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UNIT - VI
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
What is a project?
“A project is a series of activities or tasks or operations directed to accomplishment of a desired objective.”
“A project is a temporary endeavour undertaken to create a "unique" product or service.”
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
EARLY TECHNIQUES OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT
1. Gantt’s Bar Chart
2. Milestone Chart
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
NETWORK ANALYSIS
Network Analysis refers to a number of techniques for the planning and control of complex projects.
The two most frequently used forms of network planning are:
1. Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
2. Critical Path Method (CPM)
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
WHAT IS A NETWORK?
A network is a graphical diagram consisting of certain configuration of “Arrows” () and “Nodes” () for showing the logical sequence of various tasks to be performed to achieve the project objective.
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
PERT / CPM TECHNIQUES
The initial step in PERT/CPM project scheduling process is the determination of all specific activities that comprise the project and their relationships.
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
EXAMPLE
Activity Description Duration (in weeks)
Immediate predecessor
A Obtain the budget approval
2 -
B Obtain the machine
5 A
C Hire the operator 1 A
D Install the machine 1 B
E Train the operator 6 C
F Produce the goods 1 D,E
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
TERMS USED IN A NETWORK
1. Activity: An effort that is required to complete a part of the project. It is represented by “”.
2. Node: It represents the beginning or completion of an activity. It is represented by “”
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
RULES OF NETWORK CONSTRUCTION
1. Each defined activity is represented by one and only one arrow in the network.
2. Before an activity can be undertaken, all activities preceding it must be completed.
3. The arrows depicting various activities are indicative of logical procedure only. The length and bearing of the arrows are of no significance.
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
RULES OF NETWORK CONSTRUCTION
4. The arrow direction indicates the general progression in time. Head events and Tail events.
5. When a number of activities terminate at one event, it indicates that no activity emanating from that event may start unless all activities terminating there have been completed.
6. Events are identified by numbers.
7. The activities are identified by the numbers of their starting and ending events or by alphabets.
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
RULES OF NETWORK CONSTRUCTION
8. A network should have only one initial and terminal node.
9. Merge Event
Burst Event
A
B
C
AB
C
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
RULES OF NETWORK CONSTRUCTION
10. Parallel activities between two events, without intervening events, are prohibited. When two or more parallel activities in a project have the same head and tail events, dummy activities are needed in constructing the network.
Dummy activities do not consume time or resources. An efficient network contains a minimum number of dummy activities required to portray the correct precedence relationships.
11. Looping is not permitted in a network.
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Network analysis
3-2
It is a Planning project Management
It means construction of Variances
It is process Technique
It is outsourcing analysis
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
What is Network
3-2
Network analysis is a system which plans projects both large
and small by analyzing the project activities
Projects are broken down to individual tasks or activities,
which are arranged in logical sequential order
A network diagram is constructed which presents the
Relationship b/w all the activities are involved
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Meaning and Definition
3-2
According to author – “Network analysis helps to designing, Planning, Coordinating and decision making in order to accomplish the project economically in the minimum available time with the limited available resources.”
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Techniques of Network3-2
PERT
CPM
RAMS
DEP
COPAC
MAP
RPSM
LCS
MOSS
PCS
GERT
Project analysis
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Key concepts of Network3-2
Activity
Event
Predecessor Event
Successor Event
Net work
Dummy activity
Construction of Project network
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Key concepts of Network3-2
ACTIVITY
Activity means a work. A project consists of several activities. An activity takes time. It is represented by an arrow in a diagram of the network. Eg. An activity in house construction can be flooring.
Flooring
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Key concepts of Network3-2
Event
It is the beginning or the End of an activity. Events are represented by circles in a project network diagram. The events in a network are called the nodes.
Punching
Start Stop
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Key concepts of Network3-2
Predecessor Event
The event just before another event is called the predecessor event
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Key concepts of Network3-2
Successor Event
The event just following another event is called the successor event
1 22
3
4
5
6
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Key concepts of Network3-2
Successor Event
In this diagrams
Event 1 is predecessor for the event 2
Event 2 is successor to event 1
Event 2 is predecessor for the events 3,4 and 5
Event 4 is predecessor for the event 6
Event 6 is successor to events 3, 4 and 5
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Key concepts of Network3-2
Network
A network is series of related activities and events which
result in an end product or service.
The activities shall follow a prescribed sequence.
It is construction area of network path
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Key concepts of Network3-2
Dummy activity
A dummy activity is an activity which does not consume any
time.
sometimes it may be necessary to introduce a dummy
activity in order to provide connectivity to a network only.
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Key concepts of Network3-2
Construction of a project network
A project network consists of a finite number of events and
activity by adhering to a certain sequential order.
It is a path way of network
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Problem 13-2
Construct the network diagram for a project with the following activities
ActivityEvent-Event
Number of Activity
PredecessorActivity
1-21-31-42-53-64-65-6
ABCDEFG
---ABCD
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
3-2
Solution
1
2
3
4
A
B
C
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
3-2
Solution
1 2 5A D
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
3-2
Solution
1 3 6B E
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
3-2
Solution
2 5 6G G
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
3-2
Solution
5
3
4
6
G
E
F
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Solution3-2
1
2
3
4
6
5A
D
B
C
E
F
G
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
CRITICAL PATH METHOD (CPM)3-2
The critical path method (CPM) aims at the determination of the time to complete a project and the important activities on which a manager shall focus attention.
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Problem 13-2
The following details are available reading a project
ActivityEvent-Event
PredecessorActivity
ABCDEF
357
1054
Duration(Weeks)
-AABC
D,E
First let us construct the network diagram for the given project. We mark the time estimates along the arrows representing the activities
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Solution3-2
1 22
3
4
5 6
Start Event End Event
A
B
C
D
E
F
3
5
7
10
5
4
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Solution3-2
Path I
1 22 5 63A B D F
3 5 10 4
with a time of 3+5+10+4 =22 weeks
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Solution3-2
Path II
1 22 5 64A C E F
3 7 5 4
with a time of 3+7+5+4 =19 weeks
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Solution3-2
Compare the times for the two paths. Maximum of {22,19} = 22. we see that path I has maximum time of 22 weeks. The critical activities are A,B,C,D and F, finally the project completion time is 22 weeks.
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Problem 23-2
Find out the completion time and the critical activities for the following project.
1
2
3
4
6
5
8 10
9
A
DG
KK
L
7JF
C
B E H
I
820 8
611
1610
725 10
5
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Problem 33-2
Draw a network diagram and determine the critical path for the following project.
ActivityEvent-Event
1-21-31-42-53-63-74-75-86-87-98-9
56357
1042564
Duration(Weeks)
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Solution3-2
We have the following network diagram for the project.
1
2
4
3 6 89
5
7
A
B
C
D
E
FG
H
I
J
K5
3
6
5
4
10
7 5
6
4
2
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Problem 43-2
The following details are available reading a project
Activity PredecessorActivity
ABCDEFGHIJK
4736476
10342
Time estimates (Weeks)
---ABBCED
F,GH,I
Draw a project network diagram
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
PERT analysis3-2
INTRODUCTION
Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is a tool that would help a project manager in project planning and control. It would enable him in continuously monitoring a project and taking corrective measures wherever necessary. This technique involves statistical methods.
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
PERT analysis3-2
The PERT analysis includes 3 Aspects
1. Pessimistic time estimate (tp)
2. Optimistic time estimate (to)
3. Most likely time estimate (tm)
Formulae te = to + 4tm + tp
6
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Problem 13-2
ActivityPredecessor
ActivityOptimistic Time
estimate (to days)Most likely time
estimate (tm days)Pessimistic time
estimate (tp days)
A - 2 4 6
B A 3 6 9
C A 8 10 12
D B 9 12 15
E C 8 9 10
F D,E 16 21 26
G D,E 19 22 25
H F 2 5 8
I G 1 3 5
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Solution 3-2
ActivityOptimistic Time
estimate (to days)
4 *Most likely time estimate (tm days)
Pessimistic timeestimate (tp
days)to + 4tm +tp
Time estimateTe = to+4tm+tp
6
A 2 16 6 24 4
B 3 24 9 36 6
C 8 40 12 60 10
D 9 48 15 72 12
E 8 36 10 54 9
F 16 84 26 126 21
G 19 88 25 132 22
H 2 20 8 30 5
I 1 12 5 18 3
From the three time estimates tp, tm, to calculate te for each activity.
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Solution (contd..)3-2
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8A
4
B
6
C10
D
12
E9
F21
G
22
H
5
3
I
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Path I3-2
1 2 3 5 6 8
A
4
B
6
D
12
F
21
H
5
Time for the path : 4+6+12+21+5=48 days
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Path II3-2
1 2 3 5 7 8
A
4
B
6
D
12
G
6
I
3
Time for the path : 4+6+12+6+3=31 days
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Path III3-2
1 2 4 5 6 8
A
4
C
10
E
9
F
21
H
5
Time for the path : 4+10+9+21+5=49 days
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Path IV3-2
1 2 4 5 7 8
A
4
C
10
E
9
G
6
I
3
Time for the path : 4+10+9+6+3=32 days
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Final3-2
Compare the times for the four paths.Maximum of { 48,31,49,32} = 49
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Problem 23-2
Activity Optimistic Timeestimate (to days)
Most likely time estimate (tm days)
Pessimistic timeestimate (tp days)
1-2 3 6 9
1-6 2 5 8
2-3 6 12 18
2-4 4 5 6
3-5 8 11 14
4-5 3 7 11
6-7 3 9 15
5-8 2 4 6
7-8 8 16 18
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Solution 3-2
Activity
Optimistic Timeestimate (to days)
4 *Most likely time estimate (tm days)
Pessimistic timeestimate (tp
days)to + 4tm +tp
Time estimateTe = to+4tm+tp
6
1-2 3 24 9 36 6
1-6 2 20 8 30 5
2-3 6 48 18 72 12
2-4 4 20 6 30 5
3-5 8 44 14 66 11
4-5 3 28 11 42 7
6-7 3 36 15 54 9
5-8 2 16 6 24 4
7-8 8 64 18 90 15
From the three time estimates tp, tm, to calculate te for each activity.
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Solution (contd..) 3-2
1
2
3
1
6
4
5
7
8
A
B
6
5
C
12
D
5
E
9
F
11
7
G
I
4
15
H
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Problem 33-2
ActivityPredecessor
Activity
Optimistic Timeestimate (to
days)
Most likely time estimate (tm
days)
Pessimistic timeestimate (tp
days)
A - 2 5 8
B A 2 3 4
C A 6 8 10
D A 2 4 6
E B 2 6 10
F C 6 7 8
G D,E,F 6 8 10
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Solution 3-2
Activity
Optimistic Timeestimate (to days)
4 *Most likely time estimate (tm days)
Pessimistic timeestimate (tp
days)to + 4tm +tp
Time estimateTe = to+4tm+tp
6
A 2 20 8 30 5
B 2 12 4 18 3
C 6 32 10 48 8
D 2 16 6 24 4
E 2 24 10 36 6
F 6 28 8 42 7
G 6 32 10 48 8
From the three time estimates tp, tm, to calculate te for each activity.
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Solution (Network)3-2
1 2 5 6
4
3
A
5
D
4
G
8
B
3
C
8
E6
F7
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Problem 43-2
ActivityPredecessor
Activity
Optimistic Timeestimate (to
days)
Most likely time estimate (tm
days)
Pessimistic timeestimate (tp
days)
A - 12 14 22
B - 16 17 24
C A 14 15 16
D A 13 18 23
E B 16 18 20
F D,E 13 14 21
G C,F 6 8 10
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
Problem 53-2
ActivityPredecessor
Activity
Optimistic Timeestimate (to
days)
Most likely time estimate (tm
days)
Pessimistic timeestimate (tp
days)
A - 2 4 6
B - 3 5 7
C A 5 6 13
D A 4 8 12
E B,C 5 6 13
F D,E 6 8 14
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
3-2
1.The process of shortening the time to complete a project is called crashing
and is usually achieved by putting into service additional labor or machines
to one activity or more activities.
2. Crashing involves more costs. A project manager would like to speed up a
project by spending as minimum extra cost as possible.
INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT CRASHING
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
3-2
Step:1
Find the critical path with the normal times and normal costs for the activities and identify the critical activities.
Step:2
Find out the crash cost per unit time for each activity in the network. This is calculated by means of the following formulae
STEPS IN PROJECT CRASHING
Activity Time
Normal Time
Crash Time
Crash Time
Normal Time
Activity Cost
Normal Time & Cost
Crash Time & Cost
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HRM In A Dynamic Environment
3-2
Crash cost/Time period = Crash cost-Normal cost/Normal time-Crash time
Step:3
Select an activity for crashing
STEPS IN PROJECT CRASHING