Unit III Group Dynamic

7/26/2019 Unit III Group Dynamic

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Decision Making


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Meaning.

Decision making is the process of choosing thebest from among the alternative solutions under

a given set of circumstances.

Decision making involves 3 aspects of human

behaviour.Cognition Activities of mind associated with knowingConation (willingness, Desire)

Affection (motion , temperament)


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06/14/16 3

Decisions and Decision Making

Decision -choice made

from available

alternatives

Decision Making the process of

Identifying problems

And opportunities and

Then resolving them.


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Goal

Directed

Alternatives

Rational vs

Judgmental

Freedom to

chose

CHARACTERISTICS OFCHARACTERISTICS OF

DECISIONS MAKINGSDECISIONS MAKINGS


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FACTORS AFFECTING DECISION


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TYPES OF DECISION

Programmed and non-programmedPro

grammed and non-programmed

Programmed:-Programmed Decisions are

ro!ine and repe!i!i"e and are made #i!$ !$e%rame#or& o% organi'a!iona( po(icies and r(e)

Non- Programmed:-Non- programmed

decisions are re(e"an! %or so("ing ni*e andnsa( pro+(ems in #$ic$ "arios a(!erna!i"escanno! +e decided in ad"ance) E"a(a!ion o%A(!erna!i"es are no! possi+(e %((,)


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Programmed "s) Non-programmed Decisions

C$arac!eris!ics Programmeddecisions

Non-programmeddecisions

T,pe o% pro+(em Structured nstructured

Manageria( (e"e( !o"er #e$e# %%er #e$e#

Fre*enc, Re%etiti$e Ne"&unusua#

In%orma!ion Readi#' a$ai#a(#e A)(iguous orinco)%#ete

Time %rame %orso(!ion

S*ort Re#ati$e#' #ong

So(!ion re(ies on Procedures&ru#es&and %o#icies

+udg)ent andcreati$it'


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TYPES OF DECISION

S!ra!egic "s Opera!iona(S!ra!egic "s Opera!iona(

S!ra!egic:-S!ra!egic decisions are re(a!ed !o nied.in!egra!ed and compre$ensi"e isses o% !$eorgani'a!ion) E)g di"ersica!ion. in!rodc!ion !o !$ene# prodc!)

Opera!iona(:-Ro!ine ac!i"i!ies re(a!ed decision areopera!iona( decisions) E)g) sanc!ion o% incremen!.pa,ing o% +i(()


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TYPES OF DECISION

Ma/or and MinorMa/or and Minor

Ma/or:- Decisions a0ec!ing o"era((organi'a!ion is !$e ma/or decision)

Minor:-Decisions a0ec!ing on(, specic%nc!iona( area is &no#n as minor decision )


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TYPES OF DECISION

Simp(e and Comp(e1Simp(e and Comp(e1

Simp(e:-Decisions in"o("ing (ess no o%"aria+(es !o +e considered)

Comp(e1:-2arge nm+er o% "aria+(es areconsidered +e%ore !a&ing !$e decision)


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TYPES OF DECISION

2ong 3rn "s S$or!- rn2ong 3rn "s S$or!- rn

2ong-rn:-Decisions !a&en %or !$e (ong rnp(ans) E)g Se(ec!ion o% candida!es %or !$epermanen! pos!)

S$or!-rn:-Temporar, emp(o,ees se(ec!ionis s$or! rn)


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TYPES OF DECISION

Indi"ida( and GropIndi"ida( and Grop

Indi"ida(:-Decisions !a&en +, indi"ida(se(ec!or

Grop:-Decision !a&en +, pane(


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C*aracteristics o, an E-ecti$eDecisionMaking

It ,ocuses on "*at is i)%ortant It is #ogica# and consistent.

It ackno"#edges (ot* su(/ecti$e and o(/ecti$et*inking and (#ends ana#'tica# "it* intuiti$e

t*inking. It re0uires on#' as )uc* in,or)ation and ana#'sis

as is necessar' to reso#$e a %articu#ar di#e))a.

It encourages and guides t*e gat*ering o,re#e$ant in,or)ation and in,or)ed o%inion.

It is straig*t,or"ard&re#ia(#e& eas' to use& and1e2i(#e.


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MAKINGMAKING

Identifying and

diagnosing

the prolemGenerating

alternative

solutions!valuating

alternatives

!valuating

the decision

Implementingthe decision

"a#ing the

choice


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Approac$es !o

Decision ma&ing


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T*e Intuiti$e

T*e Rationa#

A Satis3cing

Po#itica# 4e*a$ioura#

Incre)enta# Mode#

Gar(age Mode#


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Approac$esApproac$es

In!i!ion T*e a(i#it' o, )anagers to (e %er,ect#'

rationa# in )aking decisions is #i)ited (',acts suc* as5

6 Inade0uate in,or)ation

6Ti)e and cost constraints

6 cogniti$e ca%acit'Managers seek a#ternati$es on#' unti# t*e'3nd one "*ic* #ooks satis,actor'& rat*ert*an seeking an o%ti)a# decision.

1$


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intuition

Experience-based

Decisions

Affect-InitiatedDecisions

Cognitive-Based

DecisionsSubconscious

mental processing

Values or ethics-based Decisions

Their past experiences

eelings or emotions

S!ills"!no#ledge" and

trainingData from

subconscious mind

Ethical values

and culture

%hat is Intuition &


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Decision)aker takes decision (ased onintuitions "*ic* is c*aracteri7ed (' t*e use o,

*unc*es& inner ,ee#ings or t*e gut,ee#ing o, t*edecision)aker.

T*e decision )aker "orking on t*is a%%roac*%ractices )anage)ent in t*e ,or) o, art.

8e %re,ers *a(it or e2%erience re#ati$e t*inkingand instinct& using t*e unconscious cogniti$e%rocess.


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Rationa# Decision Making

A%%roac* Decision )aker is rationa# and

inte##igent.

Fu##' a"are o, a## a$ai#a(#e ,easi(#ea#ternati$es to )a2i)i7e ad$antages.

Consider a## %ossi(#e c*oices

Decide t*e )ost o%ti)a# a#ternati$et*at can (e ado%ted.


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''

Rational

Decision

Making

Rational

Decision

Making

An optimal decision

is possible

An optimal decision

is possible

All relevant information

is available

All relevant information

is available

All relevant information is

understandable

All relevant information is

understandable

All alternatives are knownAll alternatives are known

All possible outcomes knownAll possible outcomes known


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Process

Recogni7e t*e need ,or a decision

Esta(#is*& Rank and "eig* criteria&

Gat*er a$ai#a(#e in,or)ation and data

E$a#uate eac* a#ternati$e

Se#ect t*e (est a#ternati$e.


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'4

Satisficing

decisionmaking

Satisficing

decisionmaking

Time constraintsTime constraints

Limited ability to

understand all factors

Limited ability to

understand all factors

nade!uate base

of information

nade!uate base

of information

Limited memory of

decision"makers

Limited memory of

decision"makers

#oor perception of factors

to be considered

in decision process

#oor perception of factors

to be considered

in decision process


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CONSTRAINTS ON DECISIONCONSTRAINTS ON DECISION

MAKERSMAKERS

Ethical$uman

Economical

(onstraints

Technical%rgani&ational

Political

Environmental

Social


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GropDecision

Ma&ing


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C*a%ter 9& Nanc' !angtonand Ste%*en P. Ro((ins&

Grou% Decision Making

7ea&nesses o%Grop DecisionMa&ing

More ti)e consu)ing.

Con,or)it' %ressures ingrou%s.

Discussion can (edo)inated (' one or a,e" )e)(ers.

Decisions su-er ,ro)a)(iguous res%onsi(i#it'.

S!reng!$s o% GropDecision Ma&ing

Generates )ore

co)%#ete in,or)ationand kno"#edge.

O-ers increaseddi$ersit' o, $ie"s.

Generates *ig*er0ua#it'decisions.

!eads to increasedacce%tance o, a so#ution.


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Indi$idua# $s. Grou% Decision

Making In establishing objectives, groups are probably

superior to indi$idua#s (ecause o, t*e greatera)ount o, kno"#edge a$ai#a(#e to grou%s.

In identifying alternatives, the individual eortsof group )e)(ers encourage a (road searc* in$arious ,unctiona# areas o, t*e organi7ation.

In evaluating alternatives, the collectivejudgement of the grou%& "it* its "ider range o,$ie"%oints& see)s su%erior to t*at o, t*e indi$idua#decision )aker.


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In choosing an alternative, groupinteraction and the

ac*ie$e)ent o, consensus usua##' resu#t in t*eacce%tance o, )ore risk t*an "ou#d (e acce%ted(' an indi$idua#

decision )aker.

Implementing a decision, whether or not itwas made by a grou%& is usua##' acco)%#is*ed(' indi$idua# )anagers.


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E2*i(it 9> Grou% $s. Indi$idua#

Decision Making


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Grou%t*ink and Grou%s*i,t

Grou%t*ink

6 P*eno)enon in "*ic* t*e nor) ,or consensus

o$errides t*e rea#istic a%%raisa# o, a#ternati$ecourses o, action.

Grou%s*i,t

6P*eno)enon in "*ic* t*e initia# %ositions o,indi$idua# )e)(ers o, a grou% aree2aggerated to"ard a )ore e2tre)e %osition.


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S')%to)s o, Grou%t*ink

I##usion o, in$u#nera(i#it'

Assu)%tion o, )ora#it'

Rationa#i7ation Stereot'%ing outgrou%s

Mini)i7ed dou(ts

I##usion o, unani)it'

Mind guards

Peer %ressure


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Mini)i7ing Grou%t*ink

Encourage grou% #eaders to %#a' ani)%artia# ro#e.

A%%oint one grou% )e)(er to %#a' t*ero#e o, de$i#?s ad$ocate.

Sti)u#ate acti$e discussion o, di$erse

a#ternati$es.


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@*at Causes Grou%s*i,t

Discussion creates ,a)i#iari7ation a)onggrou% )e)(ers.

Grou% discussion )oti$ates indi$idua#sto take risks.

Grou% di-uses res%onsi(i#it'.


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Degree O, Partici%ation

E2%eriences

E2%ertise

Nature o, Task

Di-erence o, o%inion

O%enness o, Grou% #eader

Org Cu#ture

E)%#o'ee E)%o"er)ent and ,reedo)


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Met*ods o, Grou% Decision

)akingT*e )a/orit' "ins sc*e)e

T*e trut* "ins sc*e)e

T"o t*ird Ma/orit' sc*e)e

First s*i,t ru#e

Status Buo Ru#e.


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MANAGING GRO


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Tec$ni*es in GropDecision Ma&ing

For de!ai( &ind(, re%era!!ac$ed PDF


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:;s!ica!ion o%Pre"iosDecisions

Posi!i"e ?a(e o%E1pec!edO!comes

ProspectiveRationality


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Grou% Consensus Decision

Making Mode# Consensus is a st'#e o, decision )aking "*ere('

%artici%ants are a(#e to arri$e at a decision t*roug*

discussion in "*ic*

6 A## Partici%ants $ie"%oints are considered

6T*e 3na# decision is agreea(#e to a## in$o#$ed

6 No ,or)a# $ote is taken t*e a%%ro$a# is unani)ous.


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Points to re)e)(er in

Consensus decision )aking Eac* %artici%ant )ust *onest#' state *is *er o%inion in

co)%#ete )anner.

T*e ,ocus on eac* o%inion is to )ake sure it is c#ear#'

understood (' ot*er %artici%ants. Partici%ants )ust #isten care,u##'

Its not a "in #ose situation& ,air discussion )ust (e t*eir.

Partici%ants s*ou#d not su%%ort an agree)ent t*at t*e'

*a$e o(/ection to.

T*e grou% s*ou#d not %ressure indi$idua#s o%inion.


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Process

Ste%s5

. S%eci3cation o, o%inions (' a## %artici%ants

;. C#ari,'ing state)ents t*roug* o%en discussion andcross 0uestioning.

>. Discussion o, ideas continues unti# so)eone t*inksconsensus *as (een ac*ie$ed.

H. A tria# decision is stated to c*eck )e)(ers o%inion.. I, it does not ste% ; re%eated

K. I, a## agree consensus is ac*ie$ed.


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Consensus is $a#ua(#e (ecause it

increases creati$it' and in$o#$es a##

)e)(ers o, t*e grou%.

Takes )ore ti)e u% ,ront (ut eLcient

on#' in #ong run.


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Ro#e o, Faci#itator in Decision

Making

) ilit ti i Eff ti


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)acilitation unnin' Effective

.eetin'%


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T'%ica# Meetings

Descri(e 'our grou%?s t'%ica# )eeting in> sentences or #ess

6 @*at?s t*e (iggest c*a##enge6 @*at ,rustrates 'ou t*e )ost


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@*at is Faci#itation

Process ,or running )eetings or )akingdecisions in a "a' t*at is5

6 S)oot*6 E-ecti$e

6 Partici%ator'

6 De)ocratic


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T$e Faci(i!a!or is (i&e

an orc$es!ra (eader)S$e or $e

ms! &eep

FACI2ITATORS ARE

PROCESS MANAGERS

GOO C O S


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K

GOOD FACI2ITATORS ARENE


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@*' use ,aci#itation

To in$o#$e %eo%#e

To )ake )eetings )ore e-ecti$e

To increase t*e nu)(er o, )inds "orkingon a %ro(#e)

To sta' on task

To kee% %eo%#e co)ing (ack to )eetings


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@*at?s t*e risk o, not using

,aci#itation 4rainstor)


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Ste%s to Faci#itation Success

. C*oose a ,aci#itator

;. Set or re$ie" Ground Ru#es Grou%

Nor)s>. C*oose ot*er ro#es as necessar'

H. Start )eeting agendaDiscussion


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Ro#es5 Faci#itator

Ro#e de%ends on conte2t

6 Faci#itator is NOT in contro#

6 Faci#itator?s aut*orit' granted (' grou%6 ee% grou% on task

6 Res%onsi(#e ,or Process NOT Content

6 Make sure e$er'one is *eard


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Ro#es5 Ti)eee%er

Makes sure t*ere is a ti)e#i)it ,oreac* agenda ite)

!et?s t*e grou% kno" "*en ti)e is

a#)ost u% ee%s t*e grou% on task& a$oid

tangents


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Ro#es5 NoteTaker

Record o, )eeting decisions

T'%es and sends

)inutes to%artici%ants

Ca%ture To Do?s Due Dates


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Ro#es5 Ji(es@atc*er

ee%s and e'e on t*e energ' o, t*e grou%

@atc*es ,or tension& can ca## a (reak or ta(#e an ite)

Deesca#ates situations


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E2a)%#e Ground Ru#es

Decision)aking %rocess i.e.)a/orit'& consensus& etc.

Stack or )odi3ed stack

8and Signa#s

4ikerack

Goaround

Don?t interru%t s%eaker Sta' on su(/ect

4e concise& don?t re%eat ot*ers

4e res%ect,u# and %o#ite

Directed Buestions


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4ring t*e MAPS ,or an E-ecti$eMeeting

Materia#s

Agenda

Peo%#e

S%ace


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Ti%s ,or E-ecti$e Meetings

Start and end 'our )eetings on ti)e

ee% announce)ents to a )ini)u)

Sit in a circ#e 8a$e an agenda and set ti)e #i)its ,or

eac* ite)

Encourage %artici%ation

Don?t #et an'one do)inate

se *and signa#s

8a$e ,ood


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Ti%s ,or E-ecti$e Meeting cont.

Re$ie" decisions at t*e end o, t*e )eeting

E$er'one #ea$es "it* a task ,or ne2t )eeting

Rotate ,aci#itators Re$ie" groundru#es at t*e (eginning

8a$e a signin s*eet

Introduce ne" %eo%#e P#an t*e agenda ,or ne2t )eeting (e,ore 'ou

#ea$e

8AJE FNQQ Socia#i7e "it* %eo%#e a,ter"ards


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< Ti%s ,or Faci#itating Discussion

. Para%*rase

;. C*eck

>. Co)%#i)ent

H. E#a(orate

. Energi7e


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< Ti%s ,or Faci#itating Discussion cont.

K. Disagree

=. Mediate

. Pu##

9. C*ange


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A#so re,er %g no 9 to 9H in 'ourcourse %ack

THANK YOU

Unit III Group Dynamic

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Transcript of Unit III Group Dynamic