UNIT QUESTIONS: Our Declaration of Independence says “all men are created equal,” but are we all...

UNIT QUESTIONS:UNIT QUESTIONS:Our Declaration of Our Declaration of

Independence says “all men are Independence says “all men are created equal,” but are we all created equal,” but are we all

treated equally?treated equally?

•How did the Civil Rights How did the Civil Rights Movement succeed and fail?Movement succeed and fail?

•How does the Civil Rights How does the Civil Rights Movement impact you today?Movement impact you today?

Members of our GroupMembers of our Group

Ms. JohnsonMs. Johnson Ms. HaqqueMs. Haqque Ms. MatjoulisMs. Matjoulis Ms. AhmadMs. Ahmad Ms. ChipmanMs. Chipman Ms. SilvaMs. Silva

The Little Rock Nine:The Little Rock Nine:

Teenage Pioneers of ChangeTeenage Pioneers of Change

What injustices did they What injustices did they challenge?challenge? On June 7, 1892, Homer On June 7, 1892, Homer

Plessy boarded a car of Plessy boarded a car of the East Louisiana the East Louisiana Railroad that was Railroad that was designated by whites for designated by whites for use by white patrons use by white patrons only. only.

Although Plessy was 1/8 Although Plessy was 1/8 black and 7/8 white, black and 7/8 white, under Louisiana state under Louisiana state law he was classified as law he was classified as an African-American, an African-American, and thus required to sit and thus required to sit in the "colored" car.in the "colored" car.

What injustices did they What injustices did they challenge?challenge?

In 1896, the In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled Supreme Court ruled in in Plessy v. Ferguson Plessy v. Ferguson that a Louisiana law that a Louisiana law mandating separate mandating separate but equal but equal accommodations for accommodations for blacks and whites on blacks and whites on intrastate railroads intrastate railroads was constitutional. was constitutional. This case was This case was applied to other applied to other public places like public places like schools.schools.

What injustices did they What injustices did they challenge?challenge?

According to the Supreme Court, segregation was According to the Supreme Court, segregation was legal as long as schools were equal for blacks and legal as long as schools were equal for blacks and whites. Few schools for blacks, however, were whites. Few schools for blacks, however, were actually equal in quality to schools for whites.actually equal in quality to schools for whites.

What case did they try to What case did they try to enforce?enforce? In 1954 the In 1954 the

Supreme Court Supreme Court ruled in ruled in Brown v. Brown v. Board of EducationBoard of Education that segregated that segregated schools were schools were unconstitutional unconstitutional because although because although they were separate, they were separate, they were not they were not equal. equal. George E.C. Hayes, left, Thurgood Marshall, center, and James M. Nabrit, the lawyers

who led the fight before the U.S. Supreme Court for abolition of segregation in public schools, descend the court steps in Washington, D.C., on May 17, 1954.

What injustices did they What injustices did they challenge?challenge?Schools, however, were Schools, however, were slow to enforce the ruling. slow to enforce the ruling. In a second In a second BrownBrown case, case, the court said that schools the court said that schools must integrate with “all must integrate with “all deliberate speed.” This deliberate speed.” This still did not cause all still did not cause all schools to immediately schools to immediately integrate.integrate.

Who were the Little Rock Who were the Little Rock Nine?Nine?

(left to right) Thelma Mothershed, Elizabeth (left to right) Thelma Mothershed, Elizabeth Eckford, Gloria Ray, Jefferson Thomas, Melba Eckford, Gloria Ray, Jefferson Thomas, Melba Pattillo, Ernest Green, Carlotta Walls, Minnijean Pattillo, Ernest Green, Carlotta Walls, Minnijean Brown, Terrence Roberts, and Daisy L. Bates. Brown, Terrence Roberts, and Daisy L. Bates.

They ranged in age from 14 to 16 at the time.They ranged in age from 14 to 16 at the time.

Who were the Little Rock Who were the Little Rock Nine?Nine? In 1957, the students tried to In 1957, the students tried to

integrate Central High School in integrate Central High School in order to receive access to a quality order to receive access to a quality education.education.

This historic event occurred after the This historic event occurred after the Montgomery Bus Boycott, but before Montgomery Bus Boycott, but before the March on Washington.the March on Washington.

Little Rock Central High School, Arkansas

Who resisted them?Who resisted them? The Governor of The Governor of

Arkansas, Orval Arkansas, Orval Faubus, directly Faubus, directly resisted the authority resisted the authority of the federal court of the federal court system and the value system and the value of desegregating of desegregating schools. schools.

Governor Faubus Governor Faubus instructed the Arkansas instructed the Arkansas National Guard to National Guard to surround Central High surround Central High and keep all blacks out and keep all blacks out of the school. They of the school. They succeeded on the first succeeded on the first day. day.

Who helped them?Who helped them? A Judge granted NAACP A Judge granted NAACP

lawyers Thurgood lawyers Thurgood Marshall & Wiley Marshall & Wiley Branton an injunction Branton an injunction that prevented the that prevented the Governor from using the Governor from using the National Guard to deny National Guard to deny the nine black students the nine black students admittance to Central admittance to Central High. High.

Governor Faubus Governor Faubus announced that he announced that he would comply with the would comply with the court order but court order but suggested that the nine suggested that the nine stay away for their own stay away for their own safety.safety.

Who helped them?Who helped them?

President Dwight D. President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered Eisenhower ordered the U.S. Army’s the U.S. Army’s 101st Airborne 101st Airborne Division into Little Division into Little Rock to escort the Rock to escort the nine students into nine students into the school, but they the school, but they were still subjected were still subjected to abuse. to abuse.

President Eisenhower & Governor Faubus

Who helped them?Who helped them?

The Nine being escorted into school.

How did the public react to How did the public react to them?them?

"Cruel mob force "Cruel mob force had frustrated the had frustrated the execution of an execution of an order of a United order of a United States court, and States court, and the governor of the the governor of the state was sitting by, state was sitting by, refusing to lift a refusing to lift a finger to support finger to support the local the local authorities," authorities," President President Eisenhower later Eisenhower later wrote.wrote.

How did the public react to How did the public react to them?them?

Rally at state capitol. Photograph shows a group of people, one holding a Confederate flag, surrounding speakers and National Guard, protesting the admission of the "Little Rock Nine" to Central High School.

What happened to the nine?What happened to the nine? Governor Faubus did not give up. The Little Governor Faubus did not give up. The Little

Rock School Board was granted an injunction Rock School Board was granted an injunction delaying integration until 1961. delaying integration until 1961.

However, the ruling was overturned by the However, the ruling was overturned by the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals and integration U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals and integration was upheld by the Supreme Court in 1958. was upheld by the Supreme Court in 1958.

Governor Faubus ignored the ruling and used Governor Faubus ignored the ruling and used his power to shut down Little Rock's public his power to shut down Little Rock's public schools. During the shutdown, white students schools. During the shutdown, white students attended private schools in the area but attended private schools in the area but black students had no choice but to wait until black students had no choice but to wait until schools were reopened in 1959. schools were reopened in 1959.

What happened to the nine?What happened to the nine? One of the girls, Minniejean One of the girls, Minniejean

Brown, was suspended for Brown, was suspended for dumping a bowl of chili on dumping a bowl of chili on the head of one her the head of one her persecutors and didn't finish persecutors and didn't finish out the school year. out the school year.

The other 8 The other 8 diddid finish out the finish out the year. year.

Three of the students moved Three of the students moved away. away.

The remaining five took The remaining five took correspondence courses correspondence courses from the University of from the University of Arkansas. Arkansas.

What happened to the nine?What happened to the nine? Ernest Green graduated Ernest Green graduated

that year. He was the that year. He was the first black to ever first black to ever graduate from Central graduate from Central High.High.

What did the Little Rock Nine What did the Little Rock Nine accomplish?accomplish? Ultimately, the Arkansas public Ultimately, the Arkansas public

schools were integrated.schools were integrated. The high point of desegregation in The high point of desegregation in

the Little Rock School District came the Little Rock School District came in 1980, when the average black in 1980, when the average black student attended a school that was student attended a school that was 50 percent white. 50 percent white. (statistics from the Civil Rights (statistics from the Civil Rights Project at UCLA)Project at UCLA)

What did the Little Rock Nine What did the Little Rock Nine accomplish?accomplish? The Little Rock Nine The Little Rock Nine

inspired further inspired further actions of the Civil actions of the Civil Rights Movement Rights Movement like Freedom Rides like Freedom Rides and lunch counter and lunch counter sit-ins.sit-ins.

What did the Little Rock Nine What did the Little Rock Nine accomplish?accomplish? This year, at the 50This year, at the 50thth

anniversary of the Little anniversary of the Little Rock Nine integrating Rock Nine integrating Central High School, there Central High School, there are mixed opinions at how are mixed opinions at how much they accomplished.much they accomplished.– "We thought this was a "We thought this was a

place that would accept place that would accept us," one of the nine, us," one of the nine, Ernest Green, told the Ernest Green, told the crowd. "And you know crowd. "And you know what? Fifty years later, I what? Fifty years later, I think we were right!"think we were right!"

What did the Little Rock Nine What did the Little Rock Nine accomplish?accomplish?

"The forces that "The forces that resisted the resisted the desegregation of desegregation of Little Rock have Little Rock have never stopped never stopped fighting," the Rev. fighting," the Rev. Jesse Jackson said. Jesse Jackson said. "Those who rejected "Those who rejected the dream are still the dream are still rejecting the dream."rejecting the dream."

How do we remember the How do we remember the Little Rock Nine?Little Rock Nine?

How do we remember the How do we remember the Little Rock Nine?Little Rock Nine?

A statue of the nine now stands outside a new museum across the street from Central High School.

How do the Little Rock Nine How do the Little Rock Nine impact us today?impact us today? Today, the Today, the

average black average black student student attends a attends a school that is school that is 20 percent 20 percent white.white. (statistics from the (statistics from the Civil Rights Project at UCLA) Civil Rights Project at UCLA)

Is that Is that integration?integration? 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Students

non-WhiteWhite

How do the Little Rock Nine How do the Little Rock Nine impact us today?impact us today? The Jena 6 of The Jena 6 of

Louisiana show Louisiana show us that although us that although integration has integration has taken place, taken place, racism is still racism is still alive in our alive in our schools today.schools today.

Our Answer to the Unit QOur Answer to the Unit Q

Clearly, from examining the case of the Clearly, from examining the case of the Little Rock Nine, black students could not Little Rock Nine, black students could not access equal education even in the 20access equal education even in the 20thth century. Although the Declaration of century. Although the Declaration of Independence says that “all men are Independence says that “all men are created equal,” minority students did not created equal,” minority students did not have equal access to a quality education.have equal access to a quality education.

The Little Rock Nine tried to change that.The Little Rock Nine tried to change that.

Multiple Choice ReviewMultiple Choice Review

1.1. In what year, did the Little Rock In what year, did the Little Rock Nine attempt to integrate Central Nine attempt to integrate Central High School?High School?

A.A.19601960

B.B.19591959

C.C.19581958

D.D.19571957


1.1. In what year, did the Little Rock In what year, did the Little Rock Nine attempt to integrate Central Nine attempt to integrate Central High School?High School?

D. 1957D. 1957


2. In what state was Central High 2. In what state was Central High School?School?

A.A. AlabamaAlabama

B.B. ArkansasArkansas

C.C.GeorgiaGeorgia

D.D.LouisianaLouisiana


2. In what state was Central High 2. In what state was Central High School?School?

B. ArkansasB. Arkansas


3. What political leader helped the 3. What political leader helped the Little Rock Nine achieve their goal?Little Rock Nine achieve their goal?

A.A. Governor FaubusGovernor Faubus

B.B. Ernest GreenErnest Green

C.C. Justice Thurgood MarshallJustice Thurgood Marshall

D.D.President EisenhowerPresident Eisenhower


3. What political leader helped the 3. What political leader helped the Little Rock Nine achieve their goal?Little Rock Nine achieve their goal?

D. President EisenhowerD. President Eisenhower


4. What did the case 4. What did the case Plessy v. Plessy v. FergusonFerguson decide? decide?

A.A. That separate but equal was constitutional.That separate but equal was constitutional.

B.B. That separate but equal was That separate but equal was unconstitutional.unconstitutional.

C.C. That separate but equal only applied to That separate but equal only applied to trains.trains.

D.D. That separate but equal schools must be That separate but equal schools must be closed.closed.


4. What did the case 4. What did the case Plessy v. Plessy v. FergusonFerguson decide? decide?

A.A. That separate but equal was constitutional.That separate but equal was constitutional.


5. What did the case 5. What did the case Brown v. Board Brown v. Board decide?decide?

A.A. That schools were equal so that That schools were equal so that segregated schools were constitutional.segregated schools were constitutional.

B.B. That schools were not equal so segregated That schools were not equal so segregated schools were unconstitutional.schools were unconstitutional.

C.C. That schools were not equal so segregated That schools were not equal so segregated schools needed to be improved.schools needed to be improved.

D.D. That schools were equal so segregated That schools were equal so segregated schools should be integrated because it’s schools should be integrated because it’s right.right.


5. What did the case 5. What did the case Brown v. Board Brown v. Board decide?decide?

B. That schools were not equal so segregated B. That schools were not equal so segregated schools were unconstitutional.schools were unconstitutional.

What were our most important What were our most important sources?sources? Our interview with Professor Our interview with Professor

_________ ______________._________ ______________. The Web Site _______________________.The Web Site _______________________. The book __________________________.The book __________________________.

MLA BibliographyMLA Bibliography

Dickerson, Phyllis. “What happened in Dickerson, Phyllis. “What happened in 1957.” 1957.” Little Rock Central High Little Rock Central High Integration 50th AnniversaryIntegration 50th Anniversary. 26 . 26 September 2007. September 2007. http://www.lrsd.org/centralhigh50th/1957.htm..

Whoriskey, Peter. “50 years later, a Whoriskey, Peter. “50 years later, a stylish arrival for Little Rock Nine.” stylish arrival for Little Rock Nine.” Washington PostWashington Post. 26 September 2007. . 26 September 2007.

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