United States Environmental ProtectionAgency

Environmental Protection AgencyEPA

Seal of the Environmental Protection Agency

Flag of the Environmental Protection AgencyAgency overview

Formed December 2, 1970Employees 15,408 (2014)[1]Annualbudget

$8.2 billion (2014)[1]

Agencyexecutives

Gina McCarthy, AdministratorStan Meiburg, Acting DeputyAdministrator

Website www.EPA.gov

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"EPA" and "Environmental Protection Agency" redirect here. For other uses, see EPA(disambiguation).

The United States Environmental ProtectionAgency[2] (EPA or sometimes USEPA) is anagency of the U.S. federal government whichwas created for the purpose of protectinghuman health and the environment by writingand enforcing regulations based on laws passedby Congress.[3] The EPA was proposed byPresident Richard Nixon and began operationon December 2, 1970, after Nixon signed anexecutive order. The order establishing the EPAwas ratified by committee hearings in the Houseand Senate.[4] The agency is led by itsAdministrator, who is appointed by the presidentand approved by Congress. The currentadministrator is Gina McCarthy.[5] The EPA isnot a Cabinet department, but the administratoris normally given cabinet rank.The EPA has its headquarters in Washington,D.C., regional offices for each of the agency'sten regions, and 27 laboratories. The agencyconducts environmental assessment, research,and education. It has the responsibility ofmaintaining and enforcing national standardsunder a variety of environmental laws, inconsultation with state, tribal, and local governments. It delegates some permitting,monitoring, and enforcement responsibility to U.S. states and the federally recognized tribes.EPA enforcement powers include fines, sanctions, and other measures. The agency alsoworks with industries and all levels of government in a wide variety of voluntary pollutionprevention programs and energy conservation efforts.The agency has approximately 15,193 full-time employees[6] and engages many morepeople on a contractual basis. More than half of EPA human resources are engineers,scientists, and environmental protection specialists; other groups include legal, public affairs,financial, and information technologists. In 2015, the Government Accountability Office statedthat the EPA violated federal law with covert propaganda on their social media platforms. Thesocial media messaging that was used promoted materials supporting the Waters of theUnited States rule, including materials that were designed to oppose legislative efforts to limitor block the rule.[7]

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Stacks emitting smoke from burningdiscarded automobile batteries, photo

Contents1 History2 EPA offices3 EPA regions4 Related legislation

4.1 Air4.2 Water4.3 Land4.4 Endangered species4.5 Hazardous waste4.6 Other

5 Programs5.1 Energy Star5.2 Pesticide5.3 Environmental Impact Statement Review5.4 Safer Detergents Stewardship Initiative5.5 EPA Safer Choice5.6 Fuel economy5.7 Air quality5.8 Oil pollution5.9 WaterSense5.10 Drinking water5.11 Radiation protection

6 Research vessel7 Advance identification8 Controversies

8.1 The "LT2" drinking water controversy8.2 Fiscal mismanagement8.3 Fuel economy8.4 Global warming8.5 Libraries8.6 Mercury emissions8.7 9/11 air ratings8.8 Very fine airborne particulates8.9 Political pressure and scientific integrity8.10 Environmental justice8.11 Gold King Mine waste water spill

9 List of EPA administrators10 See also11 References12 External links

History [ edit ]Beginning in the late 1950s[8] and through the 1960s,Congress reacted to increasing public concern aboutthe impact that human activity could have on theenvironment. A key legislative option to address thisconcern was the declaration of a nationalenvironmental policy.[9] Advocates of this approachargued that without a specific policy, federal agencieswere neither able nor inclined to consider theenvironmental impacts of their actions in fulfilling the

Edit links

Simple EnglishSloveninaSrpskohrvatski /SuomiSvenska

TrkeTing Vit

taken in Houston in 1972 by Marc St.Gil (cs), official photographer of recentlyfounded EPA

Same smokestacks in 1975 after theplant was closed in a push for greaterenvironmental protection

Ruckelshaus sworn in as first EPAAdministrator.

agency's mission.[citation needed] The statute thatultimately addressed this issue was the NationalEnvironmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA, 42 U.S.C. 43214347).[10] Senator Henry M. Jacksonproposed and helped write S 1075, the bill thateventually became the National Environmental PolicyAct. The law was signed by President Nixon onJanuary 1, 1970. NEPA was the first of several majorenvironmental laws passed in the 1970s. It declareda national policy to protect the environment andcreated a Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) inthe Executive Office of the President.[citation needed] Toimplement the national policy, NEPA required that adetailed statement of environmental impacts beprepared for all major federal actions significantlyaffecting the environment. The "detailed statement"would ultimately be referred to as an environmentalimpact statement (EIS).

In 1970,PresidentRichard Nixonproposed anexecutivereorganization that would consolidate many of thefederal government's environmental responsibilitiesunder one agency, a new Environmental ProtectionAgency. That reorganization proposal was reviewedand passed by the House and Senate.[11] For at least

10 years before NEPA was enacted,[12][better source needed] Congress debated issues that theact would ultimately address.[citation needed] The act was modeled on the Resources andConservation Act of 1959, introduced by Senator James E. Murray in the 86th Congress.[13]That bill would have established an environmental advisory counsel in the office of thePresident, declared a national environmental policy, and required the preparation of anannual environmental report.[14][better source needed] In the years following the introduction ofSenator Murray's bill, similar bills were introduced and hearings were held to discuss thestate of the environment and Congress's potential responses to perceived problems. In1968, a joint House-Senate colloquium was convened by the chairmen of the SenateCommittee on Interior and Insular Affairs (Senator Henry Jackson) and the House Committeeon Science and Astronautics (Representative George Miller) to discuss the need for andpotential means of implementing a national environmental policy. In the colloquium, someMembers of Congress expressed a continuing concern over federal agency actions affectingthe environment.[15]

The EPA began regulating greenhouse gases (GHGs) from mobile and stationary sources ofair pollution under the Clean Air Act (CAA) for the first time on January 2, 2011. Standardsfor mobile sources have been established pursuant to Section 202 of the CAA, and GHGsfrom stationary sources are controlled under the authority of Part C of Title I of the Act. Seethe page Regulation of Greenhouse Gases Under the Clean Air Act for further information.In May 2013, Congress renamed the EPA headquarters as the William Jefferson ClintonFederal Building, after former president Bill Clinton.[16]

The administrative regions of theUnited States Environmental ProtectionAgency.

EPA offices [ edit ]Office of the Administrator (OA)[17]Office of Administration and Resources Management (OARM)[18]Office of Air and Radiation (OAR)[19]Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention (OCSPP)[20]Office of the Chief Financial Officer (OCFO)[21]Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (OECA)[22]Office of Environmental Information (OEI)[23]Office of General Counsel (OGC)[24]Office of Inspector General (OIG)[25]Office of International and Tribal Affairs (OITA)[26]Office of Research and Development (ORD)[27]Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER)[28]Office of Water (OW)[29]

EPA regions [ edit ]Each EPA regional office is responsible within itsstates for implementing the Agency's programs,except those programs that have been specificallydelegated to states.

Region 1: responsible within the states ofConnecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, NewHampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont (NewEngland).Region 2: responsible within the states of NewJersey and New York. It is also responsible for theUS territories of Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.Region 3: responsible within the states of Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia,West Virginia, and the District of Columbia.Region 4: responsible within the states of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky,Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee.Region 5: responsible within the states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, andWisconsin.Region 6: responsible within the states of Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma,and Texas.Region 7: responsible within the states of Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska.Region 8: responsible within the states of Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, SouthDakota, Utah, and Wyoming.Region 9: responsible within the states of Arizona, California, Hawai'i, Nevada, and theterritories of Guam and American Samoa.Region 10: responsible within the states of Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington.

Each regional office also implements programs on Indian Tribal lands, except thoseprograms delegated to Tribal authorities.

Related legislation [ edit ]The legislation here is general environmental protection legislation, and may also apply toother units of the government, including the Department of the Interior and the Departmentof Agriculture.

This article may contain an excessive amount ofintricate detail that may only interest a specificaudience. Please help by spinning off or relocating anyrelevant information, and removing excessive detail thatmay be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. (October 2010)

Air [ edit ]1955: Air Pollution Control Act PL 84-1591963: Clean Air Act PL 88-2061965: Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act PL 89-2721966: Clean Air Act Amendments PL 89-6751967: Air Quality Act PL 90-1481970: Clean Air Act Extension PL 91-6041977: Clean Air Act Amendments PL 95-951990: Clean Air Act Amendments PL 101-549

Water [ edit ]1948: Water Pollution Control Act PL 80-8451965: Water Quality Act PL 89-2341966: Clean Waters Restoration Act PL 89-7531970: Water Quality Improvement Act PL 91-2241972: Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments of 1972 PL 92-5001974: Safe Drinking Water Act PL 93-5231977: Clean Water Act PL 95-2171987: Water Quality Act PL 100-41996: Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996

Land [ edit ]1964: Wilderness Act PL 88-5771968: Wild and Scenic Rivers Act PL 90-5421970: Wilderness Act PL 91-5041977: Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act PL 95-871978: Wilderness Act PL 98-6251980: Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act PL 96-4871994: California Desert Protection Act PL 103-4332010: California Desert Protection Act

Endangered species [ edit ]1946: Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act PL 79-7321966: Endangered Species Preservation Act PL 89-6691969: Endangered Species Conservation Act PL 91-1351972: Marine Mammal Protection Act PL 92-5221973: Endangered Species Act PL 93-2051979: Endangered Species Preservation Act PL 95 335

Hazardous waste [ edit ]1965: Solid Waste Disposal Act PL 89-2721970: Resource Recovery Act PL 91-5121976: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act PL 94-580

A bulldozer piles boulders in anattempt to prevent lake shore erosion,1973 (photograph by Paul Sequeira,photojournalist and contributingphotographer to the EnvironmentalProtection Agency's DOCUMERICAproject in the early 1970s)

1980: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act("Superfund") PL 96-5101984: Hazardous and Solid Wastes Amendments Act PL 98-6161986: Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act PL 99-4992002: Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act ("BrownfieldsLaw") PL 107-118

Other [ edit ]1947: Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act PL 80-1041969: National Environmental Policy Act PL 91-1901972: Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act PL 92-5161976: Toxic Substances Control Act PL 94-4691982: Nuclear Waste Repository Act PL 97-4251996: Food Quality Protection Act PL 104-170

Programs [ edit ]This section is missinginformation about severalmajor EPA programs.Please expand the sectionto include this information.Further details may exist onthe talk page. (October 2010)

Energy Star [ edit ]Main article: Energy Star

In 1992 the EPA launched the Energy Star program,a voluntary program that fosters energy efficiency.

Pesticide [ edit ]EPA administers the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) (which ismuch older than the agency) and registers all pesticides legally sold in the United States.

Environmental Impact Statement Review [ edit ]EPA is responsible for reviewing Environmental Impact Statements of other federal agencies'projects, under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA).

Safer Detergents Stewardship Initiative [ edit ]Through the Safer Detergents Stewardship Initiative (SDSI),[30] EPA's Design for theEnvironment (DfE) recognizes environmental leaders who voluntarily commit to the use ofsafer surfactants. Safer surfactants are the ones that break down quickly to non-pollutingcompounds and help protect aquatic life in both fresh and salt water. Nonylphenolethoxylates, commonly referred to as NPEs, are an example of a surfactant class that doesnot meet the definition of a safer surfactant.The Design for the Environment, which was renamed to EPA Safer Choice in 2015, hasidentified safer alternative surfactants through partnerships with industry and environmentaladvocates. These safer alternatives are comparable in cost and are readily available.CleanGredients[31] is a source of safer surfactants.

EPA Safer Choice [ edit ]The EPA Safer Choice label, previously known as the Design for the Environment (DfE) label,helps consumers and commercial buyers identify and select products with safer chemicalingredients, without sacrificing quality or performance. When a product has the Safer Choicelabel, it means that every intentionally - added ingredient in the product has been evaluatedby EPA scientists. Only the safest possible functional ingredients are allowed in products withthe Safer Choice label.

Fuel economy [ edit ]Manufacturers selling automobiles in the USA are required to provide EPA fuel economy testresults for their vehicles and the manufacturers are not allowed to provide results fromalternate sources. The fuel economy is calculated using the emissions data collected duringtwo of the vehicle's Clean Air Act certification tests by measuring the total volume of carboncaptured from the exhaust during the tests.The current testing system was originally developed in 1972 and used driving cyclesdesigned to simulate driving during rush-hour in Los Angeles during that era. Prior to 1984the EPA reported the exact fuel economy figures calculated from the test. In 1984, the EPAbegan adjusting city (aka Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule or UDDS) results downwardby 10% and highway (aka HighWay Fuel Economy Test or HWFET) results by 22% tocompensate for changes in driving conditions since 1972 and to better correlate the EPA testresults with real-world driving. In 1996, the EPA proposed updating the Federal TestingProcedures[32] to add a new higher speed test (US06) and an air-conditioner on test (SC03)to further improve the correlation of fuel economy and emission estimates with real-worldreports. The updated testing methodology was finalized in December, 2006 forimplementation with model year 2008 vehicles and set the precedent of a 12-year reviewcycle for the test procedures.[33]

In February 2005, the organization launched a program called "Your MPG"[34] that allowsdrivers to add real-world fuel economy statistics into a database on the EPA's fuel economywebsite and compare them with others and the original EPA test results.It is important to note that the EPA actually conducts these tests on very few vehicles. "Whilethe public mistakenly presumes that this federal agency is hard at work conductingcomplicated tests on every new model of truck, van, car, and SUV, in reality, just 18 of theEPA's 17,000 employees work in the automobile-testing department in Ann Arbor, Michigan,examining 200 to 250 vehicles a year, or roughly 15 percent of new models. As to that other85 percent, the EPA takes automakers at their wordwithout any testing-acceptingsubmitted results as accurate."[35] Two-thirds of the vehicles the EPA tests themselves areselected randomly, and the remaining third are tested for specific reasons.Although originally created as a reference point for fossil fuelled vehicles, driving cycles havebeen used for estimating how many miles an electric vehicle will do on a single charge.[36]

Air quality [ edit ]The Air Quality Modeling Group (AQMG) is in the EPA's Office of Air and Radiation (OAR)and provides leadership and direction on the full range of air quality models, air pollutiondispersion models[37][38] and other mathematical simulation techniques used in assessingpollution control strategies and the impacts of air pollution sources.The AQMG serves as the focal point on air pollution modeling techniques for other EPAheadquarters staff, EPA regional Offices, and State and local environmental agencies. Itcoordinates with the EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD) on the developmentof new models and techniques, as well as wider issues of atmospheric research. Finally, the

AQMG conducts modeling analyses to support the policy and regulatory decisions of theEPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS).The AQMG is located in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

Oil pollution [ edit ]SPCC: Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure Rule. Applies to all facilities that store,handle, process, gather, transfer, store, refine, distribute, use or consume oil or oil products.Oil products includes petroleum and non-petroleum oils as well as: animal fats, oils andgreases; fish and marine mammal oils; and vegetable oils, (including oils from seeds, nuts,fruits, and kernels). Mandates that a written plan is required for facilities that store more than1,320 gallons of fuel above ground or more than 42,000 gallons below-ground, and mayreasonably be expected to discharge to navigable waters(as defined in the Clean WaterAct)or adjoining shorelines. Secondary Containment mandated at oil storage facilities. Oilrelease containment is required at oil development sites.

WaterSense [ edit ]Main article: WaterSense

WaterSense is an EPA program designed to encourage water efficiency in the United Statesthrough the use of a special label on consumer products. It was launched in June 2006.[39]Products include high-efficiency toilets (HETs), bathroom sink faucets (and accessories), andirrigation equipment. WaterSense is a voluntary program, with EPA developing specificationsfor water-efficient products through a public process and product testing by independentlaboratories.[40]

Drinking water [ edit ]Main article: Safe Drinking Water Act

EPA ensures safe drinking water for the public, by setting standards for more than 160,000public water systems throughout the United States. EPA oversees states, local governmentsand water suppliers to enforce the standards, under the Safe Drinking Water Act. Theprogram includes regulation of injection wells in order to protect underground sources ofdrinking water. Select readings of amounts of certain contaminants in drinking water,precipitation, and surface water, in addition to milk and air, are reported on EPA's Rad Netweb site in a section entitled Envirofacts . In certain cases, readings exceeding EPA MCLlevels are deleted or not included[41][42] despite mandatory reporting regulations. A draft ofrevised EPA regulations relaxes the regulations for radiation exposure through drinkingwater, stating that current standards are impractical to enforce. The EPA is recommendingthat intervention is not necessary until drinking water is contaminated with radioactive iodine131 at a concentration of 81,000 picocuries per liter (the limit for short term exposure set bythe International Atomic Energy Agency), which is 27,000 times the current EPA limit of 3picocuries per liter for long term exposure.[43]

Radiation protection [ edit ]EPA has the following seven project groups to protect the public from radiation.[44]

1. Radioactive Waste Management[45]2. Emergency Preparedness and Response Programs[46]

Protective Action Guides And Planning Guidance for Radiological IncidentsEPA developed the manual[47] to provide guideline for local and state governments toprotect public from nuclear accident.

1. EPA Cleanup and Multi-Agency Programs[48]

OSV Bold docked at Port Canaveral,FL

EPA headquarters in Washington,D.C.

2. Risk Assessment and Federal Guidance Programs[49]3. Naturally-Occurring Radioactive Materials Program[50]4. Air and Water Programs[51]5. Radiation Source Reduction and Management[52]

Research vessel [ edit ]Main article: USNS Bold (T-AGOS-12)

On March 3, 2004, the United States Navytransferred USNS Bold, a Stalwart class oceansurveillance ship, to the EPA, now known as OSVBold. The ship, previously used in anti-submarineoperations during the Cold War, is equipped withsidescan sonar, underwater video, water andsediment sampling instruments, used in study ofocean and coastline. One of the major missions ofthe Bold was to monitor for ecological impact siteswhere materials are dumped from dredgingoperations in U.S. ports.[53] In 2013, the Bold wasawarded to Seattle Central Community College (SCCC) by the General ServicesAdministration. SCCC demonstrated in a competition that they would put it to the highest andbest purpose, and acquired the ship at a cost of $5,000.[54]

Advance identification [ edit ]Advance identification, or ADID, is a planning process used by the EPA to identify wetlandsand other bodies of water and their respective suitability for the discharge of dredged and fillmaterial. The EPA conducts the process in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers and local states or Native American Tribes. As of February 1993, 38 ADID projectshad been completed and 33 were ongoing.[55]

Controversies [ edit ]There has been political controversy[who?] overwhether environmental regulations generally increaseor decrease national employment.[56][57][58][59]

The "LT2" drinking water controversy[ edit ]

In 2005 the EPA issued a rule known as LT2,[60] toreduce the incidence of disease caused bymicroorganisms in drinking water. The rule requirescovering open-air reservoirs containing finisheddrinking water.To comply with the rule the EPA ordered that a cap be placed over the Hillview Reservoir, theopen reservoir where water bound for New York Citys receives its final disinfection beforeentering the pipelines that serve the city.[61] A number of city and state officials complainedthat the project was too costly and unnecessary.[62] The Hillview project is currently beingreviewed by the EPA.In Portland, Oregon there was opposition to capping its reservoirs from a local citizens groupand city officials, but recently the city has decided to stop fighting and bring its reservoirs into

compliance with LT2.[63][64]

Fiscal mismanagement [ edit ]EPA director Anne M. Gorsuch resigned under fire in 1983 during a scandal overmismanagement of a $1.6 billion program to clean up hazardous waste dumps. Gorsuchbased her administration of the EPA on the New Federalism approach of downsizing federalagencies by delegating their functions and services to the individual states.[65] She believedthat the EPA was over-regulating business and that the agency was too large and not cost-effective. During her 22 months as agency head, she cut the budget of the EPA by 22%,reduced the number of cases filed against polluters, relaxed Clean Air Act regulations, andfacilitated the spraying of restricted-use pesticides. She cut the total number of agencyemployees, and hired staff from the industries they were supposed to be regulating.[66]Environmentalists contended that her policies were designed to placate polluters, andaccused her of trying to dismantle the Agency.[67]

In 1982 Congress charged that the EPA had mishandled the $1.6 billion toxic wasteSuperfund and demanded records from Gorsuch. Gorsuch refused and became the firstagency director in U.S. history to be cited for contempt of Congress. The EPA turned thedocuments over to Congress several months later, after the White House abandoned itscourt claim that the documents could not be subpoened by Congress because they werecovered by executive privilege. At that point, Gorsuch resigned her post, citing pressurescaused by the media and the congressional investigation.[68] Critics charged that the EPAwas in a shambles at that time.[69]

Fuel economy [ edit ]In July 2005, an EPA report showing that auto companies were using loopholes to produceless fuel-efficient cars was delayed. The report was supposed to be released the day beforea controversial energy bill was passed and would have provided backup for those opposed toit, but at the last minute the EPA delayed its release.[70]

The state of California sued the EPA for its refusal to allow California and 16 other states toraise fuel economy standards for new cars.[71] EPA administrator Stephen L. Johnsonclaimed that the EPA was working on its own standards, but the move has been widelyconsidered an attempt to shield the auto industry from environmental regulation by settinglower standards at the federal level, which would then preempt state laws.[72][73][74] Californiagovernor Arnold Schwarzenegger, along with governors from 13 other states, stated that theEPA's actions ignored federal law, and that existing California standards (adopted by manystates in addition to California) were almost twice as effective as the proposed federalstandards.[75] It was reported that Stephen Johnson ignored his own staff in making thisdecision.[76]

After the federal government bailed out General Motors and Chrysler in the Automotiveindustry crisis of 20082010, the 2010 Chevrolet Equinox was released with EPA fueleconomy rating abnormally higher than its competitors. Independent road tests[77][78][79][80]found that the vehicle did not out-perform its competitors, which had much lower fueleconomy ratings. Later road tests[81][82] found better, but inconclusive, results. Palm-basedbiodiesel and renewable diesel failed to meet the minimum 20% greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions savings threshold requirement to qualify as renewable fuels under the USRenewable Fuel Standard 2.[83] Palm oil plantations threaten the habitats of the endangeredorang-utan and dwarf elephant.[84]

Global warming [ edit ]In December 2007, EPA Administrator Stephen L.

Wikinews has related news:EPA proposes using CleanAir Act to fight globalwarming

Johnson approved a draft of a document thatdeclared that climate change imperiled the publicwelfarea decision that would trigger the firstnational mandatory global-warming regulations.Associate Deputy Administrator Jason Burnett e-mailed the draft to the White House. WhiteHouse aideswho had long resisted mandatory regulations as a way to address climatechangeknew the gist of what Johnson's finding would be, Burnett said. They also knew thatonce they opened the attachment, it would become a public record, making it controversialand difficult to rescind. So they did not open it; rather, they called Johnson and asked him totake back the draft. U.S. law clearly stated that the final decision was the EPA administrator's,not President Bush's. Johnson rescinded the draft; in July 2008, he issued a new versionwhich did not state that global warming was danger to public welfare. Burnett resigned inprotest.[85]

Libraries [ edit ]In 2004, the Agency began a strategic planning exercise to develop plans for a more virtualapproach to library services. The effort was curtailed in July 2005 when the Agency proposeda $2.5 million cut in its 2007 budget for libraries. Based on the proposed 2007 budget, theEPA posted a notice to the Federal Register, September 20, 2006 that EPA HeadquartersLibrary would close its doors to walk-in patrons and visitors on October 1, 2006.[86] The EPAalso closed some of its regional libraries and reduced hours in others,[87] using the same FY2007 proposed budget numbers.On October 1, 2008, the Agency re-opened regional libraries in Chicago, Dallas and KansasCity and the library at its Headquarters in Washington, DC.[88]

In June 2011, the EPA Library Network published a strategic plan[89] for fiscal years 20122014.

Mercury emissions [ edit ]In March 2005, nine states (California, New York, New Jersey, New Hampshire,Massachusetts, Maine, Connecticut, New Mexico and Vermont) sued the EPA. The EPA'sinspector general had determined that the EPA's regulation of mercury emissions did notfollow the Clean Air Act, and that the regulations were influenced by top politicalappointees.[90][91] The EPA had suppressed a study it commissioned by Harvard Universitywhich contradicted its position on mercury controls.[92] The suit alleges that the EPA's ruleallowing exemption from "maximum available control technology" was illegal, and additionallycharged that the EPA's system of pollution credit trading allows power plants to foregoreducing mercury emissions.[93] Several states also began to enact their own mercuryemission regulations. Illinois's proposed rule would have reduced mercury emissions frompower plants by an average of 90% by 2009.[94]

9/11 air ratings [ edit ]Main article: EPA 9/11 pollution controversy

An August 2003 report released by EPA's Inspector General claimed that the White Houseput pressure on the EPA to delete cautionary information about the air quality in New YorkCity around Ground Zero following the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Very fine airborne particulates [ edit ]Tiny particles, under 2.5 micrometres, are attributed to health and mortality concerns,[95] sosome health advocates want the EPA to regulate it. The science may be in its infancy,although many conferences have discussed the trails of this airborne matter in the air.

An EnvironmentalProtection Agency employeechecks one of the many airsampling locations set uparound the World TradeCenter site.

Foreign governments such as Australia[96] and most Memberstate of the European Union have addressed this issue.The EPA first established standards in 1997, andstrengthened them in 2006. As with other standards,regulation and enforcement of the PM2.5 standards is theresponsibility of the state governments, through StateImplementation Plans.[97]

Political pressure and scientific integrity [ edit ]In April 2008, the Union of Concerned Scientists said thatmore than half of the nearly 1,600 EPA staff scientists whoresponded online to a detailed questionnaire reported theyhad experienced incidents of political interference in theirwork. The survey included chemists, toxicologists, engineers,geologists and experts in other fields of science. About 40%of the scientists reported that the interference had been moreprevalent in the last five years than in previous years. The highest number of complaintscame from scientists who were involved in determining the risks of cancer by chemicals usedin food and other aspects of everyday life.[98]

EPA research has also been suppressed by career managers.[99] Supervisors at EPA'sNational Center for Environmental Assessment required several paragraphs to be deletedfrom a peer-reviewed journal article about EPA's integrated risk information system, whichled two co-authors to have their names removed from the publication, and the correspondingauthor, Ching-Hung Hsu, to leave EPA "because of the draconian restrictions placed onpublishing".[100] EPA subjects employees who author scientific papers to prior restraint, evenif those papers are written on personal time.[101] A $3 million mapping study on sea level risewas suppressed by EPA management during both the Bush and Obama Administrations, andmanagers changed a key interagency report to reflect the removal of the maps.[102] EPAemployees have reported difficulty in conducting and reporting the results of studies onhydraulic fracturing due to industry[103][104][105] and governmental pressure, and areconcerned about the censorship of environmental reports.[103][106][107]

Environmental justice [ edit ]The EPA has been criticized for its lack of progress towards environmental justice.Administrator Christine Todd Whitman was criticized for her changes to President BillClinton's Executive Order 12898 during 2001, removing the requirements for governmentagencies to take the poor and minority populations into special consideration when makingchanges to environmental legislation, and therefore defeating the spirit of the ExecutiveOrder.[108] In a March 2004 report, the inspector general of the agency concluded that theEPA "has not developed a clear vision or a comprehensive strategic plan, and has notestablished values, goals, expectations, and performance measurements" for environmentaljustice in its daily operations. Another report in September 2006 found the agency still hadfailed to review the success of its programs, policies and activities towards environmentaljustice.[109] Studies have also found that poor and minority populations were underserved bythe EPA's Superfund program, and that this situation was worsening.[108]

Barriers to enforcing environmental justice [ edit ]Localization [ edit ]Many issues of environmental justice are localized, and are therefore hard to be addressedby federal agencies such as the EPA. Without significant media attention, political interest, or

Environment portal

Politics portal

'crisis' status, local issues are less likely to be addressed at the local or federal level. With astill developing sector of environmental justice under the EPA, small, local incidents areunlikely to be solved compared to larger, well publicized incidents.

Conflicting political powers [ edit ]The White House maintains direct control over the EPA, and its enforcements are subject tothe political agenda of who is in power. Republicans and Democrats differ in theirapproaches to, and perceived concerns of, environmental justice. While President Bill Clintonsigned the executive order 12898, the Bush administration did not develop a clear plan orestablish goals for integrating environmental justice into everyday practices, which in turnaffected the motivation for environmental enforcement.[110]

Responsibilities of the EPA [ edit ]The EPA is responsible for preventing and detecting environmental crimes, informing thepublic of environmental enforcement, and setting and monitoring standards of air pollution,water pollution, hazardous wastes and chemicals. While the EPA aids in preventing andidentifying hazardous situations, it is hard to construct a specific mission statement given itswide range of responsibilities.[111] It is impossible to address every environmental crimeadequately or efficiently if there is no specific mission statement to refer to. The EPA answersto various groups, competes for resources, and confronts a wide array of harms to theenvironment. All of these present challenges, including a lack of resources, its self-policingpolicy, and a broadly defined legislation that creates too much discretion for EPA officers.[112]

Authority of the EPA [ edit ]Under different circumstances, the EPA faces many limitations to enforcing environmentaljustice. It does not have the authority or resources to address injustices without an increasein federal mandates requiring private industries to consider the environmental ramificationsof their activities.[113]

Gold King Mine waste water spill [ edit ]Main article: 2015 Gold King Mine waste water spill

On August 5, 2015, while examining the level of pollutants in the Gold King Mine,[114] EPAworkers released over three million gallons of toxic waste water, including heavy metals suchas lead and arsenic into Cement Creek, which flowed into the Animas River in Colorado.[115]

List of EPA administrators [ edit ]Main article: List of EPA administrators

See also [ edit ]AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission FactorsBrownfield landEnvironmental Technology Verification ProgramEPA MethodsFederation of Earth Science Information Partners (ESIP Federation)Green Sticker programsMyEnvironmentRenewable energyStormwater

References [ edit ]1. ^ a b "EPA's Budget and Spending | Planning Budget Results" . US EPA. United States

1. ^ a b "EPA's Budget and Spending | Planning Budget Results" . US EPA. United StatesEnvironmental Protection Agency. 2014-03-04. Retrieved 2014-03-28.

2. ^ "US Environmental Protection Agency" . Retrieved 21 October 2013.3. ^ "Our Mission and What We Do" . US EPA. Retrieved 8 December 2010.4. ^ "Public Access When and how was the EPA Created?" . U.S. EPA. Retrieved

6 November 2011.5. ^ Obama, Barack (4 March 2013). "Remarks by the President in Personnel

Announcements" . White House Press Release. Retrieved 23 July 2013.6. ^ Joseph Kahn and Jim Yardley (August 26, 2007). "As China Roars, Pollution Reaches

Deadly Extremes" . The New York Times.Also see U.S. Census Bureau spreadsheet

7. ^ Adler, Jonathan H. (2015-12-15). "GAO hits EPA for covert propaganda to promote watersof the United States (WOTUS) rule" . The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286 . Retrieved2015-12-16.

8. ^ "History of the Clean Air Act" . Clean Air Act website. U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency. 2012-01-17. Retrieved 2013-02-26.

9. ^ Luther, Linda. "The National Environmental Policy Act: Background and Implementation"(PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 21 October 2013.

10. ^ "The Guardian: Origins of the EPA" . EPA History webpage. United States EnvironmentalProtection Agency website. 1992. Retrieved 2012-03-03.

11. ^ Environmental Protection Agency. "When and how was EPA Created?" . Retrieved6 February 2013.

12. ^ Jackson, H.M. "Scoop" (1969-07-09). "Senate Report No. 91-296 NATIONALENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT OF 1969" . Calendar 287. U.S. Congress. p. 11. Retrieved2013-03-10.

13. ^ Weiland, Paul S. (Spring 1997). "Amending the National Environmental Policy Act: FederalEnvironmental Protection in the Twenty-First Century" (PDF). Journal of Land Use &Environmental Law: 275301. Retrieved 21 February 2015.

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17. Retrieved 2012-10-21.25. ^ [2] Archived November 13, 2013 at the Wayback Machine26. ^ "About the Office of International and Tribal Affairs (OITA) | About EPA | US EPA" .

Epa.gov. 2010-11-17. Retrieved 2012-10-21.27. ^ "About the Office of Research and Development (ORD) | About EPA | US EPA" . Epa.gov.

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2010-08-19.36. ^ Previous post Next post (2010-11-17). "Honda Finds EVs a Perfect Fit | Autopia" .

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dispersion modeling (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 1-56670-023-X. www.crcpress.com38. ^ Beychok, M.R. (2005). Fundamentals Of Stack Gas Dispersion (4th ed.). author-published.

ISBN 0-9644588-0-2. Air-dispersion.com39. ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, DC. "WaterSense Timeline."

Revised 2011-04-14.40. ^ EPA. "WaterSense."41. ^ Sandy Bauers (2012-12-07). "Spike in iodine-131 found in city water" . Philadelphia

Inquirer. p. 2. Retrieved 2012-12-07.42. ^ "Iodine-131 levels in Philadelphia, PA drinking water" . EPA RadNet Environfacts. EPA.

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Guidelines" . Forbes. Retrieved 2013-05-14.44. ^ Radiation Protection Programs retrieved 2011-7-945. ^ "Radioactive Waste Management" (website). EPA. 28 February 2013. Retrieved

2014-06-02.46. ^ "Radioactive Waste Management" (website). EPA. 28 February 2013. Retrieved

2014-06-02.47. ^ "EPA Protective Action Guides, Draft for interim use" (PDF). EPA. 2 April 2013. p. 86.

Retrieved 2014-06-02.48. ^ "EPA Cleanup and Multi-Agency Programs" (website). EPA. 14 February 2013. Retrieved

2014-06-02.49. ^ "Risk Assessment and Federal Guidance Programs" (website). EPA. 9 February 2012.

Retrieved 2014-06-02.50. ^ "Naturally-Occurring Radiation Program" (website). EPA. 28 February 2013. Retrieved

2014-06-02.51. ^ "Radionuclides in Air and Water" (website). EPA. 28 February 2013. Retrieved 2014-06-02.52. ^ "Radiation Source Reduction and Management" (website). EPA. 7 February 2013. Retrieved

2014-06-02.53. ^ "About the OSV Bold" . EPA. pp. EPA 842F05004. Retrieved 2009-01-17.54. ^ Long, Katherine. "What a $5,000 deal: Seattle Central gets former Navy ship | Local

News" . The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2013-12-02.55. ^ "EPA Wetlands Wetlands Fact Sheet" . Epa.gov. 2006-06-28. Retrieved 2011-07-16.56. ^ Regulations Create Jobs, Too; Vilified on the campaign trail, government rules often create

as many jobs as they kill , February 09, 201257. ^ GOP freshmen return, resume effort to roll back regulations 9/6/201158. ^ A Debate Arises on Job Creation and Environment September 4, 201159. ^ Is the EPA really a 'jobs killer'? November 22, 201160. ^ "LT2 Rule | Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule | US EPA" .

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Environmental Protection) II (80). 2011-07-11. Retrieved 2014-10-30.62. ^ "Federal government may scrap much-derided $1.6 billion reservoir cap" . NY Daily News.

2011-08-21. Retrieved 2014-10-30.63. ^ KOIN Local 6 (2013-06-03). "City to drop reservoir fight" . Portland Tribune. Retrieved

2014-10-30.

2014-10-30.64. ^ "Uncovered Reservoirs" . City of Portland Water Bureau. Retrieved 2014-10-30.65. ^ Views from the Former Administrators , EPA Journal, November 1985.66. ^ Sullivan, Patricia. Anne Gorsuch Burford, 62, Dies; Reagan EPA Director , Washington

Post, July 22, 2004; Page B06.67. ^ DOUGLAS MARTINPublished: July 22, 2004 (2004-07-22). "Anne Gorsuch Burford, 62,

Reagan E.P.A. Chief, Dies New York Times" . Nytimes.com. Retrieved 2013-12-02.68. ^ "Burford Resigns As Administrator of Embattled EPA" , Toledo Blade, Mar 10, 1983, p. 169. ^ Ingersoll, Bruce. Burford out; agency is in 'a shambles' , Spokane Chronicle, March 10,

198370. ^ Danny Hakim (July 28, 2005). "E.P.A. Holds Back Report on Car Fuel Efficiency" . New

York Times.71. ^ Blog.Wired.com72. ^ "EPA Denies California Waiver" . ABC. February 29, 2008.73. ^ Simon, Richard; Wilson, Janet (2007-12-20). "EPA denies California's right to mandate

emissions" . LATimes.com. Retrieved 2009-11-21.74. ^ "Absurdity at the EPA: Denying California emissions plan a new low | News for Dallas,

Texas | Dallas Morning News | Opinion: Editorials" . The Dallas Morning News. 2008-01-01.Retrieved 2009-11-21.

75. ^ "Text of Letter from Gov. Schwarzenegger and 13 other Governors Regarding U.S. EPA'sDenial of California's Tailpipe Emissions Waiver Request" . Gov.ca.gov. Retrieved2009-11-21.

76. ^ Wilson, Janet (2007-12-21). "EPA chief is said to have ignored staff" . LATimes.com.Retrieved 2009-11-21.

77. ^ "2010 Chevrolet Equinox LT2 Full Test and Video" . Edmunds InsideLine. 2009-09-29.Retrieved 2010-02-17.

78. ^ Jared Gall (August 2009). "2010 Chevrolet Equinox LT Short Take Road Test" . Car andDriver. Retrieved 2010-02-17.

79. ^ John Voelcker (2009-10-27). "Drive Report: 26mpg in 2010 Chevrolet Equinox Four-Cylinder" . GreenCarReports.com. Retrieved 2010-02-17.

80. ^ "Why the Chevy Equinox EPA Mileage Numbers Don't Add Up" . Thetruthaboutcars.com.Retrieved 2011-07-16.

81. ^ "2010 Chevrolet Equinox vs. 2011 Kia Sorento, Program #2939" . Motorweek. 2010-05-28.Retrieved 2010-07-06.

82. ^ "REVIEW: 2010 CHEVROLET EQUINOX LT FWD" .83. ^ Commodities Talk- by Hanim Adnan (2012-03-27). "Archives | The Star Online" .

Thestar.com.my. Retrieved 2013-12-02.84. ^ "Orang-utan pushed to the brink by palm oil plantations in Borneo" . Iucn Nl. Retrieved

2013-12-02.85. ^ John Shiffman and John Sullivan (December 7, 2008). "An Eroding Mission at EPA; The

Bush administration has weakened the agency charged with safeguarding health and theenvironment" . Philadelphia Inquirer.

86. ^ "Notification of Closure of the EPA Headquarters Library" (pdf) , September 20, 200687. ^ Letter to Appropriations Committee, Interior and Related Agencies Subcommittee, June 29,

2006 (pdf) , from leaders of 16 local EPA unions88. ^ EPA Newsbrief, October 1, 2008 . Retrieved January 17, 2009.89. ^ "EPA Library Network Strategic Plan FY 2012 FY 2014 | EPA National Library Network | US

EPA" . Epa.gov. 2006-06-28. Retrieved 2012-10-21.90. ^ Proposed Mercury Rules Bear Industry Mark , Washington Post, January 31, 200491. ^ EPA Inspector Finds Mercury Proposal Tainted , Washington Post, February 4, 200592. ^ New EPA Mercury Rule Omits Conflicting Data , Washington Post, March 22, 200593. ^ States Sue EPA Over Mercury Emissions , LA Times, March 30, 200594. ^ Governor Blagojevich and Illinois EPA Propose Aggressive Mercury Controls For Illinois

Power Plants , Environmental Progress, Spring 2006, page 1295. ^ "Reasons Why Particulate Matter (PM) Should be Included in EPA Settlements with Electric

Utility Companies" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-07-16.

Utility Companies" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-07-16.96. ^ [3] Archived February 18, 2013 at the Wayback Machine97. ^ "PM Standards Revision 2006 | Particulate Matter | Air & Radiation | US EPA" . Epa.gov.

Retrieved 2011-07-16.98. ^ "Meddling at EPA? Activists point to survey; Two thirds of 1,586 EPA scientists polled cite

interference, UCS reports" . Associated Press. April 23, 2008.99. ^ Stedeford, Todd (2007). "Prior restraint and censorship: acknowledged occupational hazards

for government scientists" . William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review 31 (3):725745.

100. ^ Stedeford (2007), p. 738, note 95101. ^ Stedeford (2007), pp. 736740102. ^ Josh Harkinson and Kate Sheppard (April 27, 2010). "Coastal Collapse" . Slate. Retrieved

1 June 2010.103. ^ a b Urbina, Ian (3 March 2011). "Pressure Limits Efforts to Police Drilling for Gas" . The

New York Times. Retrieved 23 February 2012. "More than a quarter-century of efforts by somelawmakers and regulators to force the federal government to police the industry better havebeen thwarted, as E.P.A. studies have been repeatedly narrowed in scope and importantfindings have been removed"

104. ^ DiCosmo, Bridget (15 May 2012). "SAB Pushes To Advise EPA To Conduct Toxicity TestsIn Fracking Study" . InsideEPA. Inside Washington Publishers. (subscription required).Retrieved 2012-05-19. "But some members of the chartered SAB are suggesting that thefracking panel revise its recommendation that the agency scale back its planned toxicitytesting of chemicals used in the hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, process, because of thelimited resources and time frame ... Chesapeake Energy supported the draft recommendation,saying that "an in-depth study of toxicity, the development of new analytical methods andtracers are not practical given the budget and schedule limitation of the study.""

105. ^ Satterfield, John (30 June 2011). "Letter from Chesapeake Energy to EPA" (PDF).InsideEPA (Inside Washington Publishers). (subscription required). Retrieved 2012-05-19."Flowback and Produced water ... Chesapeake agrees that an indepth study of toxicity, thedevelopment of new analytic methods and tracers are not practical given the budget andschedule limitations of the study ... Wastewater Treatment and Waste Disposal ...Chesapeake believes there was unjustified emphasis on the surface disposal of producedwater to treatment plants in the SAB's Review ... Chesapeake disagrees with the inclusion ofwater distribution network corrosion and burden of analyzing for contaminants by POTW's intothe study."

106. ^ "The Debate Over the Hydrofracking Study's Scope" . The New York Times. 3 March 2011.Retrieved 1 May 2012. "While environmentalists have aggressively lobbied the agency tobroaden the scope of the study, industry has lobbied the agency to narrow this focus"

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at EPA over mining spill" . Retrieved August 10, 2015.

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V T E United States government agencies involved in environmental scienceUnited States Environmental Protection Agency National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Department of the Interior

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Department of Commerce

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Department of Agriculture

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Department of Homeland Security United States Coast GuardDepartment of Healthand Human Services National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

V T E United States environmental law

Supreme Courtdecisions

Missouri v. Holland (1920) Sierra Club v. Morton (1972) United States v. SCRAP(1973) Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill (1978) Vermont Yankee v. NRDC(1978) Hughes v. Oklahoma (1979) Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife (1992) United States v. Bestfoods (1998) Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services (2000) SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers (2001) Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen (2004) Rapanos v. United States(2006) Massachusetts v. EPA (2007) National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife (2007) Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council (2009)

Majorfederal legislation

and treaties

Rivers and Harbors Act (1899) Lacey Act (1900) Weeks Act (1911) North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 (1911) Migratory Bird Treaty Act (1918) Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (1934) Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act (1954) Clean Air Act (1963,1970) National Environmental Policy Act (1970) Clean Water Act (1972) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (1972) Noise Control Act(1972) Endangered Species Act (1973) Safe Drinking Water Act (1974) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976) Toxic Substances Control Act(1976) Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (1977) CERCLA (Superfund) (1980) Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (1986) Emergency Wetlands Resources Act (1986)

Federal agenciesAgency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Council on Environmental Quality Office of Surface Mining United States Environmental Protection Agency United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Regulationsand concepts

Best available technology Citizen suit Discharge Monitoring Report Environmental crime Environmental impact statement Environmental justice National Ambient Air Quality Standards National Priorities List New Source Performance Standard Not-To-Exceed (NTE) Right to know Total maximum daily load Toxicity category rating

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V T E Richard Nixon37th President of the United States (19691974)

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Presidency

First inauguration Second inauguration Nixon Doctrine "Bring Us Together" Economic policies (Nixon Shock) Tar Baby Option Environmental Protection Agency(creation) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Space exploration 1971 National Cancer Act Vietnam War (Cambodian bombing Paris Peace Accords "Peace with Honor") Silent majority Cold War period (Linkage policy) 1972 Visit to China (Shanghai Communiqu) Dtente (1972 Moscow Summit Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty SALT I Treaty Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement Threshold Test Ban Treaty) Endangered Species Act Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act War on Drugs(Drug Enforcement Administration) Enemies List (list of opponents) Operation CHAOS Watergate (timeline White House tapes United States v. Nixon impeachment process) Resignation (speech) Pardon Cabinet State of the Union Address (1970 1973 1974) Wilson desk Judicial appointments (Supreme Court controversies)

Life andpolitics

Presidential Library and Museum (Richard Nixon Foundation) Birthplace and boyhood home Checkers speech Kitchen Debate Operation 40 "Last press conference" Florida White House "La Casa Pacifica" Nixon Center Nixon v. General Services Administration Death and funeral

Books Six Crises (1962) Biographical works and bibliography

Elections

United States House of Representative elections, 1946 1948 U.S. Senate election, 1950 California gubernatorial election, 1962 Republican Party presidential primaries, 1960 1964 1968 1972 Republican National Conventions, 1952 1956 1960 1968 1972 Nixon Presidential campaign, 1968 United States presidential elections, 1952 1956 1960 (debates) 1968 1972

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