Unit VIII Pollution - Bobula · Unit VIII Pollution . Air Pollution . Atmospheric Structure...
Transcript of Unit VIII Pollution - Bobula · Unit VIII Pollution . Air Pollution . Atmospheric Structure...
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Unit VIII
Pollution
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Air Pollution
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Atmospheric Structure
• Essentially it is a thin sea of air that
supports life
• Weight and Pressure
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Atmospheric Structure
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Outdoor Air Pollution
• Primary Air Pollution
– Harmful substances emitted directly into the atmosphere
• Secondary Air Pollution
– formed when primary air pollutants combine with each other or with a substance normally found in the atmosphere.
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Outdoor Air Pollution
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Outdoor Air Pollution
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Outdoor Air Pollution • PM
– Different liquid or solid particles suspended in
the air
– Can be toxic/carcinogenic
• NOx
– Greenhouse gas
– Produced by chemical interactions between N
and O at high temperatures
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Outdoor Air Pollution • SOx
– Causes acid deposition
– Produced by chemical interactions between S
and O at high temperatures
• COx
– Greenhouse gases
• CO and CO2
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Outdoor Air Pollution • Hydrocarbons
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Outdoor Air Pollution • O3
– Troposphere
– Stratosphere
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Sources of Outdoor Air Pollution
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Urban Air Pollution • Photochemical Smog
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Effects of Outdoor Air Pollution • Low Level Exposure
• Can develop into chronic respiratory disease
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Controlling Air Pollution
• Electrostatic Precipitator
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Controlling Air Pollution
• Scrubbers
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Clean Air Act • Authorizes EPA to set limits on certain pollutants
• Tragedy of the Commons
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Clean Air Act
1970-2006
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Ozone Depletion • The “ozone hole” is a seasonal thinning
• >160 consumer products break down by UV radiation and release Cl atoms
• CFC emissions are continuing to decrease
• Satellite pictures in 2000 indicated it was recovering – Full recovery isn’t expected until 2050
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Ozone Depletion • Effects of increased UV exposure:
– skin cancer
– eye cataracts
– weakened immunity
– increased acid deposition
– increased smog
– lower crop yield
– reduction in phytoplankton
– degradation of plastics, paints, and other
exposed materials
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Acid Deposition
• SOx and NOx react with H2O in atmosphere
to form acidic compounds
• Industries & Power Plant Emissions
• Acid Deposition
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Acid Deposition
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Acid Deposition • Acids and Animals
– harmful to most living organisms
– thins egg shells
– enzymes for digestion stop functioning, respiratory
tissues decay, organisms die
• Acids and Trees
– can stress & weaken trees in forests
– decrease soil productivity
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Acid Deposition
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Outdoor Air Pollution
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Indoor Air Pollution • EPA studies show many common pollutants
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Indoor Air Pollution • Asbestos
• CO, NO2, O3
• Cigarette Smoke
• Lead Based Cleaning Solvents
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Indoor Air Pollution • Mold
• Formaldehyde
• Radon
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Water Pollution
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Water Pollution • No standard checklist to define healthy water.
• Different nations have different standards.
• US - all levels of government monitor using a variety of techniques.
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Sewage
• Enrichment/Eutrophication
• Increase in Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
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Disease-Causing Organisms
• Infectious organisms that cause diseases that originate in wastes
• Common diseases:
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Disease-Causing Organisms
• Monitored by testing for presence of E. coli in water – Fecal coliform testing
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Sediment Pollution
• Excessive amounts of suspended soil particles
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Inorganic Nutrients
• Primarily N and P – Primary sources
– Causes
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Organic Compounds
• Chemicals that contain C
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Organic Chemicals
• VOC Distribution in the US
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Inorganic Chemicals
• Contaminants that contain elements other than carbon
• Do not degrade easily
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Radioactive Substances
• Contain atoms of radioisotopes that emit radiation
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Thermal Pollution
• Heated water produced during industrial processes
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Agricultural Pollution
• Agriculture is leading source of water pollution
• Nearly all streams and rivers in US are polluted w/ agricultural pesticides
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Municipal Water Pollution
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Industrial Wastes
• Food processing plants
• Paper Mills
• Some industries recover toxins before discharge
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Groundwater Contamination
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Drinking Water Purification
• Majority of municipal water supplies treated in US
• Treated water distributed to customers
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Drinking Water Purification
• Cl
• Fluoridation
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Sewage Treatment
• Sewer lines bring sewage to treatment plants
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Sewage Treatment
• Primary Treatment – Removal of suspended and floating particles by
mechanical processes and filters.
• Secondary Treatment – Treatment through aerobic bacteria to decompose suspended organic
materials
• Sewage Sludge – Solids remaining after 1°& 2°treatment
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Sewage Treatment
• Tertiary Treatment – Advanced treatment methods sometimes employed before discharge.
• Bleaching – Used on all effluent***
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Sewage Treatment • Septic Tanks
– used primarily for household wastes
– relies on breakdown of wastes through bacteria
– discharges into nearest water body or a drainfield
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Sewage Treatment • Septic Tanks
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Water Pollution Regulation • Clean Water Act - NPDES
– Point Sources
– Limits set by models determining how much pollution a water body can endure.
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Water Pollution • Clean Water Act – TMDL
– Non-Point Sources
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Water Classifications In Florida…
• Class I – potable water
• Class II – shellfish harvesting
• Class III – recreational usage
• suitable for swimming and fishing
• Class IV – agricultural irrigation
• Class V – navigation only
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Solid & Hazardous
Waste
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Solid Waste
• US generates more solid waste per capita
than any other country
– 2.1 kg per person per day
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Composition of Municipal Solid Wastes
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Disposal of Solid Waste
• Three methods
– Sanitary Landfills
– Incineration
– Recycling
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Sanitary Landfill
• Compacting and burying waste under a
shallow layer of soil
• Most common method of disposal
• Problems
– Methane gas production by microorganisms
– Contamination of surface water & ground water
by leachate
– Not a long-term remedy
– Few new facilities being opened (NIMBY)
– Closing a full landfill is very expensive
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Sanitary Landfill
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Incineration
• Volume of solid waste reduced by 90%
• Produces heat that can make steam to
generate electricity
• Byproduct
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Composting
• Municipal Solid Waste Composting
• Reduces yard waste in landfills
• Can be sold or distributed to community
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Waste Prevention
• Four Goals
– (1)
– (2)
– (3)
– (4
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Reducing Waste
• Source reduction
• Dematerialization
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Reusing Products
• Refilling glass beverage bottles
• Japan reuses almost all bottles
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Recycling Materials
• Every ton of recycled paper saves:
– trees
– gallons of water
– kwatt-hrs of energy
– cubic yards of landfill space
• Recycle
– Glass bottles, newspapers, steel cans, plastic
bottles, cardboard, office paper
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Recycling
• Recycling Paper
• Recycling Glass
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Recycling
• Recycling Aluminum
• Recycling Metals other than Aluminum
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Recycling
• Recycling Plastic
– % of all plastic was
recycled in 2007
– % of PET was
recycled in 2007
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Recycling
• Recycling Tires
– Few products are made from old tires
• Playground equipment
• Trashcans
• Garden hose
• Carpet
• Roofing materials
– % of tires are currently recycled to make
other products
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Love Canal Toxic Waste Site
Hazardous Waste
• Any discarded chemical that threatens
human health or the environment
• Types of Hazardous Waste
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Hazardous Waste
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Management of Hazardous Waste
• Current Management Policies
– Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976,
1984)
– Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act (1980)
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Superfund Program
• Cleaning up existing
hazardous waste:
• Must be cleaned up
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Management of Hazardous Waste
• Superfund National Priorities List
– States with the greatest number of sites
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Management of Hazardous Waste
• (1)
• (2)
• (3)
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Case Studies • Love Canal, NY
– Leaking chemicals from abandoned dump site
– Contaminated entire town
• Renamed Black Creek Village
– Sparked creation of Superfund Act
• Bhopal, India
– World’s worst industrial accident
– Explosion at Union Carbide Pesticide Plant
• Released methyl isocyanate into atmosphere
• Covered 78 km2