Unit One Friendship

What is friendship?Michele E.Doyle&Mark K.Smith

Text A

Unit One Text A:

1. Teaching Aims and Requirements

2.Cultual Background

3. Text organization

4. Text A study

5.After Reading

1. Teaching Aims and Requirements

1. Grasp the main idea and structure of the text.2. Master the key language points and grammatical structure in the text.3. Conduct a series of reading, listening, speaking and writing activities related to the theme of the unit.

2. Cultural Background

About the author Mark K. Smith Mark K. Smith specializes in the field of informal education and community learning. He is the Rank Research Fellow and Tutor at YMCA George Williams College, London and has been a visiting professor in community education, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow. Among his books are Creators not Consumers (1982), Developing Youth Work (1988), Local Education (1994), Informal Education (1996, 1999, 2005 with Tony Jeffs) and The Art of Helping Others (2008, written with Heather Smith). He is currently working with the Rank Foundation on two new initiatives around community development and the needs of young carers.Mark K. Smith has worked as a careers officer, youth and community worker and project worker. He studied economics and politics at the University of Lancaster, and did his doctorate in the philosophy of education at the University of London.

2. Cultural Background

Aristotle(384~322 BC): Greek philosopher and scientist. Aristotle is one of the “big three” in ancient Greek philosophy, along with Plato and Socrates. (Socrates taught Plato, who in turn instructed Aristotle.)

Aristotle spent nearly 20 years at Plato’s Academy, first as a student and then as a teacher. After Plato’s death he traveled widely and educated a famous pupil, Alexander the Great, the Macedonian who nearly conquered the world. Later Aristotle began his own school in Athens, known as the Lyceum. Aristotle is known for his carefully detailed observations about nature and the physical world, which laid the groundwork for the modern study of biology. Among his works are the texts Physics, Metaphysics, Rhetoric and Ethics.

3. Text Organization: Part One Para 1 Part Two Paras 2-5 Part Three Para 6 Part Four Para 7

After reading each part, we’ll sum up the main idea.

Part One: Main IdeaPara 1:

It’s necessary to review some classical views of friendship in order to acquire a better understanding of it.

Part Two: Main Idea Paras 2-5 According to Aristotle, there are three ki

nds of friendship, which are respectively based on utility, pleasure and goodness. Friendship based on goodness is perfect and totally different from friendship based on utility or pleasure.

Part Three: Main IdeaPara 6 According to Cicero, true friendsh

ip is only possible between good men and it is virtue that creates and preserves true friendship.

Part Four: Main IdeaPara 7 Friendship is permanent between

virtuous people who share a commitment to the good or to what is morally right or worthy of praise.

Text A

Unit One Book Three

Friendship

4.Text A studya. Difficult Sentences 1. When we approach the notion of friendship, our firs

t problem is that there is a lack of socially acknowledged criteria for what makes a person a friend.

(1) What are “socially acknowledged criteria”? Answer: “Socially acknowledged criteria” are esta

blished standards that are accepted by all the people in the society.

(2) Translate this sentence. 我们探讨友谊这个概念时，遇到的第一个问题是，没有

社会公认的择友标准。

4.Text A study 2. In one setting, we may describe someone as a friend; in

another, the label may seem less appropriate. What does this sentence imply? The criteria for friendship vary from setting to setting.

3. They take pleasure in each other’s company only in so far as they have hopes of advantage from it.

(1) Do they enjoy being together purely because they like each other? (No, they are together just because they expect to benefit from their relationship.)

(2) Translate this sentence 只有当他们认为彼此有希望相互利用的时候，才会乐于呆

在一起。

4.Text A study 4. Friendship between the young is thought to be ground

ed on pleasure, because the lives of the young are regulated by their feelin

gs, and their chief interests are in their own pleasure and the opportunit

y of the moment. (1) What do young people care most when making friends? (=They care most about their own feelings, their own ple

asure and whether there is an important opportunity at the present time.)

(2) Translate this sentence. (= 年轻人之间的友谊常被看作是建立在愉悦基础之上的，因为

年轻人的生活受感情支配，他们感兴趣的主要是自己的快乐和眼前的重要机会。 )

4.Text A study 5. That is why they fall in and out of friendship quickly, changin

g their attitude often, even within the same day. What can we infer from this sentence? (=Young people’s friendship is temporary, because the attitude

they hold to friendship is always changing.) 6. Only the friendship of those who are good, and similar in their

goodness, is perfect. (1) What does this sentence imply? (=Perfect friendship exists only between people who are equally g

ood.) (2) Translate this sentence. (= 只有那些品德高尚而且拥有相似美德的人之间的友谊才是完美

的。 )

4.Text A study 7. It is between good men that both love and friendship are chi

efly found and in the highest form. Paraphrase this sentence. (=Love and friendship are mainly found between good people a

nd the love and friendship are of the best quality.) 8. And no two persons can accept each other and become friends

until each has proved to the other that he is worthy of love, and so won his t

rust. (1) How can two persons become real friends? (=Only when each has proved that he deserves the love of the

other and thus has won the other’s trust.) (2) Translate this sentence. (= 只有当两个人互相证明自己值得爱并赢得对方的信任之后，彼此

方能接受对方为朋友。 )

4.Text A study 9. He further defines “the good” as “those whose acti

ons and lives leave no question as to their honor, purity, equity, and liberality; wh

o are free from greed, lust, and violence; and who have the courage of thei

r convictions.” (1) What does the expression “have the courage of their

convictions” mean? (= It means “be brave enough to say and act on what th

ey think is right even though other people may not agree or approve.”)

(2) Translate this sentence. (= 他进而将“好人”定义为“那些行为和生活无损于自己的

荣誉、纯洁、公平和开明的人；那些摆脱了贪婪、欲念和暴力的人；那些敢于依照自己的信念说话和做事的人。” )

4.Text A study 10. …and they must share a

commitment to the good. Paraphrase this sentence. (=…and they both must devote

themselves to pursuing what is morally right

or worthy of praise.)

4.Text A studyb. Words and Expressions 1. notion: n. an idea, belief or concept *Our management system is based on the notions of pers

onal equality and liberty. 我们的管理体系是基于人的平等、自由观念而建立的。 She has no notion of the difficulty of this problem.

idea, concept & notion 这些名词均有“思想”、“观点”、观念”之意。

idea 最普通，几乎适用于任何方面的思维活动。 concept 指从众多实例中通过概括、归纳而形成的对事物本质、全貌及其内部联系的比较系统的概念或看法。

notion 指的是一种模糊的、变化莫测的想法，无可靠的基础，是未经深思熟虑的、甚至让人觉得荒谬的观点。

(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.

(1) She seemed unfamiliar with the ______ that everyone should have an equal opportunity. (=concept)

(2) I have no _____ how she managed to do this. (= idea/notion)

(3) I had a silly _____ that he would come back and beg me for forgiveness. (=notion)

(4) Don't get any _____ about revenge. (=ideas)

4.Text A study 2. criterion: n. standard by which sth. is judged eg:The company’s criterion for success is high sales. 对一些出版商而言，评判一本书是否畅销的标准是长度而非内容。

To some publishers, the criterion of a book which will sell

well is length rather than content. standard & criterion 这两个名词均含“标准”之意。 standard 指公认为决定事物质量或人的品质的准则或原则。 eg: All restaurants in the town with a low standard of hygie

ne have been forced to close. 城里所有卫生水准低的餐馆都被迫关门了。 criterion较正式用词，指判断、批评事物的标准，但不一定制成了规章。

eg: What are the criteria for deciding who gets the prize? 评定获奖者以什么作标准。

4.Text A study3. appropriate: adj. correct or suitable for a particular si

tuation or occasion eg: Suits are always appropriate for a job interview. His formal style of speaking was appropriate to th

e occasion.

4. thin: adj. not having the necessary qualities to gain the intended result

eg:His thin attempt surely resulted innothing. The critics found her latest novel rather thin.书评家

认为她最近写的那部小说没什么意思。

4.Text A study 5. classical: adj. based on or belonging to an old or est

ablished system ofprinciples or methods, e.g. in art or science

eg:Dressed in ballet skirt, she danced with a classical elegance.

He is going to China to study Chinese classical poetry. 他将前往中国去研究中国古典诗歌。

6. distinguish between: recognize differences between eg: The twins are so alike that no one can distingui

sh between them. People who cannot distinguish between colors are

said to be color-blind. 不能辨别颜色的人称为色盲。

4.Text A study 7. utility: n. the quality or condition of being useful; usefulness eg: Farm animals have economic value because of their ut

ility. Grandma has always doubted the utility value of a dishwa

sher.祖母总是怀疑洗碟机的实用价值。 8. ground: n. reason(s) or justification for saying, doing or belie

ving sth. eg: She can’t accept his ground for divorce. He has been fired from the job on the grounds of incompe

tence. Patterns: a gound/grounds for… ……的理由 on the grounds of… 基于……的原因 on the grounds that… 因为……

4.Text A study9. break up: to come or bring to an end, especially by separa

ting eg:Their marriage eventually broke up due to lack of co

mmunication. Police arrived at the bar in time and broke up the fight.

警察及时赶到酒吧结束了这场打斗。

10. pursue: vt. try to achieve sth.; continue steadily with; carry on

She decided to pursue her studies after obtaining her first degree. 她决定在获得学士学位之后继续深造。

Our boss has decided not to pursue the matter any further.老板决定不再追查那事。

Collocations: pursue sb. 追求某人 pursue a vocation 从事一份职业 pursue a hobby 从事一项爱好 pursue a goal 追求一个目标

4.Text A study 11. take pleasure in (doing) sth.: to enjoy (doing) sth. eg:The audience took pleasure in watching the gra

ceful skaters’ dancing. The old man takes pleasure in remembering the pa

st. 老人很享受回忆往事。

12. in so far as: to the degree that eg:They moved to the downtown area in so far as th

ey could spend less time on the way to work. He still continued his research in this field in so far

as he could make some discoveries. 为了能有所发现，他仍然坚持在这一领域的研究。

4.Text A study 13. regulate: vt. to control, especially by rules; bring o

rder or method to eg: Sweating can help to regulate the body’s temp

erature. 出汗有助于调节体温。 Those who enjoy a long life usually regulate their ea

ting habits.长寿的人通常饮食习惯有规律。 Collocations: regulate the traffic 管理交通 regulate expenditure 控制费用

14. as to: on the subject of; concerning eg: We are puzzled as to how the accident happene

d. 关于事故是如何发生的我们很迷惑。 He refused to make any comments as to this event

at the press conference. 在记者招待会上他拒绝就此事发表任何评论。

4.Text A study15. equity: n. the state, quality, or ideal of being just, impart

ial, and fair eg:The judgment aroused people’s anger for its lack of

equity. The equity of the referee's decision was accepted by eve

ryone.大家都同意裁判员的公正裁判。16. liberality: n. the quality or state of being liberal or gener

ous. eg:Liberality contributes to the success of leadership. A man of liberality will be welcome everywhere. 一个慷慨

的人会处处受人欢迎。17. greed: n. an excessive desire to acquire or possess more

than what one eg: We were deeply touched by the greed for knowledge

in their eyes. 我们被他们渴求知识的眼神深深触动了。

4.Text A study18. conviction: n. a fixed or strong belief. eg:It's my conviction that complacency is at the root of our tr

oubles. Do you always act in accordance with your convictions? 自满情绪是我们各种问题的根源。 belief, faith & conviction 这些名词都有“相信”、“信任”之意。 belief 较为普通，指单纯从主观上的相信，不涉及这种相信是否

有根据。 eg:I find his behavior irresponsible beyond belief. 我发觉他的所作所为不负责任到了简直令人难以置信的地步。

faith语气较强，强调完全相信，有时也指仅凭感觉产生的相信。eg:I haven't much faith in this medicine. 我对这种药没有多大信心。

conviction 多指根据长期交往或实践，对某人某事有了认识和了解后产生的信心和相信，强调其坚定性。

eg:She'd made such promises before, and they lacked conviction. 她以前也作过这样的许诺 , 但都不足信。

4.Text A study 19. possess: vt. to have as one’s property, as a quality, etc. *They possess property all over the world. 他们在世界各地均拥有财产。

Does he possess the necessary patience and tact to do the job well? 他有做好这项工作必备的耐性和应变能力吗 ?

hold, own, possess & keep 这些动词均有“有”、“具有”、“持有”之意。 hold 指拥有并保持财产及持有见解等，暗示不让别人拿走或占有。

own不及 possess正式 多指所属关系，强调所有权，不管所属物是否在物主手中。

possess较正式，指拥有或占有并能加以控制与支配，强调其归属；也指具有某种品质、才能、特点或性能等。

keep 指长时间地保有、保存某物，防止别人占去，强调安全和感情上的依附。

4.Text A study (Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the

form where necessary. (1) As a leader, he ______ great tact. (=possesses) (2) His family ______ a great deal of real estate all over the worl

d. (= holds) (3) Though he ______ the restaurant, he is not involved in the m

anagement of it. (=owns) (4) I don't know which is more difficult—to earn money or to _____ it. (=keep)

20. preserve: vt. to prevent (someone or sth.) from being harmed or

destroyed *Mother always tries to preserve family harmony. 母亲总是在努力维持家庭和睦。

*More and more teenagers fail to preserve their eyesight and wear glasses.

(=She managed despite everything to preserve her sense of humor.)

4.Text A study 21. commitment: n. a responsibility or promise to f

ollow certain beliefs or a certain course of action eg: Many young people remain single for lack of co

mmitment to family and marriage. We only pay those well who have loyalty and full c

ommitment. 我们只给忠诚而勇于承担的人丰厚的报酬。

22. bind: vt. to tie together or unite eg: She bound her hair up with ribbon. These old people were bound by a common intere

st in shadowboxing. 这些老人因为对太极拳的共同爱好而结合到了一起。

4.Text A study CF: fasten, tie, bind & chain 这些动词都有“扎牢”、“捆”、“绑”之意。 fasten 指把某物牢牢地拴在、钉在或锁在另一物上，使不能

任意移动。 tie 普通用词，指用绳索等将东西扎紧捆牢。 bind 多指把两个或两个以上的人或物牢牢地系或扎在一起。 chain专指用链条或金属环将某人或某物锁住或系住。 (Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Chan

ge the form where necessary. (1) She ____ her shoes and kept jogging. (=tied) (2) The feeling that _____ him to her is quite strong. (=bin

ds) (3) _____ your seat belt please. (=Fasten) (4) He ____ his dog to a tree and went inside the house. (=

chained)

4.Text A study 23. permanent: adj. lasting or intended to last for a lo

ng time or forever Eg: People always yearn for something permanent,

enduring, without shadow of change. The injury left him with a permanent limp. 他受伤

后就一直瘸了。 Collocations: permanent address 固定地址 permanent employment 固定工作 permanent committee 常设委员会 permanent force 常备军

4.Text A study 24. unite: v. to make or form a single complete whole; to j

oin eg:Christmas is the only chance to unite my big family. She has difficulty uniting common sense with vision.她觉得将想象力与常识联系起来有点困难。

We should unite in fighting poverty and disease. CF: join, combine, unite & connect 这些动词均有“连接”、“结合”、“联合”之意。 join强调把原来不相连接的物紧密地连接在一起，但仍可再分开。也指把分散的人或几个部分的人联合起来，或加入到某团体中去。

combine 指两个或两个以上的人或物结合在一起。 unite 指联合、团结、结合在一起，构成一个整体。 connect 指两事物在某一点上相连接，但彼此又保持独立。

4.Text A study (Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the f

orm where necessary. The attack on their country ______ squabbling political factio

ns in a common purpose. (= united) (2) Most women ______ the union asking for equal pay for equ

al work. (= joined) (3) When bad men ______, the good must associate. (= combine) (4) The two men are ______ by marriage. (=connected)25. attribute: n. a part of someone’s character, esp. a part thoug

ht to be good eg: One attribute of a good manager is that he listens very car

efully to other people. 好的管理者所具备的一个特点就是耐心倾听。 Hope is one of mankind’s most enduring and rewarding att

ributes.

5.After Reading composition

Write an article about friendship

End