Unit VC AP United States History
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Transcript of Unit VC AP United States History
Unit VC AP United States History
RECONSTRUCTION Unit VC AP United States History Fundamental
Question How did the Civil War change the political, social, and
economical landscape of the United States? Did the Civil War and
Reconstruction solve the problems and conditions that led to the
sectional conflict? Reconstruction, Phase 1 Lincolns Plan
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863) Full presidential
pardons for 1. Oath of allegiance, 2. Accept end of slavery Ten
Percent Plan Confederate state reestablished once 10% of voters
affirmed allegiance and loyalty Provide education and voting rights
for blacks Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Bill required 50% voters to swear
ironclad oath and non-Confederates Second Inaugural Address with
malice toward none; with charity for all Louisiana as example of
reconstructed state Lincolns Assassination April 14, 1865 by John
Wilkes Booth in Fords Theater Johnson and rise of Radical
Republicans Freedmens Bureau Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and
Abandoned Lands in March 1865 Food, shelter, medicine for freed
blacks and displaced whites Education of blacks and colleges
Viciously attacked and ridiculed by Northern racists and bitter
Southerners Reconstruction, Phase 2 Andrew Johnsons Plan
About Andrew Johnson Tennessee Democrat and Lincolns VP Represented
more for poor whites against Southern aristocracy White supremacist
Reconstruction Plan Pardons for loyalty oath No pardons for
Confederate leaders and owned $20,000 taxable property Admitted
Confederate states with appointed governors who established voting
procedures for state legislatures States must abolish slavery and
secession clauses Result of Johnson Plan Johnsons Pardons
Alexander Stephens (former CSA VP) elected Georgia U.S. Senator
Johnson revokes General Shermans Special Field Orders, No. 15 40
acres and a mule for each former slave family Readmitted states
complied but did not provide provisions for blacks to vote Black
Codes Prohibited renting land or borrowing to buy land
Contract-labor systems No testifying against whites, curfews, no
jury service, restricted commerce Race Riots Memphis (May 1-3,
1866) Shooting between white policemen and discharged black Union
soldiers precipitated white-led rioting against black neighborhoods
46 blacks and 2 whites killed; 91 homes, 4 churches, 8 schools
burned down New Orleans (July 30, 1866) Radical Republicans call
convention to oppose black codes; leads to public commotion of
bitter white Democrats against black parade marchers 34 blacks and
3 Radicals killed The Johnson Vetoes Freedmens Bureau Bill -
appropriations, protect from Black Codes Civil Rights Bill of
prohibits Black Codes, secures voting rights Mid-Term Election of
1866 and the Radical Republicans Waving the Bloody Shirts during
campaign Not every Democrat was a rebel, but every rebel was a
Democrat! Republicans controlled 2/3 of both houses Reconstruction,
Phase 3 Radical Plan
Republicans led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner overrode
Johnsons vetoes state suicide and conquered provinces
Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Confederate leaders disavowed
Johnson-based state governments replaced with military districts
under martial law Former Confederate states may be admitted if
Ratify the Fourteenth Amendment Enfranchise blacks and former
slaves Radical Legislation Fourteenth Amendment (1868)
Anyone born or naturalized was American citizen (Citizenship
Clause) nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law (Due Process Clause) nor deny
to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the
laws (Equal Protection Clause) Disavowed Confederate leaders; not
paying state debt; penalty for preventing voters Johnson
Impeachment (Feb.-May, 1868) Political ploy by Radical Republicans
with Tenure of Office Act Acquitted by one vote Fifteenth Amendment
(1869) Blacks have right to vote Civil Rights Act of 1875 Equal
accommodations for blacks; participation on juries Other goals and
reforms Infrastructure, penal and institutional development and
codification, women property rights, public education Freedmen in
the South Political Recognition
Right to vote Elected to state and national legislatures 2 U.S.
Senators and a dozen Representatives 630 black state legislators
Black governor of Louisiana Anger and resentment by Southern whites
Desire for autonomy: independent churches, schools, move out West
Exodusters Sharecropping White landowners provided seed and farm
supplies for as much as half of production Tenant Farming White
landowners provided land, but not tools and supplies Only 5% of
southern blacks claimed economic independence Northern Influence on
the South
Republicans and Northerners in the South Scalawags Southern
Republicans fostering American System-type programs Cooperated with
Northern politics and economics Carpetbaggers Northerners investing
in New South, reformers/provide aid squatters and plunderers
Southern Life under Reconstruction
Political Corruption Reconstruction state governments influenced by
carpetbaggers and scalawags Southern perception of corruption
steadily increased and white Democrats return to dominate state
legislatures Public services greatly improved State-funded public
education Infrastructure Railroads, utilities, waterways Modernized
hospitals and prisons Highly susceptible to corruption and spending
cuts Economics Sharecropping and tenant farming not very productive
Crop-liens Cash crops over food crops slowed Southern recovery
Cotton production significantly decreases in the early years of
Reconstruction As cotton plantations recover and more farmland
converted to cotton, prices decrease due to overproduction and
profits decrease for farmers Led to foreclosures, more
sharecropping and tenant farming Tax rates and collection increased
White Southern Resistance
Paramilitary groups based on white supremacy The South Will Rise
Again! White League Openly criticized, attacked, killed Republicans
and freedmen Ku Klux Klan (1867) Nathaniel Bedford Forrest
invisible empire to scare or destroy Republicans and freedmen Force
Acts ( ) disband KKK The Union as it Was Harpers Weekly October
1874 The North As the South struggled to recover, Republicans
pursued economic expansion through industry and infrastructure
Political and Financial Corruption Abuse of patronage (spoils
system) Grants connection to stock market speculation, tax fraud,
embezzlement Political Machines Network of elected officials,
businessmen, behind-the-scenes people to command the vote Typically
run by an authoritative boss or leadership group Patronage and
spoils system Provide for underprivileged, immigrants, businesses
in return for votes William Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall (Democrats
in NYC) Reaction to Radical Republicanism Racism entrenched in the
North Immigrants and poor whites feared losing economic
opportunities to freedmen and entitled blacks Evolution of Northern
Attitude Toward Blacks During Reconstruction
Shown through the political cartoons of Thomas Nast of Harpers
Weekly And Not This Man? August 1865 This Is A White Mans
Government September 1868 Colored Rule in a Reconstructed State
March 1874 Election of 1868 Republicans Democrats
Nominate war hero General Ulysses S. Grant Democrats Nominate
Horatio Seymour Radical Republican legislatures in the South
limited Democratic influence Grantism Civil War hero, but no
political experience; linked with moderates and Radicals Scandalous
Administration Black Friday Scandal (1869) Jim Fiske and Jay Gould
attempted to corner gold market Had Grants brother-in-law convince
Grant to halt gold sales Salary Grab Act (1873) Double salaries of
Congress retroactive to beginning of ending terms Credit Mobilier
Union Pacific Railroad creates dummy construction company to hire
execs at inflated salaries and earn high dividends Sold stock to
Republican congressmen and bribed press to keep quiet Sanborn
Contract Fraud Congressman John Sanborn hired private tax collector
for 50% of commission, some of which went to Republican campaign
funds Whiskey Ring Republicans embezzled liquor tax revenues using
bribes and networks Secretary of War W.W. Belknap Accepted bribes
for trader contract (Fort Sill) Amnesty Act of 1872 Election of
1872 Panic of 1873: The Long Depression
Causes Expansion of railroads, enterprises in industries and mines
outpaces market demand Coinage Act of 1873 Demonetizes silver
contracting the money supply Crime of 73 Jay Cooke & Company
bankrupt Major financing investment firm leads to chain reaction of
banks Effects Contractionary monetary policy increases interest
rates Harder to acquire or afford new loans Over 100 railroads
fail; 16,000 businesses fail Unemployment at 14% Election of 1876
Samuel Tilden (D) Rutherford B. Hayes (R) Republicans struggle to
nominate boring Rutherford B. Hayes Democrats nominate solid and
popular Samuel J. Tilden Tilden won the popular vote solidly and
needed only 1 more electoral vote for majority Contested electoral
votes in 3 Reconstruction states (Louisiana, South Carolina,
Florida) Electoral Commission rewarded 3 sets of electoral votes to
Hayes Split ideologically 8-7 in favor of Republicans Compromise of
1877 Angry Democrats and riots around the nation due to Hayes
victory forced a deal Hayes will become president, if Remove
federal troops from the South Help develop infrastructure in South,
ex. Railroads Appoint Southerner to Cabinet Limited enforcement of
racial equality End of Reconstruction With no enforcement by
federal troops, civil rights limited or eliminated in the South
Democrats return to power in the South Redemption Democratic state
governments take hold of former Confederate states Democrats had
majorities in House of Representatives in 1875 and also the Senate
in 1877