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, 581Al Saud family, 701Saudi Arabia: absolute monarchy in,

19, 701; economy in, 722; terrorismand, 708–9; U.S. Embassy in, p622

Scalia, Antonin, q83, p322scarcity, 717Schechter Poultry Corporation v. Unit-

ed States, 310Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of

Western New York, 378Schenck v. United States, 320, 368school district, 673schools: Bible reading in, 362; in

political socialization, 515; prayer in,362; release time from, 361; state aidto parochial, 360–61; teaching evolu-tion in, 362. See also education

Schulz, George, 232Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 644, p644Science and Technology Policy, Office

of, 238scientific polling, 520–22scientific socialism, 30Scott, Dred, 392, p392Seale, Bobby, 398, p398searches and seizures, 398–401, p399,

p400search warrant, 85, 399Second Amendment, 84–85, q85, 356,

357secondary sources, analyzing, 299Second Bank of the United States,

157–58Second Continental Congress, 44–45,

47, 48Second Treatise of Government

(Locke), 37secularists, 700secular law, 700secular textbooks, 360securities, 581Securities and Exchange Commission

(SEC), 281, 581security, right to, 84–85security agreements, 710–11security classification system, 416Sedition Act (1918), p132sedition laws, 369seditious speech, 369

Roe v. Wade, 326, 417roll-call vote, 187Romania: application for EU

membership, 704, 734; and NATOmembership, 628; overthrow of com-munism in, 692

Roosevelt, Eleanor, 231Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 75, 130,

216, 219, 231, 241, 387, p387; cabinetof, 229; and court packing, 310, 348,ctn348; death of, 213; employment ofemergency powers, p175; firesidechats of, 209, q209, 248, p248, 263,528; foreign policy under, 619; judi-cial appointments of, 321; leadershipstyle of, 263; New Deal program of,107, 249, 256, 582, 585–86, 590–91;presidential powers of, 248; and sizeof bureaucracy, 294–96; spending by,566; terms of office, 13, p14; andWorks Progress Administration,p191; and World War II, 257, 259,425

Roosevelt, Theodore, q247, 259, 455,457; foreign policy under, 614; asgovernor of New York, 644; judicialappointments of, 320, p320; and Na-tional Governors’ Association, 101;and presidential power, 247; pressconferences of, 528

Ross, Edmund G., p194Rubin, Barry, q622rules committee, at national

conventions, 468–69Rumsfeld, Donald, p231runoff primary, 465Rural Electrification Administration,

586Russia: economy in, p726; and NATO

partnership, 628; as permanent mem-ber of Security Council, 703; trans-formation of economy, 728–29

Rutledge, John, 323

Sadat, Anwar, 701Safe Streets Act (1968), 292Safire, William, 265sales tax: local, 675; state, 656–57Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 734sample, 520sample populations, 520sampling errors, 520–21sampling procedures, 521Samuelson, Robert, q731Sanchez, Linda, 465, p465

S

876 INDEX

Indexreports–seditious speech

857-881 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:56 AM Page 876

segregation, 408select committees, 142–43Select Intelligence Committee, 143Selective Service System, 625self-government, 35self-incrimination, 402–4Senate, U.S., 123; appropriations com-

mittees of, 192; confirmation hear-ings in, 230; confirmation power of,164, 532; in Constitution, 68; fili-buster in, p139, 140, 181; FinanceCommittee, 190; and impeachment,164; leadership in, 138–40, 153,p153; majority leader in, 153; partyaffiliation in, c129; political divisionof, c127; president of, 152, 153; privi-leges of members of, 128–29; qualifi-cations of, 128; ratification power of,165; role in tax legislation of, 190;and role of vice president, 218–19;rules for, 138–40; salary and benefitsof, 128; scheduling of bills, 140;symbols in, 152; term of office in, 128. See also Congress, U.S.;House of Representatives, U.S.

senatorial courtesy, 317seniority system, 145sentencing, 443; mandatory, 651“separate but equal” doctrine, 309, 346separation of powers, 40, 65, 75September 11 terrorist attacks, 17, 237,

240, 248, 294, 417, 612, 701, 707,p707, 708, p708

sessions, 123Seventeenth Amendment, 89Seventh Amendment, 86, 357severance taxes, 657sewage, local government role in, 670Seward, William, 231shah, 701Shalala, Donna, 590Shallus, Jacob, 83Shays’s Rebellion, 51, p51Shelby, Richard, 245, p245Shelton v. Tucker, 655Sheppard, Samuel H., 373Sheppard v. Maxwell, 373Sherman, Roger, 54–55Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), 338,

578–79, 581shield laws, 374, 537shock incarceration, 653shock probation, 653Sierra Club, 24, 503, 505, 506, 544Signing of the Constitution of the Unit-

ed States (Rossiter), ptg34Signing the Compact on Board the

Mayflower (Matteson), ptg39

INDEX 877

Indexsegregation–state constitutions

Sinclair, Upton, 579–80, q580Singapore, capitalism in, 721single-issue party, 455Sixteenth Amendment, 89, 108, 348,

p555Sixth Amendment, 86, 401, 442slander, 84, 369Slaughterhouse cases, 308–9slavery: and Dred Scott case, 392–93; as issue at Constitutional Convention,

55Sliskovic, Irena, 395, p395Slovakia, and NATO membership, 628Slovenia, and NATO membership, 628Small Business Administration, 279,

280, 292, 576small claims courts, 434–35, 646Smith, Adam, 27, p27Smith, Margaret Chase, p152, q152Smith, Mary Louise, 462Smith, Steven S., q193Smith Act (1940), 382Smith-Hughes Act (1917), 597social consensus, determining, p22social contract, 8social contract theory, 8social insurance programs, 590,

591–92social insurance taxes, 556–57socialism, 28, 718, c719, 723–24;

defined, 28, 718; democratic, 28;practical problems of, 726; scientific,30

socialist democracy, 725Socialist Labor Party, 455social order, maintaining, 9–10Social Security, 281, 566; crisis in

system, 591–92; financing, 591Social Security Act (1935), 292, 301,

590Social Security Administration, 278,

292Social Security System, 28, 292social services, local government role

in, 671social spending, c591; government

comparisons on, c591social studies: interpreting public opin-

ion polls, 523; interpreting electionmaps, 233, m233; interpreting politi-cal cartoons, 260, ctn260

soft money, 478Soil Conservation Service, 586solicitor general, 332Solidarity, 693Somalia: foreign aid to, p618; troops in,

612, 621Sotomayer, Sonia, p313

sources, media protection of, 374, 537Souter, David, p322, 326, 348South Africa: apartheid in, 693, 705;

civil rights in, 693–694; democracyin, p689, 692; economic sanctionsagainst, 705; voting in, p688

South Carolina, legal assistanceprogram in, 440

South Dakota v. Dole, 596South Korea: capitalism in, 721; foreign

policy, p617sovereignty, 7Soviet Union: collapse of communism

in, 728–29; and end of Cold War,612–13

space station, building of, 199Spanish-American War, 609–10Speaker of the House, for Congress,

134, 136, 152speaker of the house, for state

legislature, 642special districts, 665, 673speech, 366; defamatory, 369–70; fight-

ing words, 370; protected and unpro-tected, 41; pure, 366; regulating,367–69; seditious, 369; student, 370;symbolic, 366–67, p367

speech, freedom of, 84, 366; defamato-ry, 369–70; limits to, p84; regulating,367–69; student, 370; types of,366–67

Spinal Cord Injury Association, 700Spirit of Laws, The (Montesquieu), 63splinter party, 455, 457spoils system, 285Sporkin, Stanley, q128spot advertising, 531Sputnik I, 294Stalin, Joseph, 19Stamp Act (1765), 43; repeal of, 43Stamp Act Congress, 44Stamp Tax, 44Standard Oil Trust, 578standing committees, 142, c143standing vote, 187stare decisis, 338–39state, secretary of, 615–16; federal, 621;

in state government, 645State, U.S. Department of, 257,

276, 615–16, 621; organizationalstructure of, 621–22

state constitutions, 47; amending andmaking changes in, 639–40; Bill ofRights in, 638; characteristics of, 638;criticism and reform of, 640; execu-tive branch in, 644; importance of,637–38; local government in, 663;National Guard in, 644; ratification

857-881 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:56 AM Page 877

of, 640; taxes in, 656state court judges: removal of, 647; se-

lection of, 647; in small claims courts,434–35

state courts, 646–47, 651–53;importance of, 646

state farms, 728state government, 5–6; criminal justice

systems in, 651–53; defined, 5; educa-tion policy in, 653; environmentalpolicies in, 650–51; executive branchin, 643–46; financing, 656–58, c674;income tax in, 657; influence of inter-est groups on, 642; judicial branch in,646–47; legislative branch in, 641–43;in Mexico, 701; National Guard in,644; organization of, 637; policeforces in, 652; powers of, c97; publichealth policy of, 653–54; regulationof business by, 648–50; and taxing ofe-commerce, 549; welfare programsof, 654

states: admission of new, 99–101; con-stitutional guarantees to, 98–99; elec-tion campaigns in, 476; and electoralvotes, 475–76; equality of, 101; essen-tial features of, 6–8; federal aid to,109–10, m110; lawsuits between, 105;limitations on voting in, 481; majorinequalities among, 16; nominatingconventions in, 464–65; obligationsof, 102; party organization in, 460;prison populations in, m442; guaran-tees to, 98–99; relations among,103–5; role of Congress in helping,201–3; territorial integrity of, 99; the-ories of origin of, 8; voting rights in,496–97

states’ rights position, 106; and pre-emption, 110; versus nationalists,106–7

state-sponsored terrorism, 708Statistical Abstract of United States,

150Statuary Hall, 635Statue of Liberty, p352statutory law, 425Staunton, city of, 685, q685Steck, Daniel, 153stem cell research, 595stemming from equity, 434Stevens, John Paul, 176, 326, p322Stevens, Thaddeus, 24, q24Stevenson, Adlai, 648; in elections of

1952/1956, 495; presidential cam-paign of, 549

Stewart, Potter, 361stock exchanges, merger of, 732

Supreme Court, U.S., justices, 321–26,p322, p325; appointing, 323–26;background of, 323; duties of,322–23; handshakes of, 345; influenceof chief justice on, 345; law clerks for,323; relations among, 344–45; re-moteness of, 533; salaries of, 348; andselection of other justices, 326; viewsof, 344

suspect classification, 407sustainable development, 711–12Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg

Board of Education, 410Switzerland, federal system of

government in, 12symbolic speech, 366–67, p367Syria, sponsorship of terrorism by, 708

Taft, William Howard, 100, 240, p240,323, 326, 457; ceremonial role of,252; as chief justice, 343, p343

Taft-Hartley Act (1947), 583Taiwan, capitalism in, 721Taliban, 70, 708–9Taney, Roger B., 107; as chief justice,

308, 392, p392Tanzania, democratic socialism in, 28Taoism, 697tariffs, 733, 734; protective, 557, 575tax credits, 559taxes: as colonial issue, 43; defined, 189;

on e-commerce, 549; and economy,558–59; estate, 558; excise, 557, 656; gift, 558; local sales, 675;loopholes in, 558–59; poll, 90, 483;progressive, 556, 558, 657; property,657, 673–75; proportional, 657; rea-sons for paying, 558; reducing, 568;reforms in, 559; regressive, 557, 657;sales, 656–57; severance, 657; socialinsurance, 556–57; as source of rev-enue, 555–59; state, 656–57, 657. Seealso income taxes

taxing and spending bills, 189–92taxing power, 108–9Tax Reform Act (1986), 559Taxpayer Relief Act, 188Taylor, Zachary, 259technology: building a database, 349;

multimedia presentations, 177; usingan electronic spreadsheet, 471

teen courts, 665Telecommunications Act (1996),

539–40telegraph, 536

T

Stockman, David, 236stocks, regulation of sale of, 581Story, Joseph, 323, q344straight party ticket, 493Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty

(SALT), 165straw polls, 520strikes, 99, 581strong-mayor system of municipal

government, 666, c667student speech, 370study and writing: conducting inter-

views, 549; preparing a bibliography,713; taking notes, 91; using library re-sources, 383; writing reports, 659

subcommittees, 142subpoena, 168subsidies, 734; farm, 586; government,

576Substance Abuse and Mental Health

Administration, 590substantial interest standard, 415substantive due process, 427, p427suburbs, 672suffrage, 481–84; for African Ameri-

cans, 482–84; for eighteen-year olds,5, p5, 212, 484; universal, 481; forwomen, 482

Sunbelt, 671Sun Oil Corporation’s SunPAC, 512sunset laws, 112Sunshine Act (1976), 416–17sunshine law, 113“Super Tuesday” election, 467Supplemental Security Income (SSI),

592supranational organizations, 704supremacy clause, 64, 97Supreme Allied Command Europe

(SACEUR), 628supreme court: state, 647. See also

Supreme Court, U.S.Supreme Court, U.S., 68, 102, 302, 320;

acceptance of cases by, 319, 332–33;caseload of, c332; and changes inConstitution, 80–81; First Amend-ment rights and, 548; free speechissue and, 540; housing for, 318–19,p318; influences on decisions of,343–48; and interpretation of Consti-tution, 157–58; jurisdiction of, 321;limits on, 339–41; media coverage of,533; media rights and, 537, 538; offi-cial seal of, p321; power of, 307–8;versus president, 75; procedures in,331, p335; seal of, p321; in shapingpublic policies, 336–41; steps in de-ciding cases, 333–35; terms of, 331

878 INDEX

Indexstate court judges–telegraph

857-881 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:56 AM Page 878

telephone: and protection of privacy,340; public opinion polls by, 521–22

television, 530; cable, 530–31;candidate’s image on, 476, 495; C-SPAN, 534, 540; debates on, 476,494–95; election coverage on,494–95, 536–39; financing campaignadvertising on, 538; and free press,374; presidential addresses on,248–49; and shaping of public opin-ion, 514, 515; and V-chip technology,142, p142, 547 television, 527, 543;cable, 535, 536, 538; campaign adver-tising on, 531; candidate’s image on,476, 495; coverage of president,527–28; C-SPAN, 527, 532, p532,533; debates on, 476, 494–95; electioncoverage on, 494–95; financing cam-paign advertising on, 531; and freepress, 374; presidential addresses on,248–49; shaping of public opinionand, 514, 515; and V-chip technolo-gy, 142, p142, 540, p540

television malaise, 534Temporary Assistance for Needy Fami-

lies (TANF), 594Ten Commandments, 423–24Tennessee: admission to Union, 99; ap-

portionment in, 126; executivebranch in, 644

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 28,280

Tenth Amendment, 87, 107, 357term limits, p112territorial courts, 315territory, 7, c7terrorism, 17, 237, 259, 316, 566–67,

595, 608, 612–13, 628, 630, p708,708–9; and Saudi Arabia, 701; waron, 707, 709

Terry v. New York National Organiza-tion for Women, 378

Texas, admission to Union, 100, 153;constitution, 661, q661; legislature in,p643; local government in, 664; po-lice force in, 652; taxes in, 657; teencourts in, 665

Texas v. Johnson, 367Thailand, economy in, 734Third Amendment, 85, 357third parties, 455, c456, p461;

candidates of, 224; impact of, 457;obstacles to, 457; types of, 455, 457

Thirteenth Amendment, 88THOMAS, 188, 545Thomas, Clarence, p322, 323, 324, 326,

348, 533Thompson v. Oklahoma, 429

Truman Doctrine, 610–11trust, 578Tuesday Cabinet, 617Turkey: application for EU

membership, 704, 734; education in,722; Muslims in, 699

Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v.FCC, 374

Twelfth Amendment, 5, 88, 221Twentieth Amendment, 89–90, 164Twenty-fifth Amendment, 80, 90, 164,

213, 217–18, 219Twenty-first Amendment, 78, 90, 165Twenty-fourth Amendment, 90, 483Twenty-second Amendment, 90, 214Twenty-seventh Amendment, p76, 82,

90, 128Twenty-sixth Amendment, 5, 90, 112,

484Twenty-third Amendment, 90two-party system, 23, 114, 454Two Treatises of Government (Locke),

9, 37, 806Tyler, John, 80

unanimous opinion, 334uncontrollables, 192unemployment compensation, 649unemployment insurance, 592Unfunded Mandate Reform Act, 658unfunded mandates, 588, 658unicameral legislature, 48, 641Union Calendar, 136, 137union shop, 583, 649Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

(U.S.S.R.), 294unitary system, 12United Auto Workers (UAW), 505United Mine Workers (UMW), 505United Nations (UN), 17, 687, 701,

702–4, 707; Charter of, 702, 703, 715,q715; Commission on HumanRights, 710; Conference on Environ-ment and Development, 712; Frame-work Convention on ClimateChange, 712; General Assembly in,703, 704; headquarters of, 706; mem-bership in, 702; peacekeeping activi-ties of, 704; Secretariat in, 703;Secretary General of, 703; SecurityCouncil in, 703, 704; specializedagencies of, 704; structure of, c703,702–4

United Nations Children’s Fund(UNICEF), 704

U

Thornhill v. Alabama, 381Three-Fifths Compromise, 55three-strikes law, 437Thucydides, q31Thurmond, Strom, 140, 153, p181Tiananmen Square, 18, p18, 697ticket, 466ticket-splitting, 489Time, 544Time Warner, p538, 540Tinker v. Des Moines School District,

367, 370Tocqueville, Alexis de, 503, q504Todaro, Michael, q736Toolson v. New York Yankees, 166tort, 432totalitarian dictatorship, 18totalitarian government, 696Tower, John, 532town meetings, 20, 664towns, 672township, 664trade. See international tradetrade agreements, 734–35trade embargo, 733, 736; against Cuba,

698–99trade wars, 627trading blocs, 733traditional economy, 717traffic courts, 646Train v. City of New York, 337transcript, 417transportation: federal government

programs in, 600–2; local govern-ment role in, 671

Transportation Equity Act for the 21stCentury (TEA-21), 602

Transportation, U.S. Department of,279, 601

treasurer, state, 646Treasury, U.S. Department of,

277treaties, 80, 615; bilateral, 629; power of

Congress in making, 618–19; powerof president in making, 257

trial court, 306trials, 434, 442; fair, 372–74; press ac-

cess to, 373, p373; resolution without,434; rights in, 86; right to fair, p441;right to jury, 86

tribal government, 665Truman, Harry S, q213, 216, 217, q217,

219, p241, q241, p253, q324, 379,q495, 610, q610; assumption of presi-dency, 213; civil rights movementunder, 261–62; and integration ofmilitary, 263; and labor relations,250; leadership style of, 261–62

INDEX 879

Indextelephone–United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)

857-881 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:56 AM Page 879

United Press International (UPI),528–29, 533

United Public Workers of America v.Mitchell, 290

United Russia Party, 729United States: acquisitions by, c7; for-

eign aid by, 727; Kyoto Treaty and,712; as permanent member of Securi-ty Council, 703; position of, againstInternational Criminal Court, 711;relations between China and, 698,731; relations between Cuba and,698–99; relations between NorthKorea and, 699; trade alternatives for,735–36; as world power, 609–10

United States Chamber of Commerce,505

United States Circuit Court of Appealsfor the Federal Circuit, 314

United States Claims Court, 315United States Conference of Mayors,

115United States consulate, 711United States Information Agency,

294, 531United States marshal, 313United States Military Establishment,

277, 294United States oath of allegiance, 394United States of America, p10United States Patent Office, 314United States Postal Service (USPS),

277, 280United States Secret Service, 277United States Tax Court, 314, 315United States v. Eichman, 367United States v. Halper, 404United States v. Leon, 399United States v. Lopez, 102United States v. Nixon, 267United States v. O’Brien, 367United States v. Playboy, 374United States v. United States District

Court, 251United States v. Virginia, 311, p311United States v. E.C. Knight & Co., 309Universal Declaration of Human

Rights, 710Universal Postal Union, 17universal suffrage, 481universe, 520Urban Development Action Grants,

682urban growth, challenges of, 677–82Urban Mass Transit Administration

(UMTA), 602urban renewal, 672, 678; federal gov-

ernment policy toward, 599–600

volunteering, 547vote: roll-call, 187; standing, 187; voice,

187voters: becoming informed, 546;

expectations of, 195; increasingturnout, 497; influence of, on Con-gress, 195–96; profile of, 450, 496

voting, 396–97, p397, 476; decline inparticipation, 497; early limitationson, 481; electronic, 547–48; influ-ences on, 492–97; preparing for, 490;procedures in, 488–90; qualificationsfor, 487; registration for, 487–88; spe-cial circumstances, 490–91

voting machine, 489voting rights. See suffrageVoting Rights Act (1965), 483, 484Voting Rights Act (1970), 483, 497Voting Rights Act (1975), 491voting rights acts, 483–84

Wagner Act (1935), 582, 583Wake Islands, 163Walesa, Lech, 693Wallace, George, p95, 224War, Department of, 277war, power of Congress to declare,

617–18ward, 459ward heelers, 201Ward v. Rock Against Racism, 25War of 1812, 575, 617war on terrorism, 70, 294, 417, 612–13,

707, 709war powers, 108; debate over, 157, 163,

249, 258–59, 618War Powers Act (1973), 163, 179, q179,

249, 258, 618warrant: arrest, 85, 438–39; search, 85,

399Warren, Charles, q305Warren, Earl, 81, q169, 310, 319, q319,

323, 336, 346–47, q347, 402, q403,410, 642

Warren Report, 323Warsaw Pact, 628Washington, D.C.: electoral votes for,

475; mass transit in, p670, 681; ter-rorist attack on, 248. See also Districtof Columbia

Washington, George, 43, 53, p71, q71,p193, 214, p221, 307, p560, 666; ap-pointments of, 285; budget of, 560;cabinet of, 71, 228, 230, p230, 231,

W

USS Cole, bombing of, 709U.S. News & World Report, 528USA Patriot Act, 316, 417–18USA Today, 528Utah, election of governor in, 643

values, media impact on, 534V-chip, 142, p142, 540, p540, p547Vermont: admission to Union, 99; elec-

tion of governor in, 644; term limitsin, 644

Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton,400

Veterans Administration (VA), 294,595, 672

Veterans Affairs, U.S. Department of,279, 294, 298

veto, p80; congressional override of,188; defined, 66, 187; hecklers, 379;item, 645; legislative, 171, 176; line-item, 176, 187–88, 255

vice president: nomination of, 470; aspresident of Senate, 139; role of,218–19. See also by name

victim compensation laws, 651Victory, p686–87Vietnam Veterans Against the War,

p367Vietnam War, 82, 162, 259, 294, 611;

granting to amnesty to draft evadersin, 254; and Gulf of Tonkin Resolu-tion, 248; Gulf of Tonkin Resolutionin, 618; media coverage of, 534, 541

Vinson, Fred M., q380Virginia, 57; colonial government in,

44; Constitutional Convention in,p424; election of governor in, 643;House of Burgesses in, 39; ratificationof Constitution by, 58; tax policy in,158; term limits in, 644

Virginia Military Institute, 311Virginia Plan, 54Virginia Women’s Institute for Lead-

ership (VMIL), 311Virgin Islands, 163; representation in

Congress, 129; territorial courts in,315

visa, 623Voice of America, 531voice vote, 187Volkov, Aleksandr, ptg29

V

880 INDEX

IndexUnited Press International (UPI)–Washington, George

857-881 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:57 AM Page 880

276; decision to seek second term,520; election of, as president, 58, 221;and executive privilege, 266–67;Farewell Address of 1796, 273, q273,454; at First Continental Congress,44; First Inaugural Address, 243,q243; as first president, 69, 70, 71,213; foreign policy under, 609,618–19; judicial appointments of,320, 323–24; as presiding officer atConstitutional Convention, 53; asprobusiness, 575; retirement of, 560,p560; staff of, 238; traditions set by,240; warning on foreign entangle-ments, 70; and Whiskey Rebellion,258–59, p258, 573, q573

Washington Monument, p552Washington v. Davis, 408Watergate investigation, and Sam

Ervin, 171water pollution, policies on, 587–88,

651Water Pollution Control Act (1948),

587Water Pollution Control Act (1972),

588Water Quality Act (1965), 651Water Quality Improvement Act

(1970), 587water supply, local government role in,

670Watkins, James D., q589Watkins v. United States, 168–69Watson, Gregory, p76Watterberg, Martin P., q529Ways and Means Committee, 190weak-mayor system of municipal gov-

ernment, 666, c667Wealth of Nations (Smith), 27Weaver, Robert, 229Web sites: and campaigning, 130, 476;

evaluating, 631; grassroots, 547; polit-ical, 543, 544

Webster, Daniel, 153Weeks v. United States, 399Weicker, Lowell, 146Weinberger, Caspar, 232Welfare Reform Bill, 594welfare state, 723–24welfare system: local government role

in, 671; need for reform in, 593; state

Woodworth, Laurence, 149workers: federal protection of, 581–82;

minimum wage laws for, 160; stateprotection of, 649

workers’ compensation, 649workplace, disabilities in, 580Works Progress Administration, p191World Bank, 704, 725World Court, 704world economy. See global economyWorld Health Organization (WHO),

704World Meteorological Organization, 17World Trade Center, 237, 566, 612–13,

708, p708, 709, p709World Trade Organization (WTO), 17,

707, 734, 735, 736World War I, 82, 610World War II, 82, 610; and Franklin D.

Roosevelt, 175, 257, 259, 425Wright, Jim, q137Wright-Ingraham, Elizabeth, 650, p650writ of certiorari, 332writ of habeas corpus, 158Wyoming, conservation in, 651

Yates v. United States, 369Yeardley, George, p37yellow-dog contracts, 582Yellowstone National Park, 324Yeltsin, Boris, q607, 702, 730Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company

v. Sawyer, 250Youth Volunteer Corps of America

(YVCA), 15Yugoslavia, breakup of, 612

Zedillo Ponce de León, Ernesto, 694Zemel v. Rusk, 537zoning, local government role in,

669–70Zorach v. Clauson, 361Zula Inkatha Party (South Africa), 694

Z

Y

role in, 654; sweeping reform in, 594Wesberry v. Sanders, 126West Coast Hotel v. Parrish, 581–82Western Europe, democratic challenges

for, 693Westside Community Schools v. Mer-

gens, 362West Virginia, admission to Union,

99–100West Virginia State Board of

Education v. Barnette, 363–64Westwood, Jean, 462Wheels for Humanity, 700Whigs, 454whips, 135, 184Whiskey Rebellion, 258–59, p258, 573,

q573White, Michael, 116, p116White, Theodore H., q466, q468White House, 211, 240; duties of staff

for, 239White House Office, 238–39Whitney, Charlotte Anita, 382Whitney, William, q718Whitney v. California, 382Whren v. United States, 399William III (King of England), 8, 36Willkie, Wendell Lewis, p14Wilson, James, 53Wilson, Pete, 639, p639Wilson, Woodrow, 218, 231, 457, p555;

foreign policy under, 610, 617, 619;isolation of, 265; leadership style of,263–64; and League of Nations,263–64

wire services, 528–29wiretapping, 400–1, p401Wisconsin, item veto in, 645Wisconsin v. Mitchell, 407Wisconsin v. Yoder, 363–64Wolman v. Walter, 360women: in bureaucracy, 284; in the cab-

inet, 229; constitutional rights of,311; discrimination against, 414–16,p415, p416; judicial appointments of,317, 323, p325; in military, p416, 625;suffrage for, 482

women’s rights in Great Britain, 689Wood, Leonard, p464Woodbury, Levi, q320Woodson v. North Carolina, 405

INDEX 881

IndexWashington Monument–Zula Inkatha Party (South Africa)

857-881 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:57 AM Page 881

abridge/privar limitar (pág. 363)absentee ballot/balota ausente la que permite a una

persona votar sin ir a la urna electoral en el día de elección (pág. 491)

absolute monarch/monarca absoluto un monarca quetiene poder absoluto e ilimitado para gobernar su gente(pág. 19)

acreage allotment/asignación de acres el programa bajo el cual el gobierno paga precios de apoyo para las cosechas de los agricultores cultivadas en un númerode acres asignado (pág. 586)

action alert/alerta para entrar en acción mensaje de ungrupo de interés a sus miembros pidiéndoles querespondan inmediatamente por teléfono, fax o correoelectrónico a un dirigente político específico, grupode congresales u otros funcionarios públicos (pág. 547)

administrative assistant/auxiliar administrativomiembro del personal propio de un legislador quedirige la oficina del legislador, supervisa el calendario, y da asesoramiento (pág. 147)

administrative law/ley administrativa ley que estipula laautoridad, procedimientos, y reglas para ser seguidospor agencias gubernamentales (pág. 425)

adversary system/sistema adversario sistema judicial en elcual los abogados opositores presentan sus casos mássólidos (pág. 428)

advisory opinion/opinión asesorada una decisión sobreuna ley o acción que no ha sido desafiada (pág. 340)

affidavit/declaración jurada una declaración escrita para verificar afirmaciones de hecho firmada bajo juramento (pág. 435)

affirmative action/acción afirmativa política de gobiernoque les asigna trabajos, contratos gubernamentales,promociones, admisiones a escuelas, y otros beneficiosa minorías y mujeres con el fin de enmendar discrimi-naciones pasadas (pág. 412)

alien/extranjero una persona que vive en un país dondeno es ciudadano (pág. 387)

ambassador/embajador oficial del gobierno que represen-ta la nación en asuntos diplomáticos (pág. 615)

amendment/enmienda un cambio en la Constitución(pág. 65)

amicus curiae término latino que significa “amigo de lacorte”; un informe escrito por un individuo o un grupoafirmando tener información útil para la consideraciónde la corte de un caso (pág. 333)

amnesty/amnistía indulto a un grupo de individuos poruna ofensa en contra del gobierno (págs. 254, 390)

anarchy/anarquía desorden político (pág. 57)answer/respuesta contestación formal por un acusado a

los cargos en una demanda (pág. 433)apartheid segregación estricta de las razas (pág. 693)

A appellate jurisdiction/jurisdicción de apelaciónautoridad tomada por una corte para oír un caso que es apelado de una corte menor (pág. 306)

appropriation/asignación de fondos aprobación de gastosgubernamentales (pág. 191)

appropriations bill/proyecto de ley de asignación de fondos ley propuesta para autorizar el gasto de dinero(págs. 160, 191)

arraignment/acusación procedimiento durante el cual eljuez lee el cargo formal contra el acusado y el acusadose declara culpable o no culpable (pág. 441)

arrest warrant/orden de detención orden firmada por unjuez nombrando al individuo a ser arrestado por uncrimen determinado (págs. 85, 438)

article/artículo una de las siete divisiones principales de laConstitución (pág. 64)

assessment/tasación proceso complicado de calcular elvalor de propiedad para el impuesto (pág. 674)

at-large/en general como un todo; por ejemplo, por todoel estado (pág. 128)

audit/intervenir revisar más estrictamente (pág. 556)authorization bill/proyecto de ley de autorización

proyecto de ley que establece un programa federal y especifica cuánto dinero le puede ser asignado(pág. 191)

autocracy/autocracia sistema de gobierno en el cual elpoder para dirigir está en manos de un solo individuo(pág. 18)

backgrounders/informes anónimos información dadapor altos funcionarios gubernamentales a reporterosque estos pueden usar en una historia pero sin revelarsu fuente (pág. 535)

balanced budget/presupuesto balanceado un plan financiero requiriendo que lo que el gobierno federalgasta no excederá su ingreso (pág. 77)

bankruptcy/bancarrota el proceso legal para administrarlos bienes de una persona o negocio que no puedepagar sus deudas (pág. 161)

biased sample/muestra sesgada en votación, un grupoque no representa exactamente la mayor población(pág. 520)

bicameral legislatura de dos cámaras (pág. 641)bicameral legislature/legislatura bicameral legislatura de

dos cámaras (pág. 123)bilateral treaty/tratado bilateral acuerdo firmado por dos

naciones (pág. 629)bill/proyecto de ley ley propuesta (pág. 135)bill of attainder/orden de culpabilidad una ley que

establece la culpabilidad y castiga a una persona sinjuicio (pág. 158)

bipartisan/bipartidario que consta de miembros deambos grandes partidos políticos (pág. 619)

B

882 SPANISH GLOSSARY

Spanish Glossaryabridge/privar bipartisan/bipartidario

882-896 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:57 AM Page 882

bloc/bloque coalición unida para promocionar un interéscomún (pág. 344)

block grant/otorgación general grande donación dedinero a un gobierno estatal o local para usar para un propósito general (págs. 658, 675)

bond/garantía promesa contractual de parte de aquél quepide prestado para volver a pagar cierta cantidad másinterés para una fecha específica (pág. 657)

borough/burgo división política en Alaska semejante a uncondado en otros estados (pág. 664)

boss/jefe poderoso líder de partido (pág. 465)bourgeoisie/burguesía capitalistas que poseen los medios

de producción (pág. 29)brief/informe declaración escrita exponiendo los

argumentos legales, hechos relevantes, y precedentesapoyando un lado de un caso (pág. 333)

broadcast spectrum/espectro de difusión la variación de frecuencias sobre la cual señales electrónicas puedenser enviadas (pág. 547)

bureaucracy/burocracia administradores gubernamen-tales (pág. 115)

bureaucrat/burócrata aquél que trabaja para un departa-mento o agencia del gobierno federal—servidor civil(pág. 275)

cabinet/gabinete los secretarios de los departamentos ejecutivos, el vicepresidente, y otros altos funcionariosque ayudan al presidente a tomar decisiones y hacerpolíticas (pág. 228)

calendar/calendario horario que enumera el orden en el cual los proyectos de ley serán considerados en elCongreso (pág. 136)

campaign manager/director de campaña la persona responsable de la estrategia global y la planeación deuna campaña (pág. 476)

canvass/escrutinio el conteo de votos por el cuerpo oficialque tabula las devoluciones electorales y certifica alganador (pág. 487)

canvassing board/consejo de escrutinio el cuerpo oficialque cuenta los votos y certifica al ganador (pág. 490)

capital los medios de producción—dinero, fábricas,maquinaria pesada—usados para hacer otros produc-tos y bienes (pág. 718)

capitalism/capitalismo un sistema económico proporcio-nando la libertad de acción e incentivo individual paratrabajadores, inversionistas, consumidores, y empresasde negocios (págs. 26, 718)

casework/trabajo particular el trabajo que un legisladorhace para ayudar a los constituyentes con sus problemas (pág. 200)

caseworker/asistente social el miembro del personal pro-pio de un legislador quien se encarga de las peticionesde ayuda de los constituyentes (págs. 148, 201)

C

caucus/junta electoral reunión privada de dirigentes del partido para escoger candidatos a gobierno(págs. 134, 464)

cede/ceder renunciar (pág. 50)censure/censura voto de desaprobación formal de las

acciones de un miembro (pág. 129)census/censo conteo de población (pág. 124)central clearance/despacho central revisión por la

Oficina de Dirección y Presupuesto de todas las propuestas legislativas que las agencias ejecutivaspreparan (pág. 236)

centralized planning/planeación centralizada control dela economía por el gobierno (pág. 724)

change of venue/cambio de jurisdicción nueva loca-lización para un juicio (pág. 86)

checks and balances/control y balances el sistema en quecada ramo del gobierno ejercita algún control sobre losotros (pág. 65)

civil case/caso civil caso generalmente involucrando una disputa entre dos o más individuos privados u organizaciones (pág. 646)

civil law/ley civil una relacionada a disputas entre doso más individuos o entre individuos y el gobierno(págs. 103, 430)

civil rights movement/movimiento de derechos civileslos esfuerzos para acabar con la segregación (pág. 410)

civil service system/sistema de servicio civil la práctica deempleo gubernamental basado en abiertos exámenescompetitivos y mérito (pág. 286)

civil society/sociedad civil una red compleja de asocia-ciones voluntarias, grupos económicos, organizacionesreligiosas, y muchos otros tipos de grupos que existenindependientes del gobierno (pág. 24)

client group/grupo de clientes individuos y grupos quetrabajan con una agencia gubernamental y que son losmás afectados por sus decisiones (pág. 295)

closed primary/elección preliminar cerrada una elecciónen que sólo los miembros de un partido políticopueden votar (pág. 465)

closed rule/norma cerrada una regla que prohibe a miembros del Congreso ofrecer enmiendas a unproyecto de ley pidiendo la palabra (pág. 190)

closed shop/taller cerrado lugar de empleo donde sólo los miembros del sindicato pueden ser contratados(pág. 583)

cloture/clausura procedimiento que permite a cadasenador hablar sólo una hora sobre un proyecto de leybajo debate (pág. 140)

cluster sample/muestra regional método de votación queagrupa a personas por división geográfica (pág. 521)

coalition government/gobierno de coalición uno formado por varios partidos que unen fuerzas paraobtener una mayoría (pág. 454)

collective bargaining/negociación colectiva la práctica de negociar contratos laborales (pág. 581)

SPANISH GLOSSARY 883

Spanish Glossarycollective bargaining/negociación colectivabloc/bloque

882-896 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:57 AM Page 883

collective farm/granja colectiva ejido en el cual la tierra es propiedad del gobierno pero arrendada a una familia(pág. 728)

collective naturalization/naturalización colectivaproceso por el cual los miembros de un grupo llegan aser ciudadanos americanos por medio de un acto delCongreso (pág. 394)

collective security/seguridad colectiva un sistema en elcual las naciones participantes acuerdan tomar acciónunida en contra de una nación que ataque a cualquierade ellas (pág. 629)

command economy/economía de mando un sistemaeconómico en el cual el gobierno controla los elemen-tos de producción (págs. 30, 717)

commission form/forma comisión forma de gobiernomunicipal que combina los poderes ejecutivo y legislativo en una comisión electa (pág. 667)

committees of correspondence/comités de corresponden-cia comités de la época colonial que urgían la resisten-cia a los ingleses y el mantenerse en contacto mientraslos eventos se desenvolvían (pág. 44)

committee staff/personal de comité las personas que traba-jan para los comités de la Cámara y el Senado (pág. 147)

common law/ley común ley hecha por jueces en el proceso de resolver casos individuales (pág. 426)

communism/comunismo un sistema económico en elcual el gobierno central dirige todas las importantes decisiones económicas (págs. 30, 718)

comparative advantage/ventaja comparativa principioeconómico de que cada país debe hacer aquellos productos que puede hacer más eficientemente e intercambiar para otros productos (pág. 732)

compensation/compensación salario (pág. 214)complaint/queja documento legal presentado en la corte

que tiene jurisdicción sobre el problema (pág. 433)concurrent jurisdiction/jurisdicción conjunta autoridad

compartida por las cortes federales y estatales (pág. 306)concurrent powers/poderes comunes poderes tanto

del gobierno nacional como de los gobiernos estatales(pág. 97)

concurrent resolution/resolución concurrente resoluciónque se dirige a asuntos requiriendo la acción de la Cámara y el Senado pero sobre los cuales una ley no esnecesaria (pág. 182)

concurring opinion/opinión común la opinión de laCorte expresando la perspectiva de uno o más juecesquienes acuerdan con las conclusiones de la mayoríapero por razones distintas (pág. 334)

confederacy/confederación unión suelta de estados independientes (pág. 12)

conferee miembro de un comité de conferencia (pág. 187)conference committee/comité de conferencia comité

común temporal creado cuando la Cámara y el Senadohan aprobado diferentes versiones del mismo proyectode ley (pág. 144)

conference report/reporte de conferencia el compromisofinal del proyecto de ley presentado por el comité de conferencia después de haber hecho cambios(pág. 187)

congressional override/anulación del Congreso el poderdel Congreso de aprobar legislación anulando el vetodel presidente (pág. 249)

conscription/conscripción servicio militar obligatorio,también llamada la quinta (pág. 625)

consensus/consenso acuerdo sobre creencias básicas(pág. 6)

conservation/conservación cuidado y protección de recursos, incluyendo la tierra, lagos, ríos, y bosques;petróleo, gas natural, y otros recursos de energía; y la vida silvestre (pág. 651)

conservative/conservativo uno que cree que el gobiernodebe ser limitado excepto apoyando los valores tradi-cionales y promoviendo la libertad de oportunidad(pág. 517)

consolidated democracy/democracia consolidada unanación que tiene elecciones democráticas, partidospolíticos, gobierno constitucional, judicatura indepen-diente, y generalmente una economía mercadera(pág. 689)

constituent/constituyente una persona a la cual un miembro del Congreso ha sido elegido para representar(pág. 133)

constitution/constitución un plan que provee las normaspara el gobierno (pág. 13)

constitutional commission/comisión constitucionalun grupo de expertos designados para estudiar la constitución de un estado y recomendar cambios(pág. 639)

constitutional convention/convención constitucionaljunta de ciudadanos electos para considerar el cambiaro reemplazar una constitución (pág. 639)

constitutional court/corte constitucional una corte establecida por el Congreso bajo la Constitución(pág. 312)

constitutional government/gobierno constitucional ungobierno en el cual una constitución tiene la autoridadde establecer límites claramente reconocidos en lospoderes de aquellos que gobiernan (pág. 13)

constitutional law/ley constitucional ley que involucra lainterpretación y la aplicación de la Constitución deE.U. y constituciones estatales (págs. 14, 424)

constitutional monarch/monarca constitucional unmonarca que tiene poderes gubernamentales compar-tidos con legislaturas electas o que sirve principalmentecomo líder ceremonial de un gobierno (pág. 19)

consul/cónsul funcionario gubernamental que encabezaun consulado en una nación extranjera (pág. 623)

consulate/consulado la oficina que promueve los interesescomerciales americanos en un país extranjero y guardaa los viajeros de su nación en ese país (pág. 623)

884 SPANISH GLOSSARY

Spanish Glossarycollective farm/granja colectiva consulate/consulado

882-896 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:57 AM Page 884

containment/contención la política diseñada para prohibir que la Unión Soviética expandiera sus poderes(pág. 610)

contempt/rebeldía obstrucción voluntaria de la justicia(pág. 168)

contract/contrato conjunto de promesas voluntarias, quese pueden hacer cumplir a fuerza de ley, entre dos omás partidos (pág. 430)

copyright/derecho de autor derecho exclusivo de publicary vender un trabajo literario, musical, o artístico porcierto período (pág. 163)

corporate charter/estatuto de corporación documentoque da el estatus legal a una sociedad anónima (pág. 648)

council-manager form/forma consejo-director tipo degobierno municipal en el cual los poderes legislativo yejecutivo están separados (pág. 668)

counsel/asesor jurídico abogado (pág. 401)county/condado la mayor subdivisión territorial y política

de un estado (pág. 663)county board/consejo del condado el consejo gobernante

de la mayoría de los condados (pág. 664)covert/cubierto secreto (pág. 265)criminal case/caso criminal uno en el cual el estado lleva

cargos contra un ciudadano por violar la ley (pág. 646)criminal justice system/sistema de justicia criminal el

sistema de cortes estatales y federales, policías, y prisiones que hacen cumplir la ley criminal (pág. 437)

criminal law/ley criminal aquella que define crímenes yprovee por su castigo (pág. 437)

cross-pressured voter/votante bajo presión aquel que seencuentra atrapado entre elementos conflictivos en supropia vida (pág. 493)

customs duties/deberes de aduana los impuestos fijadossobre los productos importados a Estados Unidos—tarifas o deberes de importación (pág. 557)

de facto existiendo de hecho en vez de legalmente (pág. 265)defamatory speech/expresión difamatoria discurso falso

que deteriora el buen nombre, carácter, o reputaciónde una persona (pág. 369)

defendant/acusado la persona contra la cual una demandacivil o criminal es traída (pág. 433)

delegated powers/poderes delegados poderes que la Cons-titución otorga o delega al gobierno nacional (pág. 95)

democracy/democracia gobierno en el cual la gentemanda (pág. 19)

democratic socialism/socialismo democrático un sistemaeconómico en el cual la gente tiene el control sobre elgobierno por medio de la libre elección y el sistemamultipartidario, pero el gobierno es dueño de losmedios básicos de producción y toma la mayoría de lasdecisiones económicas (pág. 28)

D

denaturalization/desnaturalización la pérdida de la ciudadanía por causa de fraude o decepción durante el proceso de la naturalización (pág. 396)

dependent/dependiente aquel que depende principalmentede otra persona por la necesidades básicas (pág. 556)

deregulate/desregular reducir los reglamentos (pág. 283)détente relajación de la tensión entre países (pág. 612)developing nation/país en desarrollo una nación

apenas comenzando a desarrollarse industrialmente(págs. 16, 722)

direct democracy/democracia directa forma de democra-cia en la cual la gente se gobierna a sí misma votandoen temas (pág. 20)

direct primary/elección preliminar directa elección en lacual miembros del partido seleccionan a personas parapostularse en la elección general (pág. 465)

discount rate/tipo de descuento la tasa de interés que elSistema de Reserva Federal les cobra a los miembrosbancos para préstamos (pág. 569)

discovery/descubrimiento el proceso cuando ambos lados preparan para un juicio reuniendo evidencia paraapoyar su caso (pág. 433)

discrimination/discriminación tratamiento injusto de individuos basado sólo en su raza, género, grupo étnico, edad, incapacidad física, o religión (pág. 407)

dissenting opinion/opinión disidente la opinión expresada por una minoría de jueces en un caso de laCorte (pág. 334)

divine right/derecho divino la creencia de que ciertas personas son descendientes de dioses o escogidas pordioses para dirigir (pág. 8)

double jeopardy/doble riesgo nuevo juicio de una persona que fue absuelto en un juicio previo por elmismo crimen (pág. 404)

due process clause/cláusula de proceso legal correspon-diente cláusula en la Decimocuarta Enmienda estableciendo que ningún estado puede privar a unapersona de vida, libertad, o propiedad sin el procesolegal correspondiente (pág. 308)

due process of law/proceso legal correspondiente unprincipio en la Quinta Enmienda estableciendo que el gobierno debe seguir los procedimientos constitu-cionales propios en juicios y en otras acciones quetoma en contra de individuos (págs. 86, 427)

economics/económica el estudio de los esfuerzos humanos para satisfacer los deseos aparentemente ilimitados por el uso de recursos limitados (pág. 26)

elastic clause/cláusula elástica cláusula en el Artículo I,Sección 8 de la Constitución que otorga al Congreso elderecho de hacer todas las leyes “necesarias y propias”para llevar a cabo los poderes expresados en las otrascláusulas del Artículo I (págs. 69, 96, 157)

E

SPANISH GLOSSARY 885

Spanish Glossaryelastic clause/cláusula elásticacontainment/contención

882-896 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:57 AM Page 885

elector miembro de un partido político escogido en cada estado para elegir formalmente al presidente y vicepresidente (pág. 220)

electoral vote/voto electoral el voto oficial para presidentey vicepresidente por los electores en cada estado (pág. 220)

electronic mailing list/lista de correo electrónico notifi-cación automática por correo electrónico que provee alos suscriptores información al día acerca de un tema(pág. 545)

electronic petition/petición electrónica mensaje en quese le pide a quien lo recibe que “firme” su nombreelectrónicamente a una petición que se le enviará a unfuncionario público (pág. 547)

embargo acuerdo que prohibe el intercambio (pág. 44)embassy/embajada la residencia y oficinas oficiales de un

embajador en un país extranjero (págs. 276, 622)eminent domain/dominio eminente el poder del

gobierno de quitar propiedades privadas para el usopúblico (pág. 86)

enabling act/acto capacitador el primer paso en el procedimiento de admisión de un estado el cual permite a la gente de un territorio preparar una constitución (pág. 99)

enemy alien/enemigo extranjero ciudadano de unanación contra la cual Estados Unidos está en guerra(pág. 387)

entitlement/derecho financiero un gasto gubernamentalrequerido que continúa de un año al otro (págs. 192,562)

entrepreneur/empresario persona que se arriesga parahacer productos y servicios en busca de ganancias (pág. 718)

enumerated powers/poderes enumerados los poderes expresados del Congreso que son especificados y numerados de 1 a 18 en el Artículo I, Sección 8 de laConstitución (págs. 69, 96, 157)

equity/equidad sistema de normas por el cual las disputasson resueltas a base de lo justo (pág. 426)

establishment clause/cláusula de establecimiento lagarantía de la Primera Enmienda que el Congreso “no hará ninguna ley respecto al establecimiento de religión” (pág. 358)

estate tax/impuesto de herencia impuestos recaudados en los bienes (propiedad y dinero) de una persona quefallece (pág. 558)

evolutionary theory/teoría evolucionaria la teoría de que el estado evolucionó de la familia (pág. 8)

excise tax/impuesto indirecto impuesto en la manufac-tura, transportación, venta, o consumo de ciertosartículos tales como gasolina, licor, o cigarrillos (págs. 557, 656)

exclusion/exclusión el derecho del Congreso de negarse asentar a un miembro electo con un voto de mayoría(pág. 128)

exclusionary rule/norma de exclusión una ley estable-ciendo que cualquier evidencia obtenida ilegalmente nopuede ser usada en una corte federal (pág. 399)

executive agreement/acuerdo ejecutivo un acuerdo hechoentre el presidente y un jefe de estado (págs. 80, 257, 619)

executive order/orden ejecutiva una norma emitida por elpresidente que tiene la fuerza de ley (pág. 253)

executive privilege/privilegio ejecutivo el derecho delpresidente y otros altos funcionarios para rehusarse aatestiguar ante el Congreso o una corte (pág. 266)

expatriation/expatriación renunciar a la ciudadanía porsalir para vivir en un país extranjero (pág. 395)

ex post facto law/ley ex post facto una ley que hacecrimen de un acto que fue legal cuando fue cometido(pág. 158)

expressed contract/contrato expresado contrato en elcual los términos son específicamente establecidos,generalmente por escrito (pág. 430)

expressed powers/poderes expresados poderes estableci-dos directamente en la Constitución (págs. 68, 95, 157)

extradite/extraditar regresar al estado original a un criminal o fugitivo que huye cruzando los límites estatales (pág. 103)

extradition/extradición el proceso legal a través del cualuna persona acusada de un crimen que ha huido a otroestado es regresado al estado donde el crimen tuvolugar (pág. 652)

extralegal no permitido por ley (pág. 56)

faction/facción grupo de personas unidas para promoverintereses especiales (pág. 503)

factors of production/elementos de producción recursosque una economía necesita para producir bienes y servicios (pág. 717)

fairness doctrine/doctrina justa una norma que requiereque los medios de difusión proporcionan oportu-nidades para la expresión de ideas opuestas en temas deimportancia pública (pág. 538)

federal bureaucracy/burocracia federal los departamen-tos del gobierno federal—en su mayoría del ramo ejecutivo (pág. 71)

federal grant/otorgación federal dinero dado al estadopara un propósito específico (pág. 657)

federalism/federalismo un sistema en el cual el poder es dividido entre los gobiernos nacional y estatales(pág. 65)

federal system/sistema federal gobierno que divide lospoderes del gobierno entre el gobierno nacional y losgobiernos de los estados o provincias (pág. 12)

felony/crimen un delito grave (págs. 399, 438)filibuster/obstruccionismo método de derrotar un

proyecto de ley en el senado al demorar el procesolegislativo y evitar un voto (pág. 140)

F

886 SPANISH GLOSSARY

Spanish Glossaryelector filibuster/obstruccionismo

882-896 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:57 AM Page 886

first reading/primer informe cuando un proyecto de leyes presentado en el Congreso y es dado un título ynúmero, es impreso y distribuido (pág. 184)

fiscal policy/política fiscal el uso por el gobierno de gastose impuestos para influenciar la economía (pág. 567)

fiscal year/año fiscal período de contabilidad de 12 meses(pág. 560)

force theory/teoría de fuerza la teoría de que el estadonació a fuerzas—cuando toda la gente de un lugar fuetraída bajo la autoridad de una persona o grupo (pág. 8)

foreign policy/política exterior las estrategias y metas queguían las relaciones de una nación con otros países(pág. 607)

forum/foro medio para discusión (pág. 249)free enterprise/empresa libre la oportunidad de controlar

sus propias decisiones económicas (pág. 23)free enterprise system/sistema de empresa libre un

sistema económico basado en la propiedad privada delos medios de producción—el capital—y en la libertadeconómica individual (pág. 718)

free exercise clause/cláusula de libre ejercicio la garantíaen la Primera Enmienda que prohibe al gobiernointerferir sin causa con el libre ejercicio de religión (pág. 358)

free market/mercado libre un sistema económico en elcual compradores y vendedores hacen decisiones libresen el mercado (pág. 27)

front-runner/candidato delantero el líder a principios deuna elección (pág. 530)

fundamental right/derecho fundamental un derechobásico del sistema americano o uno que es indispen-sable en un sistema justo (pág. 407)

gag order/orden de supresión una orden por un juez prohibiendo a la prensa de publicar ciertos tipos de información sobre un caso judicial pendiente (pág. 373)

gentrification/gentificación el fenómeno de nueva gentemudándose a un vecindario, echando afuera aquellosque viven ahí, y cambiando el carácter esencial del área(pág. 681)

gerrymander trazar los límites de un distrito para ganarventaja en las elecciones (pág. 126)

government/gobierno la institución por medio de la cualel estado mantiene el orden social, proporciona servi-cios públicos, e impone decisiones obligatorias para losciudadanos (pág. 8)

government corporation/corporación gubernamentaluna empresa dirigida por el gobierno federal (pág. 280)

grandfather clause/cláusula de abuelo una exención enuna ley para cierto grupo basada en condiciones previas(pág. 483)

G

grand jury/gran jurado el grupo que escucha cargos encontra de una persona sospechosa y decide si hay suficiente evidencia para traer a la persona al juicio(págs. 312, 439)

gross national product (GNP)/producto nacional brutoel total de todos bienes y servicios producidos en unanación en un año (págs. 568, 729)

hearing/audiencia una sesión en la cual un comité escucha el testimonio de gente interesada en el proyecto de ley (pág. 184)

heckler’s veto el veto público de la libre expresión y derechos de asamblea de grupos impopulares declaran-do que las demostraciones resultarán en violencia(pág. 379)

Holocaust/holocausto la exterminación masiva de judíosy otros grupos por los nazis durante la Segunda GuerraMundial (pág. 379)

horse-race coverage/reportaje de carrera de caballosmétodo de reportaje enfocando en “ganadores” y“perdedores” y en “quién va adelante” mejor que entemas o posiciones políticas (pág. 537)

house arrest/arresto domiciliario una sentencia que requiere a un ofensor quedarse en casa con excepciónde ciertas funciones que la corte permite (pág. 653)

human rights/derechos humanos libertades fundamen-tales (págs. 355, 710)

hung jury/jurado indeciso un jurado que está imposibili-tado para llegar a una decisión (pág. 443)

ideological party/partido ideológico partido político quese enfoca en cambios globales en la sociedad más bienque en un tema (pág. 455)

ideology/ideología el conjunto de creencias básicas sobre la vida, cultura, gobierno, y sociedad (págs. 454, 517)

illegal alien/extranjero ilegal persona sin permiso legalpara estar en un país (pág. 387)

image/imagen representación mental (pág. 476)immunity/inmunidad libertad de ser acusado para

los testigos cuyo testimonio los ata a actos ilegales (pág. 169)

impeach/acusar acusar a un funcionario de mala conductaen su cargo (pág. 79)

impeachment/acusación acusación formal de mala conducta en el cargo en contra de un oficial público(pág. 164)

implied contract/contrato implícito contrato en el cuallos términos no son expresamente citados pero puedenser deducidos de las acciones de la gente involucrada ylas circunstancias (pág. 430)

I

H

SPANISH GLOSSARY 887

Spanish Glossaryimplied contract/contrato implícitofirst reading/primer informe

882-896 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:57 AM Page 887

implied powers/poderes implícitos poderes que el gobierno requiere para llevar a cabo los poderes constitucionales expresados (págs. 96, 157)

impound/confiscar rehusar a gastar (pág. 337)impoundment/confiscamiento la negativa del presidente

de gastar el dinero que el Congreso ha votado para fundar un programa (págs. 175, 253)

income tax/impuesto sobre la renta el impuesto recauda-do en ganancias individuales y corporativas (pág. 108)

incorporation/incorporación proceso que extiende laprotección de la Declaración de Derechos en contra delas acciones de gobiernos estatales y locales (pág. 356);el proceso de establecer una sociedad legal bajo la leyestatal (pág. 666)

incrementalism/incrementalismo el término usado paraexplicar que el total del presupuesto cambia poco de unaño al otro (pág. 564)

incumbent/titular funcionario gubernamental que ya estáen el cargo (pág. 130)

independent/independiente votante que no apoya a unpartido político en particular (pág. 458)

indictment/acusación acusación formal por un gran jurado (págs. 312, 440)

industrialized nation/nación industrializada nación con grandes industrias y tecnología avanzada que proporciona una forma de vida más cómoda que la de las naciones en desarrollo (pág. 16)

information/información declaración jurada por la fiscalía afirmando que hay suficiente evidencia para un juicio (pág. 440)

infrastructure/infraestructura las facilidades básicas de unaciudad, tales como calles y banquetas pavimentadas, tu-bería de agua, puentes, y edificios públicos (pág. 680)

inherent powers/poderes inherentes poderes que el gobierno nacional puede ejercitar simplemente porquees un gobierno (pág. 96)

initiative/iniciativa método por el cual los ciudadanos pro-ponen una enmienda constitucional o una ley (pág. 639)

injunction/mandato judicial orden que detendrá una acción en particular o hará cumplir una norma oreglamentación (págs. 297, 433, 582)

inner cabinet/gabinete interior miembros del gabineteque manejan influencias sobre el presidente porque encabezan departamentos que están interesados contemas nacionales (pág. 232)

interest group/grupo de intereses grupo de personas conobjetivos comunes que se organizan para influenciar algobierno (pág. 503)

intergovernmental organization (IGO)/organización intergubernamental organización gubernamentalcompuesta por miembros de gobiernos nacionales(pág. 702)

intergovernmental revenue/ingresos intergubernamen-tales ingresos distribuidos de un nivel de gobierno aotro (pág. 657)

interlocking directorate/dirección entrelazada la mismagente sirviendo en las mesas directivas de compañíascompetentes (pág. 579)

internationalism/internacionalismo involucramiento enasuntos mundiales (pág. 609)

interstate commerce/comercio interestatal intercambioentre los estados (págs. 55, 161)

interstate compact/compacto interestatal acuerdo escritoentre dos o más estados (pág. 105)

iron triangle/triángulo de hierro relación formada entreagencias gubernamentales, comités congresistas, y grupos de clientes que trabajan juntos (pág. 298)

isolationism/aislacionismo la evasión del involucramien-to en asuntos mundiales (pág. 609)

item veto/veto de artículo el poder de rechazar un artículoparticular en un proyecto de ley sin vetar el proyectoentero (pág. 645)

Jim Crow law/ley Jim Crow ley que requiere la segregación racial en lugares tales como escuelas, autobuses, y hoteles (pág. 408)

joint committee/comité conjunto comité de la Cámara y el Senado que generalmente actúa como grupo de estudio y reporta sus descubrimientos de regreso a laCámara y el Senado (pág. 143)

joint resolution/resolución conjunta resolución aprobadapor las dos cámaras del Congreso que trata de asuntosinusuales o temporales, tal como el corregir un error enuna ley previa (pág. 182)

judicial activism/activismo judicial la filosofía que laSuprema Corte debe tomar un papel activo en darleforma a políticas nacionales dirigiéndose a cuestionessociales y políticas (pág. 81)

judicial circuit/circuito judicial región que contiene unacorte de apelación de Estados Unidos (pág. 313)

judicial restraint/represión judicial la filosofía que laSuprema Corte debe evitar tomar la iniciativa en cuestiones sociales y políticas (pág. 80)

judicial review/revisión judicial el poder de la SupremaCorte de declarar inconstitucionales leyes y acciones degobiernos locales, estatales, o nacional (págs. 66, 308,336, 640)

jurisdiction/jurisdicción la autoridad de una corte paradictaminar en ciertos casos (págs. 64, 305)

jury/jurado grupo de ciudadanos que escuchan evidencias durante un juicio y dan el veredicto (pág. 442)

jus sanguinis frase latina que quiere decir “ley de sangre”;el principio que otorga la ciudadanía en base de la ciudadanía de los padres (pág. 393)

jus soli frase latina que quiere decir “ley de la tierra”; elprincipio que otorga la ciudadanía a casi toda personanacida en un país (pág. 393)

J

888 SPANISH GLOSSARY

Spanish Glossaryimplied powers/poderes implícitos jus soli

882-896 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:57 AM Page 888

kibbutzim comunas agrícolas colectivas (pág. 725)

laissez-faire la filosofía que el gobierno debe mantener susmanos fuera de la economía (págs. 27, 578)

lame duck un funcionario saliente sirviendo el resto de unperíodo después de su retiro o siendo derrotado parareelección (pág. 90)

land/tierra todos los recursos naturales tales como tierra,agua, aire, y minerales (pág. 717)

law/ley conjunto de normas y estándares por los cualesuna sociedad se gobierna a sí misma (pág. 423)

leak/divulgación el anuncio de información secreta porfuncionarios gubernamentales anónimos a los mediosinformativos (págs. 230, 529)

legislative assistant/asistente legislativo miembro del per-sonal propio de un legislador que se asegura de que ellegislador esté bien informado de legislación propuesta(pág. 148)

legislative court/corte legislativa una corte creada paraayudar al Congreso a ejercitar sus poderes (pág. 314)

legislative oversight/revisión legislativa el repaso continuodel Congreso sobre qué tan efectivamente el ramo ejecu-tivo ejecuta las leyes que el Congreso aprueba (pág. 169)

legislative veto/veto legislativo provisiones que el Congre-so escribió dentro de algunas leyes que le permitieronrevisar y cancelar acciones de las agencias ejecutivas(pág. 171)

liaison officer/oficial de enlace empleado de un departa-mento de gabinete que ayuda a promover las buenasrelaciones con el Congreso (pág. 296)

libel/difamación declaración falsa escrita o publicada con intención de dañar la reputación de una persona(págs. 84, 369, 536)

liberal uno que cree que el gobierno nacional debe ser activo promoviendo salud, educación, justicia, y oportunidad equitativa (pág. 517)

lieutenant governor/vicegobernador el oficial presidente en la cámara alta en algunas legislaturas estatales(pág. 642)

life peer/noble de por vida persona a quien le ha sidootorgado un título en la Cámara de Lores por logro sobresaliente (pág. 690)

limited government/gobierno limitado un sistema de gobierno en el cual el poder del gobierno es limitado,no absoluto (pág. 36)

limited war/guerra limitada una guerra en la cual lanación o naciones más poderosas no continuarán másallá de ciertos límites (pág. 709)

line-item veto/veto de línea el poder de vetar sólo ciertaslíneas o artículos en un proyecto de ley (págs. 176, 255)

L

K litigant/litigante persona comprometida en una demanda(pág. 307)

lobbying/cabildeo contacto directo hecho por un cabildero con el fin de persuadir a los funcionarios gubernamentales para apoyar la política que su grupode interés favorece (págs. 198, 508)

lobbyist/cabildero representante de un grupo de interés(págs. 198, 508)

logrolling/intercambio de favores políticos un acuerdoentre dos o más legisladores para apoyarse el uno alotro en sus proyectos de ley (pág. 202)

majority leader/líder mayoritario el asistente máximo del presidente de la Cámara cuyo trabajo es ayudar aplanear el programa legislativo del partido mayoritarioy dirigir importantes proyectos de ley a través de la Cámara (pág. 134)

majority opinion/opinión mayoritaria decisión de laCorte expresando la perspectiva de la mayoría de losjueces (pág. 334)

mandate/mandato orden formal dada por una autoridadsuperior (págs. 245, 658)

mandatory sentencing/sentencia mandataria sistema detérminos de encarcelamiento fijos y requeridos porciertos tipos de crímenes (pág. 651)

market economy/economía mercadera un sistemaeconómico que permite a compradores y vendedoresactuar en sus propios intereses para controlar los elementos de producción (pág. 717)

marketing quota/cupo mercader límite establecido entreagricultores para vender sólo una porción asignada deuna cosecha sobreproducida (pág. 586)

market value/valor de mercado la cantidad de dinero que un propietario espera recibir si su propiedad esvendida (pág. 674)

mass media/medios informativos medios de comunicación,tales como televisión, periódicos, películas, libros, e Inter-net, que influencian a grandes audiencias (págs. 515, 527)

mass transit/tránsito público sistemas tales como elmetro que son usados para transportar a grandesnúmeros de personas (págs. 602, 671)

mayor-council form/forma alcalde-consejo forma degobierno municipal en la cual el poder ejecutivopertenece a un alcalde electo, y el poder legislativo aun consejo electo (pág. 666)

media event/evento para los medios informativos eventode interés visual diseñado para reforzar la posición deun político en algún tema (pág. 529)

mediation/mediación proceso en el cual cada partidotiene la oportunidad de explicar su lado de la disputa ydebe escuchar al otro lado (pág. 434)

metropolitan area/área metropolitana una ciudad grandey sus suburbios alrededores (pág. 671)

M

SPANISH GLOSSARY 889

Spanish Glossarymetropolitan area/área metropolitanakibbutzim

882-896 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:57 AM Page 889

metropolitan government/gobierno metropolitano tipode gobierno que sirve varias comunidades en la mismaregión (pág. 682)

militia/milicia fuerzas armadas de ciudadanos (pág. 85)misdemeanor/delito menor un crimen menor que

normalmente es castigado por una multa o sentenciade cárcel por menos de un año (pág. 438)

mixed economy/economía mixta un sistema en el cual elgobierno regula empresas privadas (págs. 575, 721)

moderate/moderado aquél cuyas creencias caen entreideas liberales y conservativas (pág. 517)

monarchy/monarquía autocracia en la cual un rey, reyna, o emperador, ejercita los poderes supremos del gobierno (pág. 19)

monetary policy/política monetaria el control del gobierno del abastecimiento de dinero y crédito parainfluenciar la economía (pág. 567)

monopoly/monopolio un negocio que controla tanto deuna industria que existe poco o nada de competencia(págs. 578, 719)

mortgage/hipoteca préstamo solicitado para pagar unacasa (pág. 431)

mullah/mullah líder religioso islámico con entrenamientoespecializado (pág. 700)

multilateral treaty/tratado multilateral acuerdo interna-cional firmado por varias naciones (pág. 629)

municipality/municipalidad unidad urbana de gobiernoestablecida por carta estatal (pág. 665)

Muslim/musulmán adepto a la religión islámica (pág. 699)mutual defense alliance/alianza de defensa mutua

acuerdo entre naciones para apoyarse la una a la otraen caso de ataque (pág. 627)

nation/nación grupo de personas unidas por lazos de raza, lenguaje, costumbre, tradición, y a veces religión(pág. 6)

national budget/presupuesto nacional plan financieroanual para el gobierno nacional (pág. 175)

national committee/comité nacional representantes de las50 organizaciones estatales de un partido político quelo dirigen (pág. 460)

national convention/convención nacional reunión demiembros locales y estatales de un partido escogidospara nominar a los candidatos para presidente y vicepresidente (pág. 460)

national debt/deuda nacional el total de dinero que el gobierno debe en cualquier momento (págs. 160, 559)

nationalist position/posición nacionalista posición que favorece la acción nacional en tratar problemas(pág. 106)

nationalization/nacionalización el proceso por el cual elgobierno toma control de la industria (pág. 724)

N

national security/seguridad nacional protección de lasfronteras y territorios de una nación en contra de invasiones o el control por poderes extranjeros (pág. 608)

national security adviser/consejero de seguridad nacionaldirector del personal del Consejo de Seguridad Na-cional (págs. 237, 616)

nation-state/estado nación un país en el cual el territoriode ambos la nación y el estado coinciden (pág. 6)

naturalization/naturalización el proceso legal por el cualse le otorga a una persona la ciudadanía (pág. 392)

necessary and proper clause/cláusula de necesario y propio Artículo I, Sección 8 de la Constitución, la cual le da al Congreso el poder de aprobar todas lasleyes que sean necesarias y propias para hacer cumplirsus deberes (págs. 96, 157)

newly developed nation/nación nuevamente desarrolladanación que ha tenido rápido crecimiento industrial enaños recientes (pág. 722)

news briefing/sesión noticiera una junta durante la cualun funcionario gubernamental anuncia o explica unapolítica, decisión, o acción (pág. 528)

news release/comunicado de noticias historia preparadaque los funcionarios gubernamentales escriben para losmiembros de la prensa (pág. 528)

nominating convention/convención de nominaciónjunta oficial pública de un partido para escoger candidatos para un cargo (pág. 464)

nongovernmental organization (NGO)/organización nogubernamental organización internacional compuestapor individuos y grupos fuera del alcance del gobierno(pág. 702)

non-resident alien/extranjero no residente persona de unpaís extranjero que espera quedarse en Estados Unidospor un período corto y específico (pág. 387)

nuclear proliferation/proliferación nuclear la expansiónde armas nucleares (pág. 709)

office-group ballot/balota de grupo de cargo aquella que enumera los candidatos juntos por el cargo al cualse están postulando (pág. 489)

oligarchy/oligarquía sistema de gobierno en el cual un pequeño grupo mantiene el poder (pág. 19)

oligopoly/oligopolio situación cuando sólo unas cuantas empresas dominan una industria particular (pág. 579)

open-market operations/operaciones del mercado abiertolos medios que el Sistema de Reserva Federal usa paraafectar la economía comprando o vendiendo bonos delgobierno u otras seguridades en el mercado abierto(pág. 570)

open primary/elección preliminar abierta una elección enla cual todos los votantes pueden participar (pág. 465)

O

890 SPANISH GLOSSARY

Spanish Glossarymetropolitan government/gobierno metropolitano open primary/elección preliminar abierta

882-896 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:57 AM Page 890

open shop/taller abierto lugar de empleo donde los trabajadores pueden decidir libremente reunirse o no a una unión (pág. 583)

opinion/opinión explicación escrita de una decisión de laSuprema Corte; también, en algunos estados, una interpretación escrita de la constitución o leyes estatalespor el fiscal del estado (págs. 322, 331, 645)

ordinance/ordenanza una ley (págs. 50, 425)original jurisdiction/jurisdicción original la autoridad de

una corte de juicio para ser la primera en escuchar uncaso (pág. 306)

pardon/indulto la liberación de castigo legal (pág. 254)parish/parroquia división política en Luisiana, semejante

a un condado en otros estados (pág. 664)parliamentary government/gobierno parlamentario

tipo de gobierno en el cual las funciones ejecutiva y legislativa residen en la asamblea electa, o parlamento(pág. 689)

parochial school/escuela parroquiana escuela operadapor una iglesia o grupo religioso (pág. 359)

parole/libertad condicional forma por la cual a un pri-sionero se le permite servir el resto de una sentencia en la comunidad bajo la supervisión de un oficial(pág. 653)

partisan/prosélito que se adhiere o apoya un partido,facción, causa o persona en particular (pág. 544)

party-column ballot /balota columnar de partido aquellaque enumera a cada candidato de partido en unacolumna bajo el nombre del partido (pág. 489)

passport/pasaporte documento permitiendo a un viajerocierta protección establecida por tratado internacional(pág. 623)

patent/patente el derecho exclusivo para un inventor demanufacturar, usar, y vender su invención por unperíodo específico (pág. 163)

patronage/patrocinio la práctica de otorgar favores pararecompensar la lealtad al partido (págs. 256, 462)

peer group/grupo paritario los amigos cercanos, gruporeligioso, clubes, o grupos de trabajo de un individuo(pág. 515)

per curiam opinion/opinión per curiam breve declaración no firmada de una decisión de la SupremaCorte (pág. 333)

perjury/perjurio el mentir bajo juramento (pág. 168)personal property/propiedad personal pertenencias

movibles tales como ropa y joyas, así como artículos intangibles como acciones, bonos, derechos de autor, y patentes (págs. 431, 673)

personal staff/personal propio las personas que trabajandirectamente para senadores y representantes indivi-duales, (pág. 147)

petition/petición una solicitud (pág. 77)

P

petit jury/jurado pequeño jurado de juicio, generalmentede 6 o 12 personas, que considera la evidencia presentada en un juicio y rinde un veredicto (pág. 313)

petty offense/ofensa menor un crimen menor, general-mente castigada con una multa en vez del arresto (pág. 437)

picket/vigilar con piquetes patrullar un establecimientopara convencer a trabajadores y al público de no entrar (pág. 378)

plaintiff/demandante la persona que trae los cargos enuna corte (pág. 433)

plank/punto una sección individual del programa políticode un partido (pág. 469)

platform/programa político declaración de los principios,creencias, y posiciones en asuntos vitales de un partidopolítico (pág. 469)

plea bargaining/negociación de alegato el proceso en elcual el acusado se declara culpable a un crimen menosgrave que él con el cual fue acusado originalmente(pág. 440)

plurality/pluralidad la mayor cantidad de votos en unaelección (págs. 465, 644)

pocket veto/veto indirecto cuando un presidente se deshace de un proyecto de ley aprobado durante los últimos 10 días que el Congreso está en sesión simple-mente por rehusar a actuar en ello (pág. 188)

political action committee (PAC)/comité de acción política una organización formada para recolectardinero y proporcionar ayuda financiera a candidatospolíticos (págs. 130, 477, 511)

political culture/cultura política el conjunto de valores ycreencias compartidos sobre una nación y su gobierno(pág. 516)

political efficacy/eficacia política los sentimientos de unindividuo sobre su efectividad en la política (pág. 516)

political party/partido político un grupo de individuoscon intereses comunes que se organizan para nominarcandidatos para el cargo, ganar elecciones, conducir el gobierno, y determinar la política pública (págs. 23, 453)

political socialization/socialización política el procesopor el cual individuos aprenden sus creencias y acti-tudes políticas a través de sus antecedentes personales y experiencias de la vida (pág. 515)

politics/política el esfuerzo para controlar o influenciar laconducta y política del gobierno (pág. 14)

polling place/urna electoral el lugar en un recinto dondela gente vota (pág. 488)

poll tax/impuesto al voto dinero pagado para votar (págs. 90, 483)

popular sovereignty/soberanía popular mando por lagente (pág. 65)

pork-barrel legislation leyes aprobadas por el Congresoque asignan dinero para proyectos federales locales(pág. 202)

SPANISH GLOSSARY 891

Spanish Glossarypork-barrel legislationopen shop/taller abierto

882-896 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:58 AM Page 891

preamble/preámbulo una declaración en una constituciónque estipula los objetivos y propósitos del gobierno(pág. 13)

precedent/precedente modelo en el cual basar decisioneso acciones posteriores (págs. 338, 364, 426)

precinct/recinto distrito electoral (págs. 459, 488)precinct captain/capitán de recinto un voluntario que

organiza los trabajadores del partido para distribuir información acerca del partido y sus candidatos y paraurgir a los votantes a las urnas (pág. 459)

presidential government/gobierno presidencial forma degobierno democrático en la cual el presidente encabezael ramo ejecutivo (pág. 691)

presidential succession/sucesión presidencial la orden en la cual los funcionarios ocuparán el cargo del presidente en caso de vacante (pág. 217)

president pro tempore/presidente pro tempore el miembro del Senado, electo por el Senado, que suple como presidente del Senado en la ausencia del vicepresidente (pág. 139)

press conference/conferencia de prensa el cuestionamien-to por los medios informativos de un alto funcionariogubernamental (pág. 535)

press secretary/secretario de prensa uno de los asistentesmáximos del presidente que se encarga de las relacionescon los medios informativos (pág. 239)

presumed innocence/inocencia presunta la presunción de que una persona es inocente hasta comprobarse culpable (pág. 428)

price supports/apoyo de precios el programa bajo el cualel Congreso les compra la cosecha a los agricultores si el precio del mercado cae bajo del precio de apoyo(pág. 586)

prime minister/primer ministro el líder del ramo ejecutivo de un gobierno parlamentario (pág. 691)

prior restraint/restricción anterior la censura por el gobierno de información antes de ser publicada o emitida (págs. 84, 371, 536)

private bill/proyecto de ley privado proyecto de ley quetrata de personas o lugares individuales (pág. 181)

private law/ley privada una ley que se aplica a una persona en particular (pág. 390)

probable cause/causa probable base razonable para creerque una persona o un lugar está ligado a un crimen(pág. 85)

procedural due process/proceso de procedimiento correspondiente el principio que prohibe la aplicaciónarbitraria de la ley, y también provee salvaguardias paraasegurar que los derechos constitucionales y estatuta-rios estén protegidos por la policía (pág. 427)

procurement/adquisición la compra de materiales (pág. 283)

profit/ganancia la diferencia entre la cantidad de dinerousado para operar un negocio y la cantidad de dineroque el negocio recibe (pág. 720)

progressive tax/impuesto progresivo impuesto basado en la habilidad del contribuyente para pagar (págs. 556, 657)

proletariat/proletariado trabajadores que producen losbienes (pág. 29)

propaganda el uso de ideas, información, o rumores parainfluenciar la opinión (pág. 495)

proportional representation/representación proporcionalsistema en el cual varios oficiales son electos para representar la misma área en proporción a los votosque cada candidato de partido recibe (pág. 467); usado en elecciones preliminares presidenciales para elegir delegados en proporción a su voto popular

proportional tax/impuesto proporcional impuesto fijadoa la misma tasa para todos (pág. 657)

public assistance/asistencia pública programas guberna-mentales que distribuyen dinero a los pobres (pág. 590)

public bill/proyecto de ley público proyecto de ley rela-cionado con asuntos generales y aplicarse a toda lanación (pág. 181)

public housing/vivienda pública alojamiento subsidiadopor el gobierno para familias de bajos ingresos (pág. 600)

public-interest group/grupo de interés público grupo quebusca realizar metas políticas que cree que beneficiaránla nación (pág. 506)

public opinion/opinión pública las ideas y actitudes queun número significativo de americanos mantiene sobretemas (pág. 514)

public policy/política pública el curso de acción que ungobierno toma en respuesta a algún tema o problema(pág. 112)

public utility/utilidad pública una organización que administra necesidades tales como electricidad, gas, o servicio telefónico (pág. 648)

public welfare/asistencia social pública esfuerzos del gobierno para mantener la salud y condiciones devivienda básicas para aquella gente que no tiene suficiente recursos propios (pág. 654)

public works bill/proyecto de ley de trabajos públicosproyecto de ley en el cual el Congreso asigna dineropara los proyectos locales (pág. 201)

pure speech/expresión pura la expresión verbal de pen-samiento y opinión ante una audiencia que ha escogidoescuchar (pág. 366)

quorum/quórum el número mínimo de miembros quedeben estar presentes para permitir a un grupo legisla-tivo de tomar acción oficial (pág. 137)

quota/cuota la limitación de la cantidad de un productoque puede ser importado (pág. 733)

CQ

892 SPANISH GLOSSARY

Spanish Glossarypreamble/preámbulo quota/cuota

882-896 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:58 AM Page 892

racial discrimination/discriminación racial el tratardiferente a miembros de una raza sólo por su raza(pág. 408)

random sampling/muestreo al azar técnica de votaciónen la cual cada uno en el universo tiene una oportu-nidad equitativa de ser escogido (pág. 520)

ratify/ratificar aprobar (págs. 48, 76)rational basis test/prueba de base racional usada por una

corte para determinar si una ley estatal es razonable-mente relacionada a una meta aceptable del gobierno(pág. 406)

real property/propiedad real tierra y lo que esté unido ocreciendo en ella (págs. 431, 673)

reapportionment/nueva distribución el proceso de asignar de nuevo la representación basada en lapoblación, después de cada censo (pág. 124)

redistrict/delimitar nuevos distritos establecer nuevaslíneas de distrito después de que la nueva asignaciónesté concluida (pág. 125)

referendum/referéndum elección especial (pág. 666)refugee/refugiado persona huyendo de un país para

escapar del peligro y la persecución (pág. 387)regional security pact/pacto de seguridad regional

tratado de defensa mutua entre las naciones de unaregión (pág. 627)

register/registrarse enlistar su nombre con el gobiernolocal apropiado con el fin de participar en las elecciones(pág. 487)

regressive tax/impuesto regresivo impuesto en el cual lagente de bajos ingresos paga una mayor porción de susingresos (págs. 557, 657)

representative democracy/democracia representativaforma de democracia en la cual la gente elige a representantes y les da la responsabilidad y el poderpara hacer leyes y dirigir el gobierno (pág. 20)

representative government/gobierno representativosistema de gobierno en el cual la gente elige delegadospara hacer leyes y dirigir el gobierno (pág. 37)

representative sample/muestra representativa pequeñogrupo de gente, típica del universo, al que un encuestador cuestiona (pág. 520)

reprieve/indulto la pospuesta de un castigo legal(pág. 254)

republic/república gobierno en el cual los votantesmantienen el poder soberano; los representantes electos,responsables a la gente, ejercitan ese poder (pág. 20)

reserved powers/poderes reservados poderes quepertenecen estrictamente a los estados (pág. 96)

reserve requirement/requerimiento de reserva el porcentaje de dinero que los bancos miembros debenguardar en Bancos de Reserva Federal como una reserva contra sus depósitos (pág. 570)

R resident alien/extranjero residente persona de una naciónextranjera que ha establecido la residencia permanenteen Estados Unidos (pág. 387)

revenue/ingresos el dinero que un gobierno cobra de impuestos u otras fuentes (pág. 43)

revenue bill/proyecto de ley de ingresos una ley propuestapara juntar dinero (pág. 158)

reverse discrimination/discriminación reversasituación donde un individuo competente pierde a un individuo escogido por su raza, etnicidad, o género(pág. 414)

revitalization/revitalización inversiones en nuevas facilidades en el esfuerzo de promover el crecimientoeconómico (pág. 681)

rider/cláusula añadida provisión incluida en un proyectode ley sobre un tema diferente al que es abarcado en elproyecto (pág. 182)

riding the circuit/recorriendo el circuito viajando parapresidir el tribunal en la región del país asignada a unjuez (pág. 320)

roll-call vote/votación nominal método de votar usadopor el Senado en el cual los senadores responden “Sí” o“No” cuando sus nombres son llamados en orden alfabético (pág. 187)

runoff primary/elección preliminar de desempatesegunda elección preliminar entre los dos candidatosque recibieron la mayor cantidad de votos en laprimera elección preliminar (pág. 465)

sample/muestra grupo entrevistado en una encuesta deopinión (pág. 520)

sampling error/error de muestreo la medida de cuántolos resultados de la muestra pueden diferenciarse deluniverso de la muestra (pág. 520)

sanction/sanción una medida tal como embargar la asistencia económica para influenciar las actividades de un gobierno extranjero (págs. 630, 693)

scarcity/escasez una condición que existe porque la sociedad no tiene todos los recursos para producirtodos los bienes y servicios que todos quieren (pág. 717)

school board/mesa directiva escolar un cuerpo local, generalmente electo, que gobierna un distrito escolar(pág. 673)

search warrant/orden de cateo orden firmada por un juezdescribiendo un lugar específico para ser cateado porartículos específicos (pág. 85)

secular/profano no religioso (pág. 360)securities/seguridades instrumentos financieros, in-

cluyendo bonos, notas, y certificados, que son vendidoscomo medios de pedir dinero prestado con la promesade volver a pagarlo al comprador con intereses despuésde un período específico (págs. 559, 581)

S

SPANISH GLOSSARY 893

Spanish Glossarysecurities/seguridadesracial discrimination/discriminación racial

882-896 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:58 AM Page 893

security classification system/sistema de clasificación deseguridad la provisión de que la información sobre lasactividades gubernamentales relacionadas a la seguri-dad nacional y la política exterior pueden mantenerseen secreto (pág. 416)

seditious speech/expresión sediciosa discurso urgiendo laresistencia a las autoridades legales o el derrocamientodel gobierno (pág. 367)

segregation/segregación separación de personas del gruposocial mayor (pág. 408)

select committee/comité selecto un comité temporal formado para estudiar un tema específico y reportarsus descubrimientos al Senado o a la Cámara (pág. 142)

self-incrimination/autoincriminación atestiguando encontra de sí mismo (pág. 402)

senatorial courtesy/cortesía senatorial sistema en el cualel presidente somete el nombre de un candidato parauna asignación judicial a los senadores del estado delcandidato antes de someterlo formalmente para laaprobación de todo el Senado (pág. 317)

seniority system/sistema de antigüedad sistema que da el liderazgo de un comité al miembro del partido mayoritario con el servicio más largo sin interrumpiren ese comité (pág. 145)

sentence/sentencia el castigo para ser impuesto a un acusado después de un veredicto de culpable (pág. 443)

separate but equal doctrine/doctrina de separadas peroequitativas política que mantuvo que si las facilidadespor las diferentes razas fueran iguales podrían ser separadas (págs. 309, 409)

separation of powers/separación de poderes la divisiónde poder entre los ramos de gobierno legislativo, ejecutivo, y judicial (págs. 40, 65)

sequester/secuestrar mantener aislado (pág. 373)session/sesión un período durante el cual una legislatura

se reúne para manejar negocios (pág. 123)shah un rey (pág. 701)shield law/ley protectora ley que da a los reporteros

alguna forma de protección en contra de ser forzados a revelar información o fuentes de información confidenciales en cortes estatales (págs. 374, 537)

shock incarceration/encarcelamiento a choque programade prisión involucrando sentencias más cortas en unambiente altamente estructurado donde los acusadosparticipan en trabajos, servicio a la comunidad, educación, y asesoramiento (pág. 653)

shock probation/libertad condicional a choque programadiseñado para mostrar a los delincuentes juveniles lo terrible de la vida en la prisión a través de un breveencarcelamiento seguido por una libertad supervisada(pág. 653)

simple resolution/resolución simple informe adoptadopara cubrir asuntos afectando solamente una cámaradel Congreso (pág. 182)

single-issue party/partido de un solo tema partido político que se enfoca en solo un principal tema social,económico, o moral (pág. 455)

single-member district/distrito de un solo miembrodistrito electoral en el cual sólo un candidato es electopara cada cargo (pág. 457)

slander/calumnia expresión falsa con la intención dedañar la reputación de una persona (págs. 84, 369)

social consensus/consenso social cuando la mayoría delas personas en una sociedad aceptan valoresdemocráticos y se acuerdan del propósito y límites delgobierno (pág. 24)

social contract/contrato social teoría que, por contrato, lagente entrega al estado el poder necesario para mante-ner el orden y el estado, a cambio, acuerda proteger asus ciudadanos (pág. 8)

social insurance/seguro social programas gubernamen-tales diseñados para ayudar a los ciudadanos ancianos,enfermos, y desempleados (pág. 590)

social insurance tax/impuesto del seguro social dinerocobrado por el gobierno federal para pagar por grandesprogramas sociales tales como seguro social, cuidadomédico, y programas de compensación de desempleo(pág. 556)

socialism/socialismo sistema económico en el cual el gobierno es dueño de los elementos básicos de produc-ción, distribuye los productos y salarios, y proporcionaservicios sociales tales como cuidado de salud y asistencia social (págs. 28, 718)

soft money/dinero no asignado dinero juntado por unpartido político para propósitos generales que no esasignado a un candidato (pág. 478)

sovereignty/soberanía la absoluta y suprema autoridaddentro de límites territoriales (pág. 7)

special district/distrito especial unidad de gobierno local que trata de una función específica tal comoeducación, abastecimiento de agua, o transportación(pág. 665)

splinter party/partido disidente partido político que sesepara de uno de los grandes partidos a causa de algúndesacuerdo (pág. 455)

spoils system/sistema de despojos la práctica de políticosvictoriosos compensando a sus seguidores con puestosgubernamentales (pág. 285)

spot advertising/publicidad entre programas las descrip-ciones breves, frecuentes, y positivas de un candidato ode sus importantes temas transmitidas por televisión oradio (pág. 531)

standing committee/comité permanente un comité permanente en el Congreso que supervisa los proyectos de ley que tratan de cierta clase de temas(pág. 142)

standing vote/voto a pie método de votar usado por laCámara y el Senado en el cual los miembros votanponiéndose a pie y siendo contados (pág. 187)

894 SPANISH GLOSSARY

Spanish Glossarysecurity classification system/sistema de clasificación de seguridad standing vote/voto a pie

882-896 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:58 AM Page 894

stare decisis término latino que significa “que permanezcala decisión”; el principio de que alguna vez que la Corte dictamina en un caso, su decisión sirve comoprecedente en el cual basar otras decisiones (pág. 338)

state/estado comunidad política que ocupa un territoriodefinido y tiene un gobierno organizado con el poderde hacer leyes y hacerlas cumplir sin la aprobación decualquier autoridad superior (pág. 5)

state central committee/comité central de estado comitégeneralmente compuesto en gran parte de represen-tantes de organizaciones del partido de los condados(pág. 460)

state farm/granja estatal ejido propio del gobierno y administrado como una fábrica, con los agricultoressiendo asalariados (pág. 728)

state-sponsored terrorism/terrorismo apoyado por ungobierno apoyo secreto del terrorismo por parte de ungobierno (pág. 708)

states’ rights position/posición de derechos estatalesposición que favorece acción estatal y local al tratar deproblemas (pág. 106)

statute/estatuto ley escrita por un ramo legislativo (pág. 425)

statutory law/ley estatutaria ley que está escrita con el finde que todo el mundo pueda conocer y entenderla(pág. 425)

straight party ticket/balota partidaria aquella en que el votante selecciona a candidatos de su partido solamente (pág. 493)

straw poll/votación de prueba atento no científico demedir la opinión pública (pág. 520)

strong-mayor system/sistema de alcalde fuerte tipo degobierno de alcalde-consejo en el cual el alcalde tienepoderes ejecutivos fuertes (pág. 666)

subcommittee/subcomité grupo dentro de un comité permanente que se especializa en una subcategoría dela responsabilidad del comité permanente (pág. 142)

subpoena/citación orden legal para que una persona com-parezca o produzca documentos requeridos (pág. 168)

substantive due process/proceso substantivo correspon-diente ciertos derechos de individuos en la aplicaciónde leyes, algunos de los que son especificados en laConstitución (como la libre expresión) y otros de los que no son especificados, (como el derecho de privacidad haciendo decisiones personales) (pág. 427)

suburb/suburbio territorio muy poblada adjunto con unaciudad central (pág. 672)

suffrage/sufragio el derecho al voto (pág. 481)summons/citación judicial notificación oficial de una

demanda que incluye la fecha, tiempo, y lugar de laaparición inicial en la corte (pág. 433)

sunset law/ley de puesta del sol ley que requiere inspec-ciones periódicas de agencias gubernamentales para versi todavía son necesarias (pág. 112)

sunshine law/ley del sol ley que prohibe a funcionariospúblicos tener reuniones no abiertas al público (pág. 113)

supranational organization/organización supranacionalorganización cuya autoridad anula la soberanía de susmiembros individuales (pág. 704)

supremacy clause/cláusula de supremacía declaración enel Artículo VI de la Constitución estableciendo que laConstitución, las leyes aprobadas por el Congreso, y lostratados de Estados Unidos “serán la Ley suprema de laTierra” (págs. 64, 97)

suspect classification/clasificación de sospecho clasifi-cación hecha en la base de raza u origen nacional que essujeto al severo escrutinio judicial (pág. 407)

swing vote/voto ganador el voto decisivo (pág. 344)symbolic speech/expresión simbólica el uso de acciones

y símbolos, junto con o en lugar de palabras, para expresar opiniones (pág. 366)

tariff/tarifa impuesto sobre importaciones para aumentarsu precio en el mercado doméstico (pág. 733)

tax/impuesto el dinero que la gente y los negocios pagan para apoyar las actividades del gobierno (págs. 189, 555)

taxable income/renta imponible el total de ingresos de un individuo menos ciertas deducciones y exencionespersonales (pág. 555)

tax credit/crédito de impuesto le permite al contribuyentereducir su responsabilidad de impuesto sobre la renta(pág. 559)

terrorism/terrorismo uso de violencia por parte de gruposno gubernamentales contra los ciudadanos con elpropósito de alcanzar una meta política (pág. 708)

theocracy/teocracia gobierno dominado por la religión(pág. 453)

third party/tercer partido cualquier partido político másque los dos partidos mayores (pág. 455)

ticket/candidatura los candidatos para presidente y vicepresidente (pág. 466)

ticket-splitting/balota no partidaria el votar por candidatos de diferentes partidos para los varios cargos(pág. 489)

tort/agravio un acto injusto, más que el incumplimientode contrato, por el cual el partido dañado tiene derechode demandar (pág. 432)

totalitarian dictatorship/dictadura totalitaria forma degobierno autocrático donde las ideas de los líderes songlorificadas y el gobierno busca controlar todo aspectode la vida social y económica (pág. 18)

town meeting/reunión municipal reunión de todos losvotantes de un pueblo para expresar sus opiniones yparticipar en el proceso de elaboración de las leyes(pág. 665)

T

SPANISH GLOSSARY 895

Spanish Glossarytown meeting/reunión municipalstare decisis

882-896 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:58 AM Page 895

township/municipio unidad de gobierno local encontradaen algunos estados, generalmente una subdivisión deun condado (pág. 664)

trading bloc/bloque comerciante un grupo de nacionesque intercambian sin barreras tales como tarifas (págs. 710, 734)

traditional economy/economía tradicional sistemaeconómico en el cual el hábito y la costumbre dictan las normas para toda actividad económica(pág. 717)

transcript/transcripción un récord sumario (pág. 417)treaty/tratado acuerdo formal entre los gobiernos de dos

o más países (págs. 80, 257, 615)trial court/corte de justicia la corte en la cual un caso es

originalmente jurado (pág. 306)trust/cártel forma de consolidación de negocios en la

cual varias sociedades anónimas unen sus acciones ypermiten que una mesa directiva las dirija como unasola empresa gigante (pág. 578)

unanimous opinion/opinión unánime una decisión de la Corte en la cual todos los jueces votan igual(pág. 334)

uncontrollable/incontrolable gasto gubernamental requerido por ley o resultando de previos compromisospresupuestarios (págs. 192, 562)

unemployment compensation/compensación de desempleo pagos a los trabajadores que pierden su trabajo (pág. 649)

unemployment insurance/seguro de desempleo progra-mas en los cuales los gobiernos federal y estatales cooperan para proporcionar ayuda a personas que notienen empleo (pág. 592)

unfunded mandates/mandatos sin asignación programasrequeridos pero no pagados por la legislación federal(pág. 588)

unicameral legislatura de una cámara (págs. 48, 641)union shop/taller sindicalizado lugar de empleo donde

los trabajadores son requeridos a unirse a la unión alhaber sido empleados (págs. 583, 649)

unitary system/sistema unitario gobierno que da todos los poderes clave al gobierno nacional o central(pág. 12)

universe/universo en votación, el grupo de gente que seráestudiada (pág. 520)

urban renewal/renovación urbana programas bajo loscuales las ciudades pueden solicitar asistencia federalpara limpiar áreas deterioradas y reconstruirlas (págs. 599, 678)

U

verdict/veredicto decisión (pág. 443)veto rechazo de un proyecto de ley (págs. 66, 188)victim compensation/compensación de víctima un

programa en varios estados por lo cual el gobierno proporciona ayuda financiera a las víctimas de ciertoscrímenes (pág. 651)

visa documento especial, requerido por ciertos países,emitido por el gobierno del país en el que una personadesee entrar (pág. 623)

voice vote/voto a voz método usado por la Cámara y elSenado en el cual los miembros juntos claman “Sí” o“No” y el presidente determina cuál de los lados tienemás votos (pág. 187)

ward/distrito gran distrito que consta de varios recintosadjuntos (pág. 459)

weak-mayor system/sistema de alcalde débil tipo de gobierno alcalde-consejo en el cual el alcalde sólo tienepoderes limitados (pág. 666)

welfare state/estado benefactor nación que tiene un sistema económico, tal como el socialismo, que proporciona varios programas de bienestar social (pág. 723)

whip asistente al jefe de partido en la legislatura (pág. 135)

withholding/impuesto retenido el dinero que un empleador retiene del salario de los trabajadores parapagar los impuestos anticipados (pág. 556)

workers’ compensation/compensación a trabajadorespagos que reciben las personas imposibilitadas para trabajar como resultado de una herida o mala saludrelacionada con el trabajo (pág. 649)

writ of certiorari/orden de certiorari una orden de laSuprema Corte a una corte menor para mandar losregistros de un caso para su revisión (pág. 332)

writ of habeas corpus/orden de hábeas corpus una ordende la corte para enviar a una persona acusada de uncrimen a la corte para que ésta determine si ha sidolegalmente detenida (pág. 158)

zoning/restricciones de edificación medios que un gobierno local utiliza para regular la manera en que la tierra y los edificios pueden ser utilizados para darforma al desarrollo de una comunidad (pág. 669)

Z

W

V

896 SPANISH GLOSSARY

Spanish Glossarytownship/municipio zoning/restricciones de edificación

882-896 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:58 AM Page 896

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND CREDITS 897

Acknowledgments and Credits

AcknowledgmentsReprinted by arrangement with The Heirs to the Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., c/oWriters House, Inc. as agent for the proprietor.

Copyright © 1963 by Martin Luther King, Jr., copyright renewed 1991 by CorettaScott King.

Photo CreditsPicture Research by Pembroke Herbert & Sandi Rygiel, Picture Research Consultants& Archives.

COVER Wes Thompson/The Stock Market.

The following photos appear multiple times. Their first usage is as follows. ii (flag)©PhotoDisc, Inc.; 3 (multimedia tools) Aaron Haupt; 25 (Supreme Court) ©Pho-toDisc, Inc.; 32 (notebook) Jerry Davis; 33 clockwise from top right (flag) ©PhotoDisc,Inc., (paper) Jerry Davis, (banner) ©PhotoDisc, Inc., (MA Statehouse) ©PhotoDisc,Inc.; 207 (clipboard) Jerry Davis.

i Wes Thompson/The Stock Market; iii Corbis-Bettmann; iv (l)UPI/Corbis-Bettmann, (r)US Senate; v Supreme Court Historical Society; vi Joe Traver/GammaLiaison; vii DPA/Ipol; viii Collection of Janice L. & David J. Frent; ix (l)RepublicanNational Committee, (r)Mike Derer/Wide World; x (t)courtesy Points of Light Foun-dation, (b)Joseph Sohm/Chromosohm; xi William Mercer McLeod; xiv Kleponis/Folio;1 Collection of the Whitney Museum of American Art; 2 “The National Archives ofthe United States” by Herman Viola, photos Jonathan Wallen, published by Harry N.Abrams, Inc.; 4 Bruce Stoddard/FPG; 5 Bob Daemmrich/Tony Stone Images; 6 (l)Li-brary of Congress, (r)Bob Daemmrich/The ImageWorks; 8 (l)Corbis-Bettmann,(r)courtesy National Portrait Gallery, London; 9 Rhoda Sidney/The Image Works; 11Cosmo Condina/Tony Stone Images; 12 Mead Art Museum, Amherst College; 13(l)Independence National Historical Park Collection, (r)Picture Research Consul-tants & Archives; 14 Collection of Janice L. & David J. Frent; 15 (t)courtesy Laura Ep-stein, (b)Latent Image; 16 Paul Edmondson/Tony Stone Images; 18 PeterCharlesworth; 19 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 21 AP/Wide World; 22 Skjold/TheImage Works; 23 (l)Chris Corsmeier; (r)Nebraska State Historical Society; 25UPI/Corbis-Bettmann; 26 Boplop; 27 (l)Corbis-Bettmann, (r)Jeff Greenberg/Folio;29 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 30 Corbis-Bettmann; 31 Scala/Art Resource, NY; 33Drawing by Dana Fradon, 1972 The New Yorker Magazine, Inc.; 34 Archive Photos;35 Picture Research Consultants & Archives; 36 Joe Sohm/Uniphoto; 37 (t)House ofDelegates, State Capitol, Richmond VA, (b)Public Record Office; 39 (l)Private Col-lection, (r)Colonial Williamsburg Foundation; 41 Doug Martin; 42 Lexington His-torical Society. Photo by Rob Huntley/Lightstream; 44 (l)Crown copyright. HistoricRoyal Palaces. Photo: David Chalmers (r)Peabody-Essex Museum, Salem MA; 46(t)Lafayette College Art Collection, Easton PA, (b)Division of Political History,Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC; 48 Painting by Don Troiani, photo cour-tesy Historical Art Prints, Ltd.; 50 J. Christopher/Uniphoto; 51 (l)Sam Abell/Nation-al Geographic Society Image Collection, (r)Picture Research Consultants & Archives;52 (t)Columbiana Collection, Columbia University, (b)Library of Congress; 53 De-posited by the City of Boston, courtesy Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; 55 (l)H. Arm-strong Roberts, (r)Tracy W. McGregor Library, Special Collections Department,University of VA Library; 56 Independence National Historic Park Collection; 58(l)North Wind Pictures, (r)The Image Bank; 61 Library of Congress; 62 PeteSouza/Folio; 63 Corbis-Bettmann; 67 Tony Auth ©1974 Philadelphia Enquirer.Reprinted with permission of UNIVERSAL PRESS SYNDICATE. All rights reserved.;68 Collection of Janice L. & David J. Frent; 69 (l)Miriam & Ira D. Wallach Division ofArt, Prints and Photographs, New York Public Library. Astor, Lenox & Tilden Foun-dations, (r)Joseph Sohm/Chromosohm; 70 (l)Steve Liss/Time Magazine, (r)Collec-tion of Janice L. & David J. Frent; 71 (l)White House Historical Association,(r)Chicago Historical Society/Photo Researchers; 72 (l)Geeta Dardick, (r)SondaDawes/The Image Works; 73 The Brooklyn Museum. Gift of the Crescent-HamiltonClub; 74 (t)National Archives, (b)Ron Edmonds/AP Wide World Photos; 75(l)Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, (r)Franklin D. Roosevelt Library; 76 IndependenceNational Historic Park; 78 (l)Martin Levick/Black Star, (r)Schlowsky Photography; 79Picture Research Consultants & Archives; 80 Diana Walker/Gamma Liaison; 84Lawrence Ruggeri/Uniphoto; 87 Cheekwood Museum of Art; Museum Purchasethrough the Bequest of Anita Bevill McMichael; 89 (t)Jeff Bundy/Omaha World-Her-ald, (b)Gerald Peters Gallery, NY; 93 ©1998 Bob Mankoff from The Cartoon Bank,Inc.; 94 Uniphoto; 95 UPI/Corbis-Bettmann; 96 Joseph Sohm/Chromosohm; 98 BobDaemmrich Photography; 99 Francis Miller/Life Magazine, ©Time, Inc.; 100 (l)HoltConfer/The ImageWorks, (r)courtesy State of Oklahoma; 101 SuperStock; 104 ChuckSavage/Uniphoto; 106 Bob Daemmrich/Stock Boston; 108 (l)Library of Congress,(r)Don Uhrbroch/Life Magazine ©Time Inc.; 111 Paul Conklin/Uniphoto; 112 RandyHampton/Time Life; 113 (l)People Weekly ©1997 Andrew Kaufman, (r)courtesyPoints of Light Foundation; 114 (l)Mark Reinstein/Uniphoto, (r)Collection of JaniceL. & David J. Frent; 116 (l)Brooks Kraft/Sygma, (r)courtesy Cleveland City Hall; 117Francis Miller/Life Magazine ©Time-Life, Inc.; 119 ©1998 Bob Mankoff from theCartoon Bank, Inc.; 120 Kleponis/Folio; 122 Everett Johnson/Folio; 123 Wayne Fish-er; 124 (l)courtesy National Portrait Gallery, London, (r)House of Representatives;131 Wide World; 132 Library of Congress; 133 (l)Diana Walker/Gamma Liaison,(r)Henry Groskinsky; 134 Walter P. Calahan/Folio; 136 Bantam Books; 138 DennisBrack/Black Star; 139 (l)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (r)Ed Clark, Life Magazine ©Time,Inc.; 141 Dennis Cook/AP/Wide World Photos; 142 John Troha/Black Star; 144 JoeMarquette/AP/Wide World Photos; 146 Collection of Janice L. & David J. Frent; 147

Mark Cullum/Copley News Service; 148 Dennis Brack/Black Star; 149 (l)“Jefferson”by Rembrandt Peale © White House Historical Association/Photo by National Geo-graphic Society, (r)Robert C. Shafer/Folio; 151 Massachusetts Historical Society; 152(l)Dennis Brack/Black Star; (c)US Senate; 153 (t)George Tames/The New YorkTimes, (b)FOLIO, Inc.; 155 Charles Fagan/Associated Features; 156 Mark Groff, LifeMagazine ©Time, Inc.; 157 Chet Nunley/Gamma Liaison; 158 (t)Picture ResearchConsultants & Archives, (b)Numismatic Education Society; 160 David YoungWolff/Tony Stone Images; 161 Collection of the New-York Historical Society; 162National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C./ArtResource, NY; 163 (t)West Point Museum, US Military Academy, West PointNY/Photo by Josh Nefsky, (b)Picture Research Consultants & Archives; 164 (l)DavidBurnett/CONTACT Press Images, (tr)PhotoAssist/courtesy The National Archives,(br)Collection of Janice L. & David J. Frent; 166 Walter Iooss, Jr./Sports Illustrated;167 UPI/Corbis-Bettmann; 168 (l)JP Laffont/Sygma,(r)Robert Phillips, Life Maga-zine ©Time, Inc.; 169 Ken Lambert/The Washington Times/Gamma Liaison; 170(t)courtesy Robin Deykes, (b)Russel Munson/The Stock Market; 172 TomHoran/Sygma; 173 King Features Syndicate; 175 (l)Picture Research Consultants &Archives, (r)Library of Congress; 177 Aaron Haupt; 179 ©1998 Bob Mankoff fromThe Cartoon Bank, Inc.; 180 Ashe/Folio; 181 Bob Kelley/Life Magazine ©Time, Inc.;182 Bob Daemmrich Photography; 186 Dennis Brack/Black Star; 187 US Capitol; 191(l)John Duricka/Wide World, (r)James Prigoff; 192 Picture Research Consultants &Archives; 193 (l)Collection of The New-York Historical Society, (r)Corbis-Bettmann;194 Kansas State Historical Society; 195 ©1998 Frank Cotham from The CartoonBank, Inc.; 196 (l)Collection of Janice L. & David J. Frent, (r)Collection of Janice L. &David J. Frent; 197 (l)Ed Carreon, (r)Wayne W. Fisher; 199 NASA; 200 Bob Daemm-rich Photography; 202 Mark Richards/Contact Press Images; 203 Picture ResearchConsultants & Archives; 205 (b)Joe Marquette/Wide World; 206 (t)courtesy Houseof Representatives; 209 ©1998 Aaron Bacall from The Cartoon Bank, Inc.; 210 Su-perStock; 212 Reuters NewMedia Inc./CORBIS; 213 Reagan Library; 214 AFP/COR-BIS; 215 “I Have a Dream” Foundation; 216 UPI/Corbis-Bettmann; 218 RonEdmonds/Wide World; 219 Pool Photo/Newsmakers/Liaison; 220 The Ralph E.Becker Collection/Smithsonian Institution; 221 (l)Collection of Janice L. & David J.Frent, (r)Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of Edgar William and Bernice ChryslerGarbisch, 1963. (62.256.7); 223 MTV; 224 Robert King/Newsmakers/Liaison Agency;226 Collection of Janice L. & David J. Frent; 227 Corbis-Bettmann; 228 The Metro-politan Museum of Art; 229 Itsu Inouye/Wide World; 230 Stock Montage; 231Reuters NewMedia/CORBIS; 234 James Colburn/Ipol; 236 Shonna Valeska; 237 SteveNorthup, Time Magazine ©Time, Inc.; 238 Ron Sachs/CORBIS; 240 (l)John F.Kennedy Library, (c)National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution/Art Resource,NY, (r)Library of Congress; 241 (l)Doug Mills/Wide World, (r)JohnFicara/Newsweek; 243 ©1998 Bob Mankoff from The Cartoon Bank, Inc.; 244 OwenFranken/CORBIS; 245 Rob Huntley/Lightstream; 247 Library of Congress; 248(l)UPI/Corbis-Bettmann, (r)Reuters NewMedia/CORBIS; 249 Larry Burrows, LifeMagazine ©Time, Inc.; 251 courtesy Central Intelligence Agency; 252 Oliphant©1973, Denver Post. Distributed by the Los Angeles Times Syndicate. Reprinted withpermission; 253 National Archives; 254 Picture Research Consultants & Archives; 255Karl Rubenthal/LBJ Library; 256 Corporation for National Service; 258 (l)The Met-ropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of Edgar William and Bernice Chrysler Garbisch, 1963,(r)Dirck Halstead/Gamma Liaison; 259 Smithsonian Institution; 260 (l)Collection ofThe New-York Historical Society, (r)Ranan R. Lurie; 261 U.S. Coast Guard; 262(l)Yoichi R. Okamoto/LBJ Library, (r)Porter Gifford/Gamma Liaison; 264 NixonPresidential Materials Project; 265 The White House; 266 (t)Ed Reinke/Wide World,(b)courtesy Habitat for Humanity; 269 (tl)Collection of Janice L. & David J. Frent,(tc)Collection of Janice L. & David J. Frent, (tr)Collection of Janice L. & David J.Frent, (b)Bill Greenblatt/Newsmakers/Liaison; 270 (t)NBC Photo, (b)Collection ofJanice L. & David J. Frent; 273 ©1998 Mike Stevens from The Cartoon Bank, Inc.; 274Jim Pickerell/Gamma Liaison; 275 Courtesy of the United States Federal Bureau of In-vestigation; 277 Picture Research Consultants & Archives; 279 Uniphoto; 280 NASA;281 Jeff Greenberg/The Picture Cube; 284 National Postal Museum, Smithsonian In-stitution; 285 Scott Sachman © National Parks & Conservation Association; 286 Li-brary of Congress; 288 John Emmons/Ipol; 289 Tribune Media Services; 290Lawrence Migdale/Stock Boston; 291 Doug Martin; 292 Bob Daemmrich/Uniphoto;293 Larry Downing/Sygma; 294 (l)NASA, (r)Ralph Morse/Life Magazine ©Time,Inc.; 295 Richard Ellis/Sygma; 296 (l)People Weekly ©1997 Neal Preston, (r)Drug En-forcement Administration; 301 Tribune Media Services; 302 Ken Heinen; 304 BobDaemmrich Photography; 305 “John Marshall” by Febret de Saint Memin, 1801.Duke University Archives; 307 Lisa Biganzoli/National Geographic Society; 309(l)courtesy The Historic New Orleans Collection, (r)Carl Iwaski, Life Magazine©Time, Inc.; 310 UPI/Corbis-Bettmann; 311 Nancy Andrews/Wide World; 312 cour-tesy National Security Archive; 313 (l)Rob Huntley/Lightstream, (r)Susan Farley©1992 New York Newsday; 315 Bob Daemmrich Photography; 318 (tl)Underwood &Underwood/Corbis-Bettmann, (tr)Emmett Collection, New York Public Library,(b)Joseph J. Scherchel/National Geographic Society Image Collection; 319 RobertLlewellyn; 320 Portrait by John Sydney Hopkinson/Collection of The Supreme Courtof The United States; 321 (l)Supreme Court Historical Society, (r)Ken Heinen; 322(t)Supreme Court Historical Society, (b)Ken Heinen; 324 (t)Jim Brandenburg/Min-den Pictures, (b)courtesy Renée Askins; 325 Reuters/Corbis-Bettmann; 326 US PostalService; 327 Portrait by George Augusta/Collection of The Supreme Court of TheUnited States; 329 ©1981 by Herblock in The Washington Post; 330 Robert Llewellyn;331 Doug Martin; 333 James A. Finley/Wide World; 334 (l)UPI/Corbis-Bettmann,(r)Random House Inc., NY; 335 Erich Solomon; 336 Library of Congress; 337AFP/CORBIS; 339 Cartoonists & Writers Syndicate; 340 Nancy Richmond/The

897-898 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:58 AM Page 897

898 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND CREDITS

Acknowledgments and Credits

cal History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC; 562 Ron Edmunds/WideWorld; 563 Steve Warmowski; 565 Internal Revenue Service; 566 Harry Bates/For-tune Magazine; 570 (l)Steven Senne/AP/Wide World Photo, (r)Louis Psihoyos/Ma-trix; 571 Bob Daemmrich Photgraphy; 573 Raeside/Cartoonists & Writers Syndicate;574 SuperStock; 575 Bob Daemmrich Photography; 576 International Brotherhoodof Teamsters; 577 (t)UPI/Corbis-Bettmann, (b)Bob Daemmrich Photography; 580Bob Daemmrich Photography; 581 The Oakland Museum; 584 Bruce Forster/Stone;587 (l)Pete Souza/Gamma Liaison, (r)Environmental Protection Agency; 588 BillGreene/The Boston Globe; 590 Food and Drug Administration; 593 NinaBerman/Sipa Press; 594 Chuck Harrity/US News & World Report; 596 courtesy Stu-dents Against Destructive Decisions; 597 Bob Daemmrich Photography; 598(l)William Mercer McLeod, (r)Picture Research Consultants & Archives; 600 Jim LoScalzo; 601 (l)Lake County (IL)Museum/Curt Teich Postcard Archives, (r)ShelburneMuseum, Shelburne VT/Photo by Ken Buris; 603 CORBIS SYGMA; 605 Toles ©1996US News & World Report. Reprinted with permission of UNIVERSAL PRESS SYN-DICATE; 606 Getty Images; 607 Reuters NewMedia/CORBIS; 608 AFP/CORBIS; 609Eric Bouvet/Matrix; 610 (l)The Michael Barson Collection/Past Perfect, (r)PictureResearch Consultants & Archives; 611 (t)Jim Storey, (b)Rob Huntley/Lightstream;612 (l)David Burnett/Contact Press Images, (r)Collection of Janice L. & David J.Frent; 614 Picture Research Consultants & Archives; 615 The White House; 616 USArmy; 617 AFP/CORBIS; 618 Steve Lehman/Saba; 619 Rothco Cartoons; 621 JeromeDelay/Wide World; 622 Isabel Cutler/Gamma Liaison; 623 AFP/CORBIS; 626 BillGentile/SIPA Press; 627 Larry Lefever from Grant Heilman; 628 Museum of Ameri-can Political Life/Anderson; 630 Jon Jones/Sygma; 631 Bob Daemmrich Photography;633 Arcadio/Cartoonists & Writers Syndicate; 634 Frank Siteman/Stock Boston; 636Jerry Howard/Stock Boston; 637 courtesy The Rhode Island Historical Library; 638Henry Francis duPont Winterthur Museum; 639 Dan Groshong/Sygma; 641, 643 BobDaemmrich Photography; 645 courtesy Ron Thornburgh, Secretary of State, StateCapitol, Topeka KS; 646 Bob Daemmrich Photography; 648 J. Koontz/The PictureCube; 649 Bob Daemmrich Photography; 650 (t)L.L. Griffin Photography, (b)Thor-ney Lieberman; 655 Bob Daemmrich Photography; 656 Camerique/The PictureCube; 657, 659 Bob Daemmrich Photography; 661 John Klosner; 662 Michael L.Abramson/Life Magazine ©Time, Inc.; 663 Office of the Mayor, Des Moines IA; 665Bob Daemmrich Photography; 666 M. Fernandes/Washington Stock Photo; 668Coutesy of the City of Hearne, Texas; 669 Jeffery Titcomb/Gamma Liaison; 670(l)Museum of the City of New York, (r)Berle Cherney/Uniphoto; 672 JamesBlank/Stock Boston; 676 Bill Pugliano/Gamma Liaison; 677 Robert Maass/CORBIS;678 Rhoda Sidney/Stock Boston; 680 courtesy Gillian Kilberg; 681 Trinity College;683 Miro Vintoniv/Stock Boston; 685 Signe/Philadelphia Daily News/Cartoonists &Writers Syndicate; 686 Robert Llewellyn; 688 David Turnley/Corbis; 689 Bob Daemm-rich Photography; 690 David Cairns/Sipa Press; 695 Rob Huntley/Lightstream; 696Reuters NewMedia/CORBIS; 697 Czarak Sokolowski/Wide World; 699 John Chias-son/Gamma Liaison; 700 (l)Joe Raedle/Newsmakers/Liaison, (r)Wesley Bocxe/news-makers/Liaison; 702 Joel Simon; 703 Sovfoto/Eastfoto; 704 courtesy Wheels forHumanity; 705 (l)Carl Ho/Reuters/Corbis-Bettmann, (r)Vincent Yu/Wide World;706 ©1994 Dayton Daily News and Tribune Media Services, Inc. courtesy Grimmy,Inc.; 708 AP/Wide World Photos; 709 AP/Wide World Photos; 710 Kindra Clin-eff/The Picture Cube; 713 Dante Busquets/Gamma Liaison; 715 Henge/Cartoonists &Writers Syndicate; 716 Fritz Hoffman/Network; 717 Bill Gallery/Stock Boston; 718Tom Wagner/Saba; 720 (t)Jim McHugh/Outline, (b)courtesy Food from the Hood;721 Wide World; 724 (l)Larry Luxner, (r)Chilean Trade Commission; 725 PictureResearch Consultants & Archives; 726 P. Le Segretain/Sygma; 727 Liz Gilbert/Sygma;728 Michael S. Yamashita/CORBIS 729 Sovfoto/Eastfoto; 730 Bob Daemmrich Pho-tography; 731 Reuters Newmedia/CORBIS; 732 Reuters NewMedia/CORBIS; 735Greg Girard/Contact Press Images; 737 Beth A. Keiser/Wide World; 739 Carlson©1993/Milwaukee Sentinel/Reprinted with permission of UNIVERSAL PRESS SYN-DICATE; 740 G. Silverstein/Washington Stock Photo; 746-752 White House Histor-ical Association; 753 (t,c) White House Historical Association, (b) Bush 2000Campaign; 754 Ken Heinen; 756 Supreme Court Historical Society; 757 Picture Re-search Consultants & Archives; 759 Rob Huntley/Lightstream; 770 (t)Raza Estakhri-an/Tony Stone Images, (b)Historical Society of Pennsylvania; 774 Mark Burnett; 796Cobalt Productions; 799 Paul Conklin; 801 SuperStock; 803 Corbis-Bettmann; 804SuperStock; 806, 807 Corbis-Bettmann; 808 Picture Research Consultants &Archives; 812 Corbis-Bettmann; 815 National Gallery of Art, Washington DC; 817Corbis-Bettmann; 818 Smithsonian Institution; 819 North Wind Picture Archives;820 National Portrait Gallery/Smithsonian Institution/Art Resource, NY; 821 Smith-sonian Institution; 822 UPI/Corbis-Bettmann; 823 Franklin D. Roosevelt Library; 824Glencoe file photo; 825 Flip Schulke/Black Star; 826 Tim Crosby/Liaison; 827 COR-BIS/SYGMA; 837 Dennis Brack/Black Star; 838 Charlie Westerman/Gamma Liaison;839 John Chiasson/Gamma Liaison; 841 National Park Service; 842 Social SecurityAdministration.

Image Works; 341 White House Historical Association; 342 Collection of Janice L. &David J. Frent; 343 Portrait by Bjorn Egeli/Collection of The Supreme Court of TheUnited States; 344 Ken Heinen; 346 (l)Bob Adelman/Magnum, (r)Charles E. Stein-heimer, Life Magazine ©Time, Inc.; 347 Tribune Media Services; 348 Franklin D.Roosevelt Library; 349 Ken Heinen; 351 ©1998 Reprinted courtesy Bunny Hoest andParade Magazine; 352 Barth Falkenberg/Stock Boston; 354 Laina Druskis/StockBoston; 355 Charles Gupton/Stock Boston; 357 Bob Fitch/Black Star; 358 Picture Re-search Consultants & Archives; 359 (l)Eric P. Newman Numismatic Education Soci-ety, (c)Rob Huntley/Lightstream, (r)Eric Bouvet/Gamma Liaison; 360 BobDaemmrich Photography; 362 Bob Daemmrich Photography; 364 James Conklin;365 Audrey Gibson/Washington Stock Photo; 366 courtesy Patrick Griffin/Photo byWayne W. Fisher; 367 (l)Hiroji Kubota/Magnum, (r)Eddie Adams/Time Magazine;368 Wide World; 369 Paul S. Conklin; 371 D. Boone/Westlight; 372 (l)UPI/Corbis-Bettmann, (r)Wide World; 373 Glenn Martin/Denver Post/Wide World; 374 Nor-man Walker/Constitution Magazine; 376 courtesy Simon MOA Management Co.,Inc.; 377 Rob Badger/FPG; 378 Rob Huntley/Lightstream; 379 Wide World; 380Charles Moore/Black Star; 381 (t)Union Summer, (b)Agence France Presse/Corbis-Bettmann; 383 F. Pedrick/The Image Works; 385 ©1985 by Sidney Harris; 386 JosephSohm/Chromosohm; 387 Hikaru Iwasaki/National Archives; 388 National Park Ser-vice Collection/Gift of Angelo Forgione; 389 Bob Daemmrich Photography; 391 Peo-ple Weekly © 1993 Ian Cook; 392 (l)Library of Congress, (r)Portrait by George PAHealy/Collection of the Supreme Court of The United States; 393 Bob DaemmrichPhotography; 394 Uniphoto; 395 (t)Torsten Kjellstrand, (b)Ranko Chkovic/Sygma;396, 397 Bob Daemmrich Photography; 398 UPI/Corbis-Bettmann; 399 (t)ThereseFrare/Black Star, (b)Bob Daemmrich Photography; 400 Bob Daemmrich Photogra-phy; 401 Division of Political History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC; 402(l)Bob Daemmrich Photography, (r)Flip Schulke; 403 UPI/Corbis-Bettmann; 406Bob Daemmrich Photography; 407 Wide World; 408 (l)Bruce Roberts/Photo Re-searchers, (r)Collection of Janice L. & David J. Frent; 409 Picture Research Consul-tants & Archives; 411, 412 Bob Daemmrich Photography; 413 (l)GaryWagner/Sygma, (r)Walt Zeboski/Wide World; 414 Bob Daemmrich Photography;415 (l)Collection of Janice L. & David J. Frent, (r)Library of Congress; 416Topham/The Image Works; 417 Nick Ut/Wide World; 418 Bob Daemmrich Photog-raphy; 419 Picture Research Consultants & Archives; 421 Steve Kelley/Copley NewsService; 422 David W. Hamilton/The Image Bank; 423 Photri, Inc.; 424 Collection ofThe New-York Historical Society; 426 Bob Daemmrich Photography; 427 courtesyTabor Academy; 428 James Wilson/Woodfin Camp & Associates; 429 GregSmith/Saba; 430 John Biever/Sports Illustrated; 431 (l)courtesy Vernon A. Martin Re-altors, (r)Paul Barton/The Stock Market; 432 (l)Corbis-Bettmann, (r)Bob Daemm-rich Photography; 433 Bob Daemmrich Photography; 434 (l)Corbis-Bettmann,(r)Bob Daemmrich Photography; 435 John Neubauer; 436 Bob Daemmrich Photog-raphy; 437 Ogust/The Image Works; 439 (t)Bob Daemmrich Photography,(b)MADD; 440 courtesy Mary Ellen Beaver; 441 (l)Bob Daemmrich Photography,(r)Bob Daemmrich Photography; 443 Val Mazzenga/Chicago Tribune Magazine; 445(t)Ilene Perlman/Stock Boston, (b)Bob Daemmrich Photography; 446 (t)BobDaemmrich Photography, (b)Picture Research Consultants & Archives; 449 Har-ris/Cartoonists & Writers Syndicate; 450 Shelburne Museum; 452 Tom Fox/CORBIS;453 J.A. Pevlovsky/Sygma; 456 (l)Library of Congress, (r)David Woo/Stock Boston;457 Museum of American Political Life; 458 courtesy Jason Brinton; 459, 460 Collec-tion of Janice L. & David J. Frent; 461 Ted Thai/Time Magazine; 463 RobHuntley/Lightstream; 464 Collection of Janice L. & David J. Frent; 465 (t)Rick Fried-man/Black Star, (b)Larry Hawkins/Eufala Photography; 466 Collection of The New-York Historical Society; 467 (l)Doug Martin, (r)Mark Avery/CORBIS; 468 Doug Martin; 469 Stephan Savoia/AP Wide World Photos; 470 Divi-sion of Political History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC; 473 ©1978 byHerblock in The Washington Post; 474 Kraft Brooks/Corbis Sygma; 475 TimePix.;478 Bob Daemmrich/Uniphoto; 479 Toles ©1996 The Buffalo News. Reprinted withpermission of UNIVERSAL PRESS SYNDICATE; 481 Charles Gupton/Uniphoto;482 (t)courtesy Office of the Governor, (b)Courtesy of the United States Environ-mental Protection Agency; 483 (l)Collection of Janice L. & David J. Frent, (r)MattHerron; 485 Bob Daemmrich Photography; 486 Matt Meadows; 487 Schlowsky Pho-tography; 490 Allan Tannenbaum/Sygma; 492 Bob Daemmrich Photography; 493Paul Szep; 501 Reprinted by permission of John Trevor, Albuquerque Journal; 502Bob Daemmrich Photography; 503 MADD; 504 (l)Scott Sachman ©National Parksand Conservation Association, (r)Scott Sachman © National Parks and ConservationAssociation; 506 Bob Daemmrich Photography; 507 Public Citizen News; 508 (t)TedMorrison, (b)Mark Burnett; 509 Wide World; 511 Mike Keefe/The Denver Post; 512courtesy David Laughery; 514 Channel One News; 515 Steve Liss/Time Magazine; 516Bob Daemmrich Photography; 518 Rick Schmidt/Sygma; 519 L. Clarke/CORBIS; 526Doug Mills/Wide World; 527 Picture Research Consultants & Archives; 528 Libraryof Congress; 529 Amy Sancetta/AP Wide World Photos; 530 (t)Picture Research Con-sultants & Archives, (b)Bob Daemmrich Photography; 531 courtesy CNN; 532Manuello Paganelli; 533 Donna Cox & Robert Patterson/NCSA; 534 C-SPAN; 535Wilfredo Lee/Wide World; 536 Charles Phillips/Smithsonian Institution; 538 (t)JohnZich/Wide World, (b)Scribner’s; 540 C-SPAN; 542 Entertainment Weekly; 543 Ter-rence McCarthy/The New York Times; 544 Les Stone/Corbis Sygma; 545 FederalCommunications Commission; 547 Dennis Brack/Black Star; 548 Terry Ashe/TimeMagazine; 549 Stephenson/Zuma; 551 Tony Auth. Reprinted with permission ofUNIVERSAL PRESS SYNDICATE; 552 Robert Llewellyn/Folio; 554 AlexWong/Getty Images; 555 Culver Pictures; 556 (l)Tribune Media Services, (r)BobDaemmrich Photography; 558 Bob Daemmrich Photography; 560 Division of Politi-

897-898 EM-860053 12/6/04 11:58 AM Page 898