UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Agricultural Research Servie$

Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine

Division of Fruit Insect Investigations

University of California Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station

Territorial Bos&d of Agriculture and Forestry

Pineapple Research Institute <$ Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association

Experiment Station

BJVESTIGATIONS OF FRUIT FLIES IN

QUARTERLY REPORT

October 1 - December %fi 1953

SI3BSTATI0K (Ro Mfysbava and To

Hosts of Eruit Plies ±a Hawaii

CONTENTS

Personnel Chart o*eo*0ooooaQ©*<»<>o»'»«°<'*<DW* e

» N» Eo Flitters, Project Leader

Hosts of Fruit ELies in Hawaii (No Eo Flitters, S« lonamiae). c 3

Effect of Climate and Other Factors on the Development ofFruit Flies in Haviaii Under Field Conditions* (So Au, Terr-,Bdo of Ags?e and Fo2?O|> and, N* E» Slitters, BoEoPoQ*) • • « o o 6

Effect of Tempas^ture and Hiamidity on the EsrtrelopiBen*. of sFfruit Flies in Ha\«aii Ifed©r ControB.©d Conditions* {W« E«Flittenj5 BoEoPoQ<»0 aad PoSoMessenger^ U« ol1 Calif* Aga?® \ESP«» StSo) .ooeopoo*oooo«po«<.»oo oo*a Y \

Bioclimatic Cabinet Studies \

1953) oo»o»«»»oo«o 7

^ California (Jane* 1953) • • • • ° *• • • ° • ° * 8

Chula Vista, California (March 11«25» 1953) ooooo**^ i5

Montieslls, Florida (April«Jwns9 194-3-1942) • • • • * • • • V

TernpSj, Arizooa (Deco 1937 - Fob* 193^) » • o «, o « o «, » o 10

Santa PauLa^ California (May 1952) *«.oo««>o ooo»«, 10

Compto% California (M8ro-M&y9 1953) ••oo#. •»•■•« H \^

Winter Haven9 Texas (Fob« n«^lay 13# 1952) o o • * « » • • •» U

fl, Texas (May 25-Jtd7 31? 1953) ...•••••••• 12

Mass Culture of Fn&t Flies for Exper&aentso (IU Okamat© andNo E« Flitters) «,ooo»»*<»o«»«»»oo**°«««<»8 14

Biological Studies of Natural Er^^smies of Fruit Fli©«o (K« EoFlitters and G« Sa^oyaxaa) •••o««oa*io»»«««»»« 15

1

fiSlZElZA (contra)

Blology°£@ology (cont'd)

(cont8d)

Effect of Climate and Other Factors on the Development of Fruit Fli®s

Flies in Hawaii©

-»©«»*Population Trends

Biological Studies of Natural Bnemie8 of Fruit Flies* (3N Yamada) 3>b34

HAWAII (So Nakaga^a and Go Farias)

Hosts of Ffcuit Flies in Hawaii ©««<»ooo«©o©«©«>a<» 35»>37

Effect of Glimate and Other Factors on the Development of SVuit

Flies in

oooooooo © o

Biological Control of Fvui* Flias

UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AtmiCULTORAL EXPERIMENT STATION

Establishment and Spread of Paraaites? Predatorsp and Diseases

Introduced Into Hawaii, and Thais' Importance In Reducing

the Abundance and Damage by lfcuit Flies* (I* Mo Ne^ell9 F« H

TERRITORIAL BQiW OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY (Mo L* H©Qa C« Chocks P© Ho H^be? and Staff)

ys With emphasis upon the &uit flies of the Pacific

and. oriental regions5 a faunistic study of the HawaiianDijptera and the buiMing and maintenance of an adequate

collection of insects ^feich are or may beeoma economicallyimportant in the Territory© (D* Eo Hardy and Mo S« Adaebi)© 4-9

^ between g« do^js^lis, and Co ff

p Fa H© Hsyamoto) ©oo©oo«r»*«<»ooo««oo©o 50

Ecology of the melon ££y» (Toshiyuki Wishida) ©«po«oo» 51

Propagation of Barasites ©••••©©•••©© •■•©•••o» oa

Distribution of Parasitsso «»©poooo»«««»opoo«oo 62=63

fiS£XISI§ (contM)

Chemical Control -LFo Steiner9 Project Leader

oqoooooooooooooooooqoooooooo

Preliminary Laboratory Testing of Insecticides for Fruit Sly

Controlo (Iq Keiser0 J» Ro Hollo\jay9 Mo FujlmotOo Lo F«Stoiner)

Screening Tests of Coded Compounds oooooooooooooo 68-69

Tests of Proprietary Compounds oooo«oo0ooo»ooo» 680 70»77

Field Testing of Insecticides for Fruit Fly Control (Lo F»

Steiner, K» Ohinata? I» Kelser, Ro K« So Lse9 Ro No Kino-

shita9 Jo Ro Hollouay9 Mo Fujimoto)

Infestations In Unsprayod Guava 0000*000000 73*S9

Effect of a Dieldrin Spray on Fruit Fly and Paraslts Emas-geaeo 80^82.

Residual Effeotiiroaese of Surface Deposits on Guava Foliage* 9 82«86

Farther Studies With Domstoa oooooo«oooooo«ooe 87-90

Bait Spriay D&vel&jBRQnt Studios oooo»«oooooooooo

Control of Fruit Flies Attacking Passion Fs?uit ooooo«oo 93

Malathion Deposits on Basslon Feulto Oooooooooo»oo 97-99

Post Treatment Investigations in Areas Used for Large-Seal

Tests of Methyl Eugonol-Poison Bait Stations for Control

Of Do Dpyjjl^i&o oooobooooooooooooo o 90 100^102

of Resistance to Iasscticidos in Fspuit Flieso

9 So Shimonop Lo F« Steiner)

Selection of Parathlon Strains 0000000000090000 103;

Selection of DD£ Strains 0*00000000000090000 IDi^l^

Tolerance of Wild Flies ©o©©©o©o©ooooo©«>ooo 105

Fruit Fly Attraetants and Repellentso (P» Lo Goup D« Ho HayashipLo Fo Steiner)

Comparative Field Tests of Lures ooo«.oooo«oooooo 106»107

Olfaetometer Screening Tests ooooo»oooo 107=42.0

fiO^liflSa (Confd)

Chemical Control()

Olfactometer Concentration Tests of Materials PreviouslyFound To Bo Att^aetants ©o©o©o©oo©oo©ooo© 208* 111-115

Tolerance of Pai»gras to Vapor«-Heat Quick Rua-Up (J« H*i U© of Hawaii Agr© Espo Stao)o

Olfactometer Tests yith Sugar ©o©©o©©©o©ooooo

Miscellaneous Olfactomater Tests ©©©©©©©o©©©©© 123-125

Commodity Treateoents - Jo Wo Balock, Project Leader

Summary ©©©©©»o©©©©©o«ooo©©©o©©ooo© 126=127

Screening of Possible Fruit Fly Commodity Treatments« (Jo WoBalockp and Fo Go Hinman)

Mortalities of the Oriental Fruit Fly in Papayas Dipped inSolutions of EDB in Water ©o©©©ooo©©oo©©©o 128

Length of Effectiveness of An EDB Dip o©oo©©o©qo©

Diffusion of Heat Into Papayas Dipped in EDB=yarm Watsff Bath

of Papayas to EDB^Jater Dips© (Fo G© Hinman*, BoUo of r

^O 0©,0©0©00000©000<90000000

Vapctf<=&eat Sterilization to Rid Fruits and Vegetables of FruitFly Infestation» (J» H« Baloek9 T« Kosuma)

Fly Mortali.*^ in Papaya Exposed to Vapos?~ Heat Quicko©o©©o©©oo©o©©©©o©©ooooo 136-138

Tolerance of Vegetables to Vapor«Heat Quick Run-Up » • • » 139p 243

Tolerance of Chili Pappers to Vapor-Heat Under CommercialConditions Used For Treatment of Papayas ©©©*© o©«

Jfethyl Bromide Fumigation to Rid Fruits and Vegetables ofFruit Fly Infestation© (J© W* Baloek* T© Kosuma)

Fumigation of Avocado «ith Methyl Bromid© ©©©©©©o©©© H5=447

Fumigation of Bell Bspper With Methyl Bromid© ©©©©©o©©

Commodity Treatments (contad)

Ethylens Ditaomid© Fumigation To Rid Reuits and Vegetablesof Fruit Fly Infestationo (J«> W« Baloek, To Kozuma?

K« Ohinata)

Fumigation of Papayas In Sealed Cartons © 149* 151«152

Rate of Cooling and Temperature Variation in Papayas Pre-Cooled and fumigated in Paps? Cartons «©<>o©oooooo l£9~150 153ta3'54

Fumigation of Bell Pepper with EDB

HAWAII AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

factors Affecting the Keeping Quality of Cut Flowers9 Foliages^Ornamentalso Fruitsa and Vegetables In Relation to Qv^fija^

tins Sterilisation Requirements fbr Exporta (Es*nest KoAkamine9 Plant Physiology J5©pt©o H«ApEoSo)o o©«ooo»« 157sd>159

Hosts of Fruit Fliea in

Supplement - Infestation Indices in Exportable Hawaiian

and VogetabXsso (J« W» Balockj, T E) 16O«X62

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGHXGULTDBE

Agricultural Research Sarvic©

Bureau of iEntomqlogy'and-:Plant-Quarantine

Division of Jruit Insect Investigations

INVESTIGATIONS OF FRUIT FLIES IN HAWAII

COOFEROT17E QUARTEBLY REPORT

October 1 through December 319 X953*

A feature of the year ending with this quarter was a conspicuous increase in

oriental fruit fly abundance on Jfeui and Kai&di and somewhat higher population

densities on Oahu and Kami* Catches in citronaXla traps on JMaui uere 1»7

times greater than last jmz$ catches on Hawaii* I06 times greater© Methyleugenol traps distributed throughout these two islands showed that the increases

were general rather than confined to the goxs&ufoat restricted areas covered by

the eitronolla traps* The Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station recorded an

increase in the average oriental fruit fly catch on Oahu tajm 218 cc* per mosath

in 1952 to 250 ce« in 1953*

The average infestation :tnd©3C for 257 £5mt collections madQ hy the Bureau

on Maul m.& 60*4 puparia par 1000 grams of f^uit,, o:e 2*7 puparia per fruito

Guavas collected at I-Isiku, Kaupo, Kokomo, and Malceala© had unusiaally high

infestation indicae with th© overall guav© isd©s for Maui boing 52oS puparis

per 1000 gramso Hie Maul mango lotos: wlb 51 puparia mr 1000 grams*

Hawaiifls feait; fly infestation ind&K9 based on 335 collects•> ^as 35

larvae par 1000 grams of fruitc The guav© index zsas 4.7j the mango iadeKj, Ij&The 8amtfhs& loner summer and early fall indices for Hs&aii coincided with

sever© drought conditions at many study sites*

Oriental fruit fly infestations in gsiavas on 0ahufl as determined by the

Hau&ii -Agrioultural E^perisaont Station, contimsed to d©clin©| the Deeembes*

index reachisog a level of only 1*5 larva® p©r ta>it* Dsspite this the

infestation levels on Oahu during 1953 ^ere unifqrmiy higher than they were

in 1952^ except for tha February infestation*

Rawai:i Agricultural Experiment Station records also indicated that evan

though parasitization wls somewhat higtier tLis quarter tlaan during the

quarter9 it still uas not as high as during the last three months in 1952

The average rato of 71«»4 percent X'jas ths lowest for any fourth quarter i

1949« Studies mad® by the Bureau rotr-e&l&d a declisi© in thsj total parasitiaa«'

tion of oriental f^nit fly larvae and eggs by tha introduced j^resitss on

1'iaui and Hawaii»

The Territorial Board of Agriculture and Forestry continued to propagst©

and distribute

appro2r.lie.tely 50*000 parasiteswere produced and raost of these were 15.barated at different sites on Oahu,

Hai-mii, and Maul a

In host studies conducted by the Bureau none of tlie three fruit flies

in Haa&ii ma able to develop in fosfoeadsJjg&MWL W^X^m)* & colorful^ .exotic oraaiGsntal fsuit in which there i^Hgreat deal of local export interest*

On the basi3 of these host studies a recommendation was made that this toiitshould be allowed to move to mainland markets without treatmento (Subsequentlyapproved February 12* 15)

A new method for providing earbcl^rates for opline parasites

treloped in the Bureau Do3jq Street laboratory* GrossBd honey which e&tisfies

the dietary needs of the adult parasites is supplied in a souffle cup bridged

with a piee® of fine mesh screen wire* Th® parasites are able to ingest tfo©

creamed honey without being caught as they were when1 regular honey ^as applied

in hair streaks on the glass windows of th© breading cages*. The siew method

of feeding the parasites has increased the adult longevity of all parasites

d raised production mtes considerably*

la the Joint biaelSiaatie cabinet studies of the Bureau and the University

of California Agrieulttaral Experiment Station, simulation of Weslaco* Texas*

and Orangej, Pallbrookp sad Santa Paula, California, climates were eompleta&s

ths climates of Chwla Vista-, Comptoa, Califoma, asd Hammsnoi,, Lotiisia&&

initiated in their plac§© 111 three jfrait flies* l»a»tf oriental, a©lon»

Mediterraaeaa feuit files ? have been abl© to reproduce throughout the y

whan subjected to ten^jarature ®nd humidity conditiona typical of Orlando and

Fto Pierc©^ Florida^ Hb?oQas Louisiaaaa ©Kd Weslaco^ Tessas climates* She saalo

fly ^sas also able to cause periodic infestations during the winter ia the

cabinet simulating El Gsatspo and i5al3.bs*ook? Qalifomiaj, temperature and

humidity patterns- The inclusion of Fallbrook in the marginal or "daagerous"

is a reosmt devolopsaent*.

Winter conditions at Temp©, iris©n&? ware for tho zoost port too eool for

normal fpvlt f3y activity* The ©arly summer conditions representative of the

tfesl&eo, ?©5^s area were qisite y&vm but ©ntls^sly suitable for f&uit fly d®«»

^■©logaant* Production of all apscios of fruit fM©3 t^as high in th© Woslaeo

cabinet and the de^elopg&sfct of the inamature otagssj i?as the fas*&©st 3?©eord©d

in these studies* There was Eore or loss contlmiouB fruit fly ©•sriposition

durisjg a spring psriod recorded at KoBticoI3-o asd this uas followed later on

by a hea-vy amsrgenee of offspring*

g 109 eodod compounds screened in the Bursau chemical control

vestigationo, pentaelilorophsisyl jxropiosat© and 2iJ4ttt'dinitro«6->biph©Eyl

produced SO to 85 per coat mortalities at application rates of XQ/ng*/i"X&X&«»5G of ^irathion is 0oQl/ug»/f2y}« jji comparati'^ tests ia-yolwxg topicalapplications9. the LD-50 for the oriental fruit fly m& 2»1 fg*/%l& for teebniealmotho^chlor, 1*1 for DDTff 0»^) for tossphens^ O«S5 for ehldrdane^ 0»08 for

0o05 for hepfcaehXorj, and 0©05 for d^aetos* For the melon.fly the eomparab3js

LD»50Bs were 5»5 for tschnical m©thc5qrchlors 5*0 for DDTff 1*0 for to

0«6S for chlordaa©^ Q*>28 for Iindan8? 0*09 for heptaeblovj and 0*02 for

Demeton ^jas the only compound in this group that uas mv& toxic to the

fly than to the oiie.atal fruit f3y* Tasaph©3ae had approximately equal

to the "tuo fruit-£1108• This indicates that it might b© mom useful, for

melon fly control than DDT .if residual tests gfcre similar results* In other

tests Perthsne was also effective agaii^t both 'Ui® oriental fruit fly aad melon

fly at i?ery lot-r dosage rates« ChlortSsion contii^nsd to be promising as on

oriental ^s?uit fly insecticide but It ^ms ineffective in msl^n £l& tests *

Additional studies with demeton (the active principle in Sgrstos) showedthat this systemic material becomes effective within a few days after &ppli~cations to entire gu&va trees* Tha julc© &02& goavas picked from about 3 to

5 raQQtes after the application of 6 1b*. of S^stos: per acre had some toxieity

to adult oriental tzv&t flies* When 14- grams of demeton was applied to th©titanic of an &*ft* tall guam tree, OKcsllent control y&s obtained in £sv±%ripening 12 to 69 days after the treatment* Applications to single branchesgave control only in the fruit on those branches, and there nas no indication

of translocation to other parts of the same tree* Th© application of con

centrated denieton. mixtures to the trunk laas less effective than \$\en the sam©

quantity of this systemic was applied as dilute spray to the lahole treeoThe fsmit fly control possibilities of malathion uere further delineated intests &£ passion £?uitg* Tyslve lireakly applications to a l/3 acre plot adduced the percentage of mature fe&ts fsponi" ffcuit fly stings S^am 68 -^len thefirst spray \®.q apjaied to 7% 30* IS* % 1$ ssd 1*8 at biiseekly intea?vals

thsreaft®r« The percentage of young feiits shoving injury ^wae reduced

67 -vfiim the first spray tsas applied to 15, 09 Q& Q9 0*4., and 0 atintervals thereafter*

Resistance on th© part of the oriental f^uit fly to DDT increased rapidlyfrom 6~ to 7-fold in the seventh generation to 30-fold in the 15th generationwhen both the 3ar\^s and adults were exposed lio the insecticide* The strain^

selected by expostsre of tha adults only, has developed only a 5-foM toleranca

to DDT in 30 generations» Escpognres to parathion hav® thus £s& failed tobring abot& increases in the tolerance of ths oriented &uit ^3y to this

insecticide*

In limited screening tests in the quantitative olfacto3Deterf- 9 materials

were found to be attr&ctants and 4 pswred to be esaihancers of attractivenssa

for the oriental fipuit fly* For the'iaelon fljr^ 4 materials wore attractants6 enhanced I^e attractives^ss of the standard' fessnenting 1-ore* Hone of theattractants ^as as efficient as the standard fermenting loose •

In a test vith various' concentrations of dorrac isi the SM-14 lure p

pared fcgr eultizrlog soy msal vdth baeteztaa Ho* 24.) to remove objectionabl®odors there ms some loss of attractiveness irith coaeentrs.tions of clores a©

low as 2 percent*

The f^anigoBt dip method of treating fruit fly infested tatisss hes con=»

to be ■e®ry ©ffoctiTi?©© fhs present data based on tests with papayas

containing raor© than 180^000 immature stages of fstiit fli©3 eisggests that

sutsEsrsion for 20 sdnntes .in a warm nater dip containing 1 part e'chyles© di»

bromide and 25^000 parts water-will be completely ©ffeeti\r©» The fiamigant

dip method also has given sdse to the hop© tbat xosngo seed waevil infestations

may ba dQstroyedo Submaraion fo? 1/2 hour in a strong dip containiag 1 pavt©tlaylene chlorob^oaid© to 500 parts wates1 l?y volumo killod all weevils insid©

the seeds« The z-ipe mangoes wore not injured "bg?1 this strong ethyl©12© chloro-

bromide dip* A similar ethylsn© dibromide dip killed the weevils but it

caused injtssy*

Tfa© quick run**ap vapor heat experiments with papayas are reaching theiy

final stages* Experiments involving approximately 220,000 imniature fruit flies

in 6j»000 papayas have shown that a quick run-^op to a temperature of 117° or118° Po will be completely lethal to the oriental fruit fly* In tolerance testsconducted in cooperation with the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station,,

mature green papayas were . ore tolerant to the quick run-mp treatment than

l/4,~ripe fruits• It was not possible to eliminate all heat injury consistentlyby any conditioning procedure tested* As a rule, however, less injury occurred

after a long conditioning period of 8 hours* but a 4«»hour conditioning period

sometimes gave very satisfactory results* T&e tolerance of papayas to the

quick-run-up treatment varied with the particular farri where the papayas wero

growa and there are conspicuous differences between different lots of papayas

obtained from the same grower. Injury was somewhat more severe when the quick

run-up was 118° F» than to 115° or 116° F« Saver© heat injury was recordedwhen papayas were heated at temperatures of 118° to 119° F* and reduced

humidity until their centers reached 116*5° to 113° F« If the quick run~up

treatment for papayas is ultimately approved* tii© t:lsa© now required for the

treatment will be reduced considerably*.

Unfavorable results continued to complicate efforts to de^e3jop satisfactory

othylen© dibromid© traatmsmt for avocados*

In additional dev©Xopn©nt.research to develop tan effective schedule for

treating ptre-paekaged papayas^ survivors were recorded at the 1 lb» dosageo

Ther© «as noneff however$ in tests conducted at dosages of 1-1/4. pound and 1-1/21b* per 1000 eu« £$• for 2 hours at 70° Po

Tolerance data have indicated that the maximum ethylesie dibromid© dosag®

that can be used on bell pappars td/ohoiii/ eaiising injury is 3/2 Ibo pDr X000cu» ft* for 2 hours at 70° F«. A mortality ctcnrs baiaed on all experiments witht'fis commodity that have been completed thus far indicates that a dosag© of

7/8 lb« ©thylene dibromlde will b3 reqi:irad to satisfy the security limitindicated by probit 9«> Apparently it will not be possible to usa ethylen®

to fumigato be'UL popper*

d

PERSONNEL CHAHT

OF FSUVi: FLIES IN EAHAII

565? h&eoy D, GbrisUenson

5261 Lee At Pl&celc

5^36 £ii? ©3.3753. C, OjLsqs1).

5306 LeakM. Diet2

$496 Kasr&o Oshikata5409 Nsnsy Ga Hirane

5313 Ella F, Miyashirs .] 54.69 Harry T, Sugawara

Entomologist-in«ChaT*ge.

3rfliiii3ti«at,i-ve Offices-

Assist o

Clerk

Gler-k

typist

5230 John W.

5066 Futile G. Hiraaan

556S ThomaB T, Kosuma

■5/*82 Donald G, Kamakahi

6436 Clifford I. L, Lee

5333 Clarence- W. Akana.

5333-ai Maeami Keimapa

5333-ai Masashi

* 5333-ai Ethel M

iULU

Project Leader

Entomologist

Agt, Siolw Aid

Agt. Biol. Aid

Biolc Aid

AgtB Biql,. Aid

Agt,. Biol. Aid

tigte Biol6 Aid

Agts Biol, Aid

r

5231

5286 ■

5331

5355

6294-629363166296

537953925392~al

CHBMIOi

Loren. F B Steiner

Irving

Paul L

.jKiichi

Keiser

, Gow

Ohinata

Shistako Maeda

James I

Satoru

Doris I

Hobert

Robert

I* Holloway

3hinK>no

I, Hayaghi

Ko S-. Lee.

fi4 Kinoshita

S. Fujimoto

Project Leader

Entomologist

Agt, Chemist

Chemist

Agt0 Bid,kgto Biol.

Agt. -Biol,

Agto Biol.

Agt, Bioi,

Agt. Biol,Agt. Biol.

-

Aid

aid

Aid

Aid

Aid

Aid

Aid

-e

5229 Norman Eo Flitters

6295 • Shuiohi Masuda*6379 Ricl^ard Ka Kawabata6379*ai Shigaru XpnejRine

Is Miyashita

60444

Project Leader

Biola Aio

Agt^ Biol, Aid

Agt, Biolv Aid

Agt, Biol. Aid

Agt, Biol. Aid

Agta Biol, Aid

Agt. Biol, Aid

Agt. Biol, Aid

Agtt Biol, Aid

5331 Raymond jT. Miyabara Agtr. Biol, Aid

6308 T©ichi TaiBaSa ■ Agt.o Biolc Aid

Isao Tomikawa

Richard Y« Okaffioto

5333-ai Fred I* Hataxiaka

■5333-ai Ronald :T, Oshima

5302

6309 Gilbert J, FariasAgto Intomoiogist

Agtft Siol. Aid

-j-

* Asam Separation (RIF) eff. 12/18/53 GOB*■* Oshima Separation (RIP) effo 12/2/53 COB** Kiyashita Restoration after Military Fiirlough eff. 12/6/5-