United Nations Organization

Members:• Zaynub Malik

92• Mahanoor Saif

89• Faiza Nawazish

132• Roobash Tazein

135• Zahra Naeem

108• Mahnoor Shahid

123• Ruhma Yousaf

130

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» Introduction» Administrative Bodies » Achievements Of UNO» Failures Of UNO & it’s Causes» Realist & Liberalist School Of

Thought for UNO» Conclusion & Recommendation

United Nations» Intergovernmental Organization

» Established on 24 October 1945

» To Enforce: LAW SECURITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL PROGRESS HUMAN RIGHTS BETTER LIVING STANDARDS

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HISTORY

World War 1 & World War 2 were highly destructive of life as well as of material

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• Axis Nations— Germany, Italy & Japan.

• On 26 June 1945, Representatives of 50 countries signed the final charter of the UN.

• Officially came into existence on 24 October 1945.Franklin D.

Roosevelt32nd President of the US

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Preamble Of Charter

• To maintain international peace and security.

• To develop friendly relations among nations.

• To achieve international cooperation in solving economic , social, cultural and humanitarian problems.

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PRINCIPLES• All Member States have sovereign

equality. • All Member States must obey the Charter. • Countries must try to settle their

differences by peaceful means. • Countries must avoid using force or

threatening to use force. • The UN may not interfere in the domestic

affairs of any country.

Administrative Bodies

WORKING

Discusses any matter arising under the UN Charter and make recommendations to Members

1. The General Assembly

-- Main deliberative organ of the United Nations --

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2. The Security Council

MEMBERS

5 permanent members and 10 elected by General Assembly

— For international security issues —

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3. The Economic and Social Council

• It has 54 member nations elected from all regions.

• Responsible for co-operation between states as regards economic and social matters.

— For global economical and social affairs —

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4. The Trusteeship Council

• Supervise the administration of dependent Territories

• The system was created at the end of the Second World War.

— For administering trust territories —

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5. The International Court of Justice

Functions:Settle legal disputes and provide advisory opinions on legal questions.

Composition: 15 judges elected to nine year terms by the UN General Assembly

Working: To adjudicate disputes among states.

— Universal court for international law —

6. The Secretariat— For administering trust territories —

FunctionThe Secretariat is made up of an international staff working at UN Headquarters in New York.WorkingTo prevent conflicts or promote peaceful settlement of disputes between countries.

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Agencies associated with UN

1. International Labor Organization (ILO) 2. International Monetary Fund (IMF)3. United Nations Educational, Scientific

and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 4. United Nations Children’s Fund

(UNICEF)5. World Bank (WB)6. World Health Organization (WHO) 7. The UN and the World Trade

Organization (WTO)

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Achievements

SUEZ CANAL• Shipping canal through the 100 miles of desert

between Africa and Asia.IMPORTANCE • Shortest ocean link between

the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean.• Eased Commerce for Trading Nations • Helped European Colonial Powers to gain and

govern their colonies• Short Sea Route to the Oilfields of the Persian

Gulf.

Suez Crisis (1956)

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• 1956, Egyptian leader “Gamal Abdel Nasser” seized control of the Suez Canal.

• Britain and France, together with Israel launched attacks on Egypt.

• USSR threatened to shower the west with Nuclear Weapons.

• United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF)

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Promoting and Protecting Human Rights

• Political, Civil, Economic, Social and Cultural rights.

• Promoted Human Rights of Children, Women, Refugees, Indigenous people

• UN High Commissioner for Human Rights(UNHCR) established by the general assembly

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Health Care

The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) It provide universal access to HIV prevention and treatment services

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Environmental Issues

TREATY• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change (UNFCCC), International Environmental Treaty.

OBJECTIVE“To stabilize greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous and Anthropogenic Interference with the Climate system.”

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Human Activities are the primary cause for ‘Climatic Changes’

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Ending of Apartheid

• Apartheid:• Elimination of

Apartheid was on the agenda of the United Nations

• United nations took action against Apartheid

1. Arms embargo2. Oil embargo

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• Declaration on Apartheid by general assembly in 1989

• The United Nations Observer Mission in South Africa was established by the Security Council on 17 August 1992

• In 1994 a democratic Government was established.

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Muammar Gaddafi (Late) criticized the UN

Failures

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Divided Council• its undemocratic structure• Counil ability to maintain

peace depends upon interest of big five

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Palestine Issue

• View of Jews for Jerusalem

• Palestinians are deprived of their homeland

• Importance of Israel for US

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• US prevents UNSC from adopting resolutions condemning Israeli activities in Jerusalem

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Syrian Crisis• Opposition of Russia and

China over the issue of Syria

• Interest of Russia

Russia has a naval installation in Syria

• Russia still has a bit of a Cold War mentality

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UN as an instrument of US

• U.S allocate funds to UN in their budget planning…

• The U.S. contributes more to the UN than any other country .

• -- 22 percent of the regular UN budget and 27 percent of the peacekeeping budget

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IRAQ WAR 2003

• The war started without the consent of the Security Council amidst strong opposition from many countries.

• Role of US and UK to use Veto and pass the resolution

• France stops to introduce an other resolution

• US and UK invade without the authority of UN

• Later clarified the issue

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• Civil war between the two groups of Rwanda lead to genocide

• Nearly 20% of the total population were killed.

• Inefficiency of UN peacekeeper troops

Rwanda Genocide

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Sri Lanka Civil War 2009

• Long war of 26 years between the Buddhist Sinhalese majority and the Hindu Tamil minority.

• The UN admitted its failure in Sri Lanka civil war to confront the government over the killing of separatist group members

• The UN was failed to stop the war and to protect the human rights.

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DURFUR:• The unstable nation of Sudan erupted in

conflict, , the UN did not enter Sudan, instead urging members of the African Union to intervene.

SREBRENICA MASSACRE:• The United Nations designated Srebrenica a

safe-zone in 1993. • 1995 Bosnian War massacre was the single

worst act of mass murder on European soil since World War II.

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Realist & Liberalist School Of Thought for United Nations Organization (UNO)

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Two Classical view points:

• Realist view• Liberalist view

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UN in and of itself is an “Idealist Forum."

    

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UN a Liberal or Realist Organization?

• United Nations is a liberal organization.

• The Liberal Theory focuses on international institutions and systems.

• Liberal theorists often study institutions such as the United Nations.

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• The liberal idea that international security and order can develop under an international organization lead to the creation of the UNO.

• International organizations, such as the United Nations , were calculated both to maintain a balance of power as well as regularize cooperation between nations.

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1. Generate a more balanced distribution2. Enhances coherence3. Pay increase attention to inter

temporal decisions4. Should emphasis on transparency,

accountability, integrity, efficiency and flexibility.

5. Developing environment

Efficient UN action was in fact stymied by superpower

conflict that was based on both geopolitical and ideological

factors. Some improvements towards peaceful cooperation

were, made by simply providing a peaceful platform for

global discussion.  Thorough reforms of the UN, especially

the UNSC, could work towards better international

governance and maintenance of peace and security in the

world, but they can only work if the Big Five are ready to give

up their veto and engage in more democratic power-sharing.

The world needs a truly legitimate international organization

that serves the needs of those affected by conflicts directly,

and not the interests of the power-hungry nations who run

the show. This can only be achieved when there are serious

diplomatic efforts to make the UNSC a truly “one member,

one vote” system, serving the interests of all nations.

CONCLUSION

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