UNITAR Hiroshima Public Session

Gender Issues:Th I t ti l O tl k d The International Outlook and a

Japanese Perspective

Alex MEJIAAlex MEJIAHead, UNITAR Hiroshima Office

Female Leaders

Captain Mika Terada

Mihara Steamship Co., Ltd.

Japan’s first female container

vessel captain

Promoted to captain in 5

years (average 10 years)

Over 90% of employees in the Over 90% of employees in the

industry are male

Female Leaders

Rumiko Seya

Secretary General, Japan Center

for Conflict Prevention (JCCP)

Specialist in post-conflict

reconstruction; peace reconstruction; peace

building; security sector

reform (SSR); and

Disarmament, Demobilization

and Reintegration (DDR) of

soldierssoldiers

Has worked in Rwanda,

Afghanistan, Sierra Leone,

and Côte d’Ivoire

Female Leaders

Naoko MatsuoNaoko Matsuo

First female captain First female captain

of the Oceanographic

Research Ship under

the Japanese

Maritime Self-Defense

Force

Female Leaders

K T k hiKazue Takeuchi

First female pilot in a First female pilot in a

private airline

companyp y

A former executive

officer at the

Japanese Self-

Defense Force

Fortune 50 Most Powerful Women in Business 2005

Sawako Noma

CEO, Kodansha

Yoshiko Shinohara

President, Tempstaff

Hiroko Wada

President, Toys R’Us Japan 2004

Female Leaders

Yoriko Kishimoto

Former Mayor

of the City of

Palo Alto, USA

Drew Faust

President of Harvard

University

First female to lead the

University since its

t bli h t i 1636establishment in 1636

International Women’s Day: A Brief History

8 March 1857‘Garment workers’ in New York City protest against inhumane working conditions and low wages

8 March 190815,000 women in NYC demand shorter work hours, better pay, voting rights and an end to child labor

May 1908May 1908Socialist Party of America declares last Sunday in February National Women’s DayFirst National Women’s Day observed in 1909y

August 1910The Socialist Second International proposes the observation of an international Women’s Day

19 March 1911First International Women’s Day celebrated in Austria, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland

Source: “International Women’s Day: How It Happened.” United Nations Cyberschoolbus. United Nations. 2010. <http://www0.un.org/cyberschoolbus/womensday/pages/how_content_1.asp>.

International Women’s Day: Influential Events of the 1910s

25 March 1911: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

(NYC)146 workers, mostly young immigrant females, lost their

lives because of the lack of safety measures

Significant impact on labour legislationg p g

Tragedy remembered during subsequent observances of IWD

World War IFebruary 1913: IWD celebrated in Russia

March 1914: European women protest the war and express

solidarity with their sisters

February 1917: Russian women strike for “bread and peace”The Czar abdicated and the provisional government granted

women the right to voteg

Source: “International Women’s Day: How It Happened.” United Nations Cyberschoolbus. United Nations. 2010. <http://www0.un.org/cyberschoolbus/womensday/pages/how_content_1.asp>.

International Women’s Day 2010: Themes

United Nations

Equal Rights, Equal Opportunities, Progress for All

UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) AustraliaUN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) Australia

Empowering Women to End Poverty by 2015

European Union (EU)

Violence against Women: We Can Stop It!

International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)

W Di l d b WWomen Displaced by War

International Women’s Day

Celebrated on 8 March in over 60 countriesCelebrated on 8 March in over 60 countries

Objective is to celebrate the economic,

political and social achievements – past,

present and future – of women

UN Secretary-General’s Message on the Occasion of IWD 2010

“Gender equality and women’s empowerment

are fundamental to the global mission of the g

United Nations to achieve equal rights and

dignity for all. . . But equality for women and dignity for all. . . But equality for women and

girls is also an economic and social imperative.

Until women and girls are liberated from poverty Until women and girls are liberated from poverty

and injustice, all our goals – peace, security,

sustainable development – stand in jeopardy ”sustainable development – stand in jeopardy.

Source: “Secretary General's Message for International Women's Day 2010,” International Women’s Day, Department of Public Information, United Nations, 2010. <http://www.un.org/en/events/women/iwd/2010/index.shtml>.

UN Documents on Gender Equality (1)

Charter of the United Nations (1945)

Preamble: We the peoples of the United Nations p p

determined . . . to reaffirm faith in fundamental

human rights, . . . in the equal rights of men

and women . . .

Article 1: The Purposes of the United Nations are .

. . to achieve international cooperation . . . in

promoting and encouraging respect for human

rights and for fundamental freedoms for all

without distinction as to race, sex, language

or religion . . .

UN Documents on Gender Equality (2)

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

Article 2: Everyone is entitled to all the rights and

freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without

distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex,

l li i liti l th i i language, religion, political or other opinion,

national or social origin, property, birth or other

status.status.

UN Documents on Gender Equality (3)

Convention on the Political Rights of Women

(1952)( )

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of

Discrimination against Women (CEDAW 1979)Discrimination against Women (CEDAW, 1979)

An international bill of rights for women

Defines what constitutes discrimination against Defines what constitutes discrimination against

women and sets up an agenda for national action

to end such discriminationto end such discrimination

Fourth World Congress on Women, Beijing, 1995

Beijing Declaration

Asserts women’s rights as human rightsAsserts women s rights as human rights

Beijing Platform for Action

Aims at removing all the Aims at removing all the

obstacles to women’s

active participation in all

spheres of public and

private life through a full

and equal share in

economic, social, cultural

and political decision-and political decision

making.

Fourth World Congress on Women, Beijing, 1995 (2)

Ten-Year Review and Appraisal (2005)

Continuing Problems in All Regionsg g

Low representation of women in decision-making in

both public and private sectors

Inequality in employment and economic

opportunities

U l t i l d i Unequal access to social and economic resources

Fifteen-Year Review and Appraisal

New York, 1-12 March 2010

Source: “Introduction,” Beijing at Ten and Beyond. <http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/beijingat10/index.html>.

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower

Women

Target 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary

and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and y , p y y ,

in all levels of education no later than 2015

Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and

tertiary education

Share of women in wage employment in the non-

agricultural sector

Proportion of seats held by women in national

parliament parliament

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Goal 3:

Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women

MDGs: Progress Chart for Goal 3

Source: “Millennium Development Goals: 2009 Progress Chart,” Statistics Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations. <http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Products/Progress2009/MDG_Report_2009_Progress_Chart_En.pdf>.

UN Agencies Specialized in Gender Issues (1)

United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)

Support the implementation at the national level of

existing international commitments to advance gender

equality

Enhance women’s economic security and rights Enhance women’s economic security and rights

End violence against women

Reduce the prevalence of HIV and AIDS among women

and girls

Advancing gender justice in democratic governance in

stable and fragile states stable and fragile states

UN Agencies Specialized in Gender Issues (2)

United Nations International Research and Training

Institute for the Advancement of Women (UN-INSTRAW)

Undertakes action-oriented research from a gender

perspective that has a concrete impact on policies,

d j tprogrammes and projects

Creates synergies for knowledge management and

information exchangeinformation exchange

Strengthens the capacities of key stakeholders to

integrate gender perspectives in policies, programmes

and projects

Builds a sustainable, transparent and efficient

institution

UN Agencies Specialized in Gender Issues (3)

UNITAR, UNIFEM and INSTRAW began a Gender Equality

Training Programme based in Atlanta in 2005

To date mo e than 3000 omen in politics and go e nment To date, more than 3000 women in politics and government

participated in the five annual sessions and developed a toolkit

The objective is to support Beijing Declaration and share best practices on how to participate in politics and increase female ppresence among decision makers.Presidents, ministers, governors, mayors and members of ylegislative bodies report on the status of women’s advance in their countries and exchange gknowledge among peers

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Report

Human Development Index (HDI)

A composite index measuring average achievement in three

basic dimensions of human development—a long and healthy basic dimensions of human development—a long and healthy

life, access to knowledge and a decent standard of living.

Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)

A composite index measuring average achievement in the

three basic dimensions captured in the Human Development

Index adjusted to account for inequalities between men and j q

women.

Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)

A composite index measuring gender inequality in three basic A composite index measuring gender inequality in three basic

dimensions of empowerment – economic participation and

decisionmaking, political participation, and decision-making

and power over economic resources.

Source: “Statistical Terms,” Human Development Report 2009: Overcoming Barriers: Human Development and Mobility(New York: United Nations Development Programme, 2009) 210.

World Population

World Population

6,790,062,216 (July 2009 est.) Female Percentage of World Population (1950-2025)Female Percentage of World Population (1950-2025)

50

50.1Sex Ratio

1.01 males/female

49.7

49.8

49.9

cent

age

Female Population

At Birth: 1.07

males/female

Under 15: 1.06

49 4

49.5

49.6Pe

r

males/female

15-64 Years: 1.02

l /f l49.3

49.419501953195619591962196519681971197419771980198319861989199219951998200120042007201020132016201920222025

Year

males/female

65 Years and Over:

0.78 males/female

Source: “Population,” The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2010. <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html>.

Source: “World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision,” Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Secretariat. <http://esa.un.org/unpp/p2k0data.asp>.

Gender-Related Development Index and Its Components

Source: “Gender-Related Development Index and Its Components,” Human Development Report 2009: Overcoming Barriers: Human Development and Mobility (New York: United Nations Development Programme, 2009) 181-84.

Gender Empowerment Measure and Its Components

Source: “Gender Empowerment Measures and Its Components,” Human Development Report 2009: Overcoming Barriers: Human Development and Mobility (New York: United Nations Development Programme, 2009) 186-90.

World Economic Forum: The Global Gender Gap Report

World Economic Forum

Independent, international organization

incorporated as a Swiss not-for-profit

foundation

Gl b l G d G R tGlobal Gender Gap Report

A framework for capturing the magnitude

and scope of gender-based disparitiesdisparities and and scope of gender-based disparitiesdisparities and

tracking their progress

Index score between 1 (equality) and 0 ( q y)

(inequality)

World Economic Forum: The Global Gender Gap ReportComparisons with 2008, 2007 and 2006

Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Gender Gap Report 2009 (Cologny: World Economic Forum, 2009) 8-9.

World Economic Forum: The Global Gender Gap ReportDetailed Rankings

Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Gender Gap Report 2009 (Cologny: World Economic Forum, 2009) 10-11.

Gender Equality in the UN System

Source: Qtd. in United Nations General Assembly, “Improvement of the Status of Women in the United Nations System: Report of the Secretary General,” UN Doc. A/63/364 (18 Sept. 2008) 10.

Female Heads of State and Government

Currently, there are 25 female leaders:

3 QueensDenmark, Netherlands, United Kingdom

10 PresidentsA ti Chil C t Ri Fi l d I di I l d Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, Finland, India, Ireland,

Liberia, Lithuania, Philippines, Switzerland

6 Prime ministers6 Prime ministersBangladesh, Germany, Iceland, Netherlands

Antilles, Åland Islands

6 Governor-Generals, etc.Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Canada, San

Marino St Lucia SwitzerlandMarino, St. Lucia, Switzerland

Source: Martin K.I Christensen, Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership, 2010. <http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/index.html>.

Women in National Parliaments (1)

Source: “Women in National Parliaments,” Inter-Parliamentary Union, 31 Jan. 2010. <http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm>.

Women in National Parliaments (2)

Source: “Politics,” Who Answers to Women: Gender and Accountability, Progress of the World’s Women 2008/2009 (New York: United Nations Development Fund for Women, 2008) 23.

Women in Business

Fortune 500

Fortune magazine’s rank of US companies by total

revenue per fiscal year

Female Fortune 500 and Fortune 1000 CEOs

Year Fortune 500

Fortune 1000

2009 15 28

2008 12 24

2007 12 252007 12 25

2006 10 20

2005 9 192005 9 19

Source: “Fortune 500,” Fortune. <http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune>.

Women in Academia: Degrees Conferred by Sex (US)

DegreeNumber Percentage Conferred

to Females

1996-97 2006-07 1996-97 2006-07

Associate’s 571,226 728,114 60.5 62.2

Bachelor’s 1,172,879 1,524,092 55.6 57.4

Master’s 419,401 604,607 56.9 60.6

First 78 730 90 064 42 50 0Professional 78,730 90,064 42. 50.0

Doctoral 45,876 60,616 40.8 50.1

Source: “Fast Facts,” National Center for Education Statistics, US Department of Education. <http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=72>.

Women in Academia: Tenure Status (US)

Source: Martha S. West and John W. Curtis, “AAUP Faculty Gender Equity Indicators 2006,” (Washington, DC: American Association of University Professors, 2006) 22.

Websites Consulted

American Association of University Professors. <http://www.aaup.org/AAUP/>.

Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook. <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html>.

E P li t “I t ti l W ’ D ” European Parliament. “International Women’s Day.” <http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parliament/public/staticDisplay.do?language=EN&id=75&refreshCache=yes>.

Fortune Magazine. <http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/>.

Harvard University Office of the President. <http://president.harvard.edu/>.

IBM. <http://www-07.ibm.com/employment/cn/zh/gdc/events.html>.

International Committee of the Red Cross. “Women and War.” htt // i /W b/E / it 0 f/ht l ll/ ?O D t<http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/women?OpenDocument>.

International Women’s Day 2010. <http://www.internationalwomensday.com/default.asp>.

Inter-Parliamentary Union. <http://www.ipu.org/english/home.htm>.y p // p g/ g /

Japan Center for Conflict Prevention. <http://www.jccp.gr.jp/english/>.

Kobe Shinbun. “First Japanese Container Vessel Captain.” <http://www.kobe-np.co.jp/news/shakai/0002297877.shtml>.

National Center for Education Statistics, United States Department of Education. <http://nces.ed.gov/>.

Websites Consulted

United Nations Cyberschoolbus. “International Women’s Day.” <http://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/womensday/index.asp>.

United Nations Department of Public Information. “International Women’s Day: Equal Rights Equal Opportunities Progress for All ” Equal Rights, Equal Opportunities, Progress for All. <http://www.un.org/en/events/women/iwd/2010/index.shtml>.

United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM). <http://www.unifem.org/>.

United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) Australian National Committee. <http://www.unifem.org.au/>.

United Nations Development Programme. “Human Development Reports.” <http://hdr undp org/en/statistics/><http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/>.

United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women. “Fourth World Conference on Women.” <http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/fwcwn.html>.

United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW). <http://www.un-instraw.org/en>.

United Nations Population Division. <http://www.un.org/esa/population/unpop.htm>.

United Nations Statistics Division “Millennium Development Goals Indicators ” United Nations Statistics Division. Millennium Development Goals Indicators. <http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Default.aspx>.

World Economic Forum. <http://www.weforum.org/en/index.htm>.

UNITAR Hiroshima Public SessionUNITAR Hiroshima Public Session

G d IGender Issues:The International Outlook and a

Japanese Perspective

Alex MEJIAAlex MEJIAHead, UNITAR Hiroshima Office