Unit Operations and flowcharting
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Transcript of Unit Operations and flowcharting
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UNIT OPERATIONS
andFLOWCHARTING
Every chemical proce i a collec!ion o" #ni!
in!erconnec!ed $y !ream%
The "ive mo! common #ni! opera!ion are&
' reac!or ' hea! e(chan)er ' p#mp ' mi(er and
' epara!or
Reac!or are ##ally !he *ey #ni! "ollo+ed $y
epara!or%
E(ample o" epara!or incl#de&
' dryer ' "il!er ' a$or$er ' ador$er ' cen!ri"#)e
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,loc* Flo+ -ia)ram
Prod#ce ome prod#c! $y reac!in) A and ,
A . , / Prod#c! . C 0$y1prod#c!2
Feed prepara!ion
,y1prod#c! C and #nreac!ed A and ,
Recycle A and ,
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The Generic ,loc* Flo+ Proce -ia)ram
Generic ,loc* Flo+ -ia)ram ha i( $aic area3 each
$loc* may con!ain everal #ni! opera!ion
4%Reactor Feed Preparation
Reac!or "eed !ream are ad5#!ed !o re6#ired
concen!ra!ion3 !empera!#re3 pre#re3 e!c%7%Reactor
Chemical reac!ion !a*e place in !hi $loc*8 !ream
!ha! leave !hi $loc* con!ain prod#c!3 $yprod#c!3 and
#n#ed reac!an!
9% Separator Feed Preparation
Tempera!#re and pre#re o" reac!or o#!p#! !ream
are ad5#!ed !o allo+ e""ec!ive epara!ion
:% Separator
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Separa!ion o" prod#c!3 $yprod#c!3 +a!e !ream3
and #n#ed "eed ma!erial $y phyical procee #ch
a di!illa!ion3 a$orp!ion3 e(!rac!ion
;%RecycleRe!#rn #nreac!ed "eed chemical !o !he reac!or8 !hi
$loc* normally con!ain only p#mp or compreor
and
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Tol#ene and hydro)en are conver!ed in a reac!or !o
prod#ce $en>ene and me!hane% The reac!ion doe no!
)o !o comple!ion3 and e(ce !ol#ene i re6#ired% The
noncondena$le )ae are epara!ed and dichar)ed%The $en>ene prod#c! and !he #nreac!ed !ol#ene are
!hen epara!ed $y di!illa!ion% The !ol#ene i !hen
recycled $ac* !o !he reac!or and !he $en>ene removed
in !he prod#c! !ream%
Chemical En)ineerin) E6#ipmen!
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H#midi"ier
Ued !o increae !he rela!ive h#midi!y o" air 0i%e% !o add
moi!#re !o !he air2
Ued in paper and lea!her
ind#!rie !o preven!
prod#c! "rom $ecomin)
$ri!!le and dry
Li6#id ,
Ga A
Ga A and ,
H#midi"ier
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H#midi"ier
H#midi"ier
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Evapora!or
Ued !o epara!e ma!erial $aed on di""erence in
$oilin) !empera!#re
Ued in ind#!ry !oconcen!ra!e "r#i! 5#ice0remove e(ce +a!er2
Li6#id A . ,
Li6#id A . ,
0concen!ra!ion o"
, i hi)her in
o#!le! !han inle!2
?apo#r A
-eh#midi"ier
' Ued !o remove one componen! "rom a )a !ream
, i a condena$le )a
e%)% Removin) +a!er "rom
air 0i%e% crea!in) a drier air2Li6#id ,
Ga A 0may !ill
$e ome ,2
Ga A and ,
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-i!illa!ion Col#mn
Ued primarily "or li6#id1li6#id epara!ion
Can have !ray or pac*ed
col#mn
e%)% Solven! recovery
A . ,
Ga
A 0ome ,2
Li6#id
, 0ome A2
Condener
Re$oiler
Pac*ed
,ed
Tray
Col#mn
-i!illa!ion Col#mn
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S!ripper
,rin) )a and li6#id in con!ac! o !ha! vola!ile
con!aminan! in !he li6#id +ill $e !ripped in!o !he
)a 0i%e% li6#id p#ri"ica!ion2
e%)% Removal o" $en>ene
"rom )ro#nd+a!er
-ir!y )a
Clean )a
-ir!y Li6#id
Clean Li6#id
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Crude_Oil_Distillation.png -
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Air S!rippin) Col#mn
A$or$er
,rin) a )a and li6#id in con!ac! o !ha! con!aminan! in!he )a +ill a$or$ in!o !he li6#id 0#ed !o p#ri"y
)a !ream2
e%)% Removal o" d#! and
moi!#re "rom )a in cheee
and cereal prod#c!ion plan!
Clean )a
-ir!y )a
Clean Li6#id
-ir!y Li6#id
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A$or$er
Cry!alli>erUed in li6#id1olid epara!ion !o prod#ce al! and
chemical in ind#!ry
e%)% Cry!alli>er crea!e a
#per1a!#ra!ed ol#!ion $y
evapora!in) !he olven! o" a
a!#ra!ed ol#!ion% Theol#!e cool3 "ormin)
cry!al%
, in li6#id A
concen!ra!ed
ol#!ion o" ,
in A
A
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Ador$erSepara!ion o" a #$!ance "rom one phae3 +i!h i!
acc#m#la!ion a! !he #r"ace o" ano!her phae
0ma!erial "rom !he li6#id i concen!ra!ed on !he
#r"ace o" !he olid2
e%)% Car$on car!rid)e in )a
ma* remove harm"#l )aeE)% Silica )el i #ed a adryin) a)en!
Li6#id A . ,
Solid C
Li6#id A
0U#ally C i !a!ionary2
Solid C +i!h ,
-ryer@oi!#re i removed !hermally "rom a li6#id1olid
mi(!#re
e%)% Conveyor dryer #ed
in "ood applica!ion 0dryin)
chip or pa!a2
A 0li62
, 0olid2
, 0olid23
ome A
C . A
C 0)a2
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Ro!ary -ryer
Tray -ryer
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Li6#id1li6#id E(!rac!ionLiquid-liquid extraction3alo *no+n a solvent extractionand partitioning3 i a me!hod !o epara!e
compo#nd $aed on !heir ol#!ionpre"erence "or !+o di""eren!immici$leli6#id3 ##ally +a!erand an
or)anic olven!%I! i an e(!rac!iono" a #$!ance "rom one li6#idphaein!o ano!her li6#id phae% Li6#id1li6#id e(!rac!ion i a $aic !echni6#e inchemicalla$ora!orie3 +here i! i done in epara!in) "#nnel3 a +ell
a a common proce in chemical ind#!ryand oreprocein)%
Mixer Settlersare a cla o" mineral proce e6#ipmen! #ed in !he olven! e(!rac!ionproce% A mixersettlerconi! o" a "ir! !a)e !ha! mixes!he phae !o)e!her "ollo+ed $y a 6#ieen!settling!a)e !ha!allo+ !he phae !o epara!e $y )ravi!y%
Solid1li6#id E(!rac!ion
Leachingi !he proce o" e(!rac!in) a #$!ance "rom a olid$y diolvin) i! in a li6#id%In !he chemicalprocein)ind#!ry3 leachin) i *no+n ae(!rac!ion% Leachin) ha a varie!y o" commercial applica!ion3
incl#din) epara!ion o" me!al"rom ore#in)acid3 and #)ar"rom$ee!#in) ho! +a!er% Chloridecan alo $e
leached "rom "ood
mixing
Conveyor -ryer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misciblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misciblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_(molecule)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(matter)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(matter)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separating_funnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent_extractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_processing&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_processing&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misciblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_(molecule)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(matter)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separating_funnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent_extractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_processing&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_processing&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride -
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In ind#!rialproce en)ineerin)3 mixingi a #ni! opera!ion!ha! involve manip#la!in) ahe!ero)eneo#phyical y!em3 +i!h !he in!en! !o ma*e i! more homo)eneo#%
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogeneoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogeneoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogeneoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneous