Unit IX- Postwar America To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select Picture Locate your logo file Click OK To resize the logo Click anywhere inside the logo. The boxes that appear outside the logo are known as resize handles. Use these to resize the object. If you hold down the shift key before using the resize handles, you will maintain the proportions of the object you wish to resize. Exploring American History Chapter 28 Section 2 Kennedy, Johnson and Civil Rights Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi: Advocate of Tolerance and Nonviolence (02:46) Non-Violent Protests during the Civil Rights Movement Civil rights workers used several direct, nonviolent methods to confront discrimination and racism in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Boycotts Sit-ins Freedom Rides Many of these non-violent tactics were based on those of Mohandas Gandhia leader in Indias struggle for independence from Great Britain. American civil rights leaders such as James Farmer of CORE, Martin Luther King Jr. of SCLC, and others shared Gandhis views. James Lawson, an African American minister, conducted workshops on nonviolent methods in Nashville and on college campuses. Kennedy, Johnson, and Civil Rights The Big Idea The civil rights movement made major advances during the presidencies of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. Main Ideas John F. Kennedy was elected president in Civil rights leaders continued to fight for equality. Lyndon B. Johnson became president when Kennedy was assassinated. Changes occurred in the civil rights movement in the late 1960s. Main Idea 1: John F. Kennedy was elected president in Won the election of 1960 Became youngest person ever elected president First Roman Catholic to become president Kennedy pursued set of proposals he called the New Frontier. Higher minimum wage and tax cuts to stimulate growth New spending on military and the space program Programs to help poor and unemployed Financial help for public schools Kennedy also supported the goals of civil rights movement. New Frontier President Kennedy Kennedy Elected Explain What were two things that were unique about John F. Kennedy as president? Summarize What was the New Frontier program? Evaluate Was it a good plan for President Kennedy to go slow on civil rights in order to push other items in his domestic agenda? Main Idea 2: Civil rights leaders continued to fight for equality. In 1960 the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of bus stations was illegal. May 1961 Congress for Racial Equality organized Freedom Rides. Protests in which black and white bus riders traveled to segregated bus stations in South Hoped to put pressure on President Kennedy to enforce ruling Violence against riders forced end of protest SNCC decided to continue the Freedom Rides. Attacked by furious mob Many were jailed Kennedy then ordered the Interstate Commerce Commission to enforce strict bans on segregation in interstate bus terminals. Desegregation and Civil Rights Activism (03:48) 1961: Whites Join in with Freedom Riders: Medgar Evers is Assassinated (00:53) Birmingham, Alabama In 1963 Martin Luther King Jr. organized marches in Birmingham. King was jailed for marching without a permit. Released and led new marches May 1963 2,500 demonstrators marched. Police chief ordered attack dogs and blasted marchers with high- pressure water hoses. Televised images shocked nation. Fight for Rights March on Washington June 1963 Kennedy announced support for a civil rights bill. African American leaders held the March on Washington to show support for the bill. August 28, 1963 Martin Luther King Jr. gave his powerful I Have a Dream speech before 200,000 people. Freedom Comes to Birmingham (04:22) August, 1963: March on Washington: MLK's (01:12) I Have a Dream (03:48) The Fight for Rights Continues Recall What was the primary goal of CORE? Analyze Was COREs protest strategy effective? The Fight for Rights Continues Explain Why did CORE stop its Freedom Rides? Analyze How did Eugene Bull Connors actions help the civil rights movement? Develop Do you think it take a major event like the attack on the marchers in Birmingham to effect social change? Right to Vote, The (01:23) April 4, 1968: MLK is Assassinated by James Earl Ray (02:41) Main Idea 3: Lyndon B. Johnson became president when Kennedy was assassinated. On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Shocked the nation Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was quickly sworn in as president. Vowed to continue Kennedys work Urged Congress to pass a civil rights bill Kennedys Assassination On November 22, 1963, President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Vice President Johnson was sworn in within hours. Kennedys death shocked the nation and the world. Within hours, police arrested Lee Harvey Oswald. While being transferred to the county jail, Oswald was shot to death by Jack Ruby. November 22, 1963 (03:20) Assassination of a President Dallas, Texas - Nov. 22, 1963 Dealey Plaza Lee Harvey Oswald Jack Ruby Warren Commission Conspiracy Theories Appraisal of the Kennedy years. Zapruder Film- :26 The Warren Commission The strange circumstances surrounding President Kennedys death caused people to wonder whether Oswald had acted alone in killing the president. President Johnson appointed the Warren Commission to investigate the assassination. They determined that there was no conspiracy and that Oswald and Ruby had each acted alone. Additional government investigations and many private ones have never found credible evidence of a conspiracy. The Warren Commission- :40 The Kennedy Legacy Kennedy did not have much success with domestic issues. He acknowledged that the nations social, economic, and environmental problems would take many years to solve. Foreign Relations Some felt the drama of the Kennedy presidency was more evident than its achievements. However, in foreign affairs, relations with the Soviet Union had improved. The Peace Corp produced goodwill toward the United States. Domestic Achievements Civil Rights Act of 1964 Medgar Evers, the head of the NAACP in Mississippi, was shot dead in his front yard. Ku Klux Klan member Byron De La Beckwith was tried for the crime but all-white juries failed to convict. President Kennedy The events in Alabama convinced President Kennedy to act on civil rights issues. Kennedy announced that he would ask for legislation to finally end segregation in public accommodations. Medgar Evers On August 28, 1963, the largest civil rights demonstration ever held in the United States took place in Washington. More than 200,000 people marched and listened to Martin Luther King Jr.s I Have a Dream speech. March on Washington Civil Rights Act of 1964 Signed into law on July 2, 1964 Banned segregation in public places Outlawed discrimination in the workplace on the basis of color, gender, religion, or national origin Civil Rights Legislation Voting Rights Act of 1965 Signed into law in August 1965 Gave federal government new powers to protect African Americans voting rights Within three years, more than half of all qualified African Americans in the South registered to vote. Civil Rights Act of 1964 Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin: in voting, employment, and public services, such as transportation. To enforce the constitutional right to vote. To establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity. Right to Vote, The (01:23) The Great Society President Johnson won 1964 elections by a huge margin. Planned program of reforms that he called the Great Society Included Medicare and Medicaid to help senior citizens and low- income citizens afford health care Gave local schools more than $1 billion to help students with special needs Created the Department of Housing and Urban Development to help low-income families get better housing Congress quickly passed most of Johnsons legislation. Johnson Becomes President DescribeDescribe How did Lyndon Johnson become president? SummarizeSummarize What were the main provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964? RankRank Which do you think was more important in promoting civil rights in the United States, the 1964 Civil Rights Act or the 1965 Voting Rights Act? Johnson Becomes President Recall What was the Great Society? Analyze Why do you think it was significant that Robert Weaver, an African American, was appointed to serve as secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development? Main Idea 4: Changes occurred in the civil rights movement in the late 1960s. African American activist Founder of the Black Power movement Called for African American independence Believed blacks should reject integration, focusing instead on controlling their own communities Leader of the Nation of Islam Combined ideas about African American independence with teachings of Islam Helped inspire Black Power movement Believed African Americans had right to defend themselves, using violence if necessary Malcolm X Stokely Carmichael Black Power Stokely Carmichael became the head of SNCC. SNCC abandoned the philosophy of nonviolence. Black Power became the new rallying cry. Wanted African Americans to depend on themselves to solve problems. Black Panthers The Black Panther Party was formed in Oakland, California, in Called for violent revolution as a means of African American liberation. Members carried guns and monitored African American neighborhoods to guard against police brutality. Fractures in the Movement Black Muslims Nation of Islam was a large and influential group who believed in Black Power. Message of black nationalism, self- discipline, and self-reliance. Malcolm X offered message of hope, defiance, and black pride. The Assassination and Legacy of Malcolm X (02:27) The Promised Land (02:33) The Death of Martin Luther King Jr. King became aware that economic issues must be part of the civil rights movement. King went to Memphis, Tennessee to help striking sanitation workers. He led a march to city hall. James Earl Ray shot and killed King as he stood on the balcony of his motel. Within hours, rioting erupted in more than 120 cities. Within three weeks, 46 people were dead, some 2,600 were injured, and more than 21,000 were arrested. April 4, 1968: MLK is Assassinated by James Earl Ray (02:41) A Dream Deferred (03:05) Changes in the Civil Rights Movement Describe According to Malcolm X, what goal should African Americans work toward? Elaborate Why do you think African Americans were drawn to Black Power and the Nation of Islam?