Unit II: The Evolution of the State

I. Great Britain or Little England? A. Thinking About BritainA. Thinking About Britain

1. Key Themes:a. Gradualism – the belief that change should

occur slowly or incrementally.b. Relative economic decline and its political

implicationsc. The end of collectivist consensus;

Margaret Thatcher’s policies and legacyd. Impact of “New Labour” and Tony Blair

What is the significance of each of

these events?

B.Gradualism:1.Magna Carta (1215)

2.The Bill of Rights (1688): rights retained by Parliament NOT individual citizens. Allowed for policymaking power and the power of the purse.

B. Gradualism3. Evidence of the Glorious Revolution

todaya. Resolved long standing conflict with religion

b. Parliament has more power than the monarchy

c. Brits are more secular than their Western European neighbors

d. Religion is not a major source of identity

e. Active church membership (15%)

f. Political parties have no religious affiliation (except Northern Ireland)

William and Mary signing the Bill of Rights (1688)

Gradualism and the Right to Vote

Percentage of Electorate with Suffrage

Pre 1830 5%

Rep. of the People Act (1867) 16%

Franchise Act 29%

Representation of the People Act 78%

Women over the age of 21(1928) 90%

B. Gradualism4. Development of Parliament

a. House of Lords: developed from nobles being informed prior to being taxed1. Power exists in delaying legislation

b. House of Commons: increased middle class1. Dominant legislative house by early 20th

century2. Legislation demands for education, housing,

jobs, and medical care.

C. Economic Decline

The sun never sets on the British empire….

Or does it????

Post WWII: self-determination, loss of colonial powers

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g57WZ4zvHkI

D. Collectivist Consensus1. Winston Churchill: put class conflicts

aside

2. Post WWII and the Beveridge Report:a. William Beveridge: “cradle to grave”

b. Goal: develop basic subsistence

c. Foundation laid for a mixed economy

E. Challenges to Collective Consensus

1. Economic Crisis: (1970s)a. Shrinking empire

b. Oil Crisis

c. Labor Union strikes (1972-73)

Billy Elliot clip: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zAMHX-VS_v8

E. Challenges to Collective Consensus

2. Thatcherism:a. Increased privatization and use of free market

policies.b. Neoliberalism values: revival of classical liberalism

with limited governmentc. Critics said that her policies made economic

problems worse and her personality was abrasive

d. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zAMHX-VS_v8

Welfare state• Even under Thatcher and Major, Britain

experienced real growth in both social services and health care provisions

E. Challenges to Collectivist Consenus

3. Tony Blair’s Third Waya. John Major (Thatcher’s successor)

1. Abolished poll tax 2. Reconciled with the EU3. Slowed social cutbacks and privatization

b. “Third way”1. Establishing the “New Labor Party”: centrist

approach2. Est. Good Friday Agreement

Critiques of Blair

II. Russian Federation A. Thinking about Russia:

1. Key Time Periods:a. Autocratic rule by tsars

b. 20th century rule by the Communist Party

c. Post Soviet Union: Russian Federation

B. Absolute and centralized rule 1. Tsarist Rule:

a. Autocratic

b. Tightly controlled land to protect from invasions

c. Head of Church and State

d. Isolation from south and east

2. Western Influence

a. Tsar Peter the Great: introduced western culture and technology

b. Catherine the Great1. Interested in the

Enlightenment2. “Enlightened despot”

c. Both Peter and Catherine alt. btwn. Slavic roots and western reform (unsuccessfully)

d. 19th cent. Tsars1. Decembrist Revolt

1825

2. Defeat in Crimean War

3. Alexander II: a. Freed serfs and set up

regional zemstvas (assemblies)

b. Intelligentsia assassinated in 1881

c. His son Alexander III reverses reforms and has secret police

C. 20th Century rule by the Communist Party1. Background:

a. Ineffective fighting in Russo-Japanese War and WWI1. Street riots in 1905

2. Collapse of state in 1917

True or False:

Pretest on Marxism

Lenin: What is to be done? I assert:

• that no movement can be durable without a stable organisation of leaders to maintain continuity;

• that the more widely the masses are spontaneously drawn into the struggle and form the basis of the movement and participate in it, the more necessary is it to have such an organisation, and the more stable must it be (for it is much easier for demogogues to sidetrack the more backward sections of the masses);

• that the organisation must consist chiefly of persons engaged in revolutionary activities as a profession;

• that in a country with an autocratic government, the more we restrict the membership of this organisation to persons who are engaged in revolutionary activities as a profession and who have been professionally trained in the art of combating the political police, the more difficult will it be to catch the organisation, and

• the wider will be the circle of men and women of the working class or of other classes of society able to join the movement and perform active work in it....

2. Lenin and the Bolsheviks

a. Democratic centralismb. Provisional governmentc. Civil War between White

Army and Red Armyd. 1920: Est. of New

Economic Policy:1. Private ownership under

centralized leadership2. Did not promote indust.

3. Stalinism (1927-1953)a. Changed Lenin’s democratic centralism

1. Communist Party at the center of control

2. Nomenklatura: process of arty members selecting promising recruits from lower levels

3. Central Committee (300 members)

4. Politiburo (12 members)

5. General Secretary (head of Politiburo)

b. Collectivization:1. Private land ownership was abolished

2. Kulaks: large land owners resisted and were forced to cities or labor camps

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.“On our collective there is no room for priests or kulaks.”

(1929)

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.Hey friend! Come with us into the Collective!

(1930)

c. Industrialization1. Agricultural surplus est. Five

Year Plan (1928-1933) a. 93.7% fulfilled by 4th yearb. Repressive work environment,

standards of living decreased

2. 2nd Five Year Plan (1933-1938)

“The smoke of chimneys is the breath of Soviet Russia”.

d. The Purges1. Execution of millions of citizens and party

members

2. Est. causalities:

Arrests, 1937-1938 - about 7 million

Executed - about 1 million

Died in camps - about 2 million

In prison, late 1938 - about 1 million

In camps, late 1938 - about 8 million

e. Stalin’s Foreign Policy:1. During the 1930s focus was internal

development

2. 1939: Non-aggression pact with Germany

3. Any policy decisions would be to meet industrial development of USSR

4. Reforms under Nikita Khrushceva. 1956: “On the personality cult and its

consequences” (The Secret Speech)b. De-Stalinization:

1. Restructuring collective farms2. Reducing press censorship3. Decentralization of economic policies4. “Peaceful coexistence”: Relax tensions

between US and USSR

KHRUSHCHEV'S DENUNCIATION OF STALIN: The Historic Secret Speech

"Stalin originated the concept 'enemy of the people.' This term automatically rendered it unnecessary that the ideological errors of a man or men engaged in a controversy be proved; this term made possible the usage of the most cruel repression, violating all norms of revolutionary legality, against anyone who in any way disagreed with Stalin, against those who were only suspected of hostile intent, against those who had bad reputations.

This concept, 'enemy of the people,' actually eliminated the possibility of any kind of ideological fight or the making of one's views known on this or that issue, even those of a practical character. The formula 'enemy of the people' was specifically introduced for the purpose of physically annihilating [those] who opposed the party line.”

TIME Magazine: June 11, 1956

What was Khrushchev thinking in

making this speech?

William Taubman “Khrushchev: The Man and his Era”

“After all, Khrushchev sought to save Communism, not to destroy it. By cleansing it of the Stalinist stain, he wanted to re-legitimize it in the eyes of people not just in the Soviet sphere but around the globe. Yet within weeks after the secret speech, at Communist Party meetings called to discuss it, criticism of Stalin rippled way beyond Khrushchev's, including indictments not just of Stalin himself but of the Soviet system that spawned him.”

5. Khrushchev was replaced by conservative Leonid Brezhnev: reversal of reforms

Crane Brinton

The Anatomy of Revolution

“Let China sleep. For when China wakes, it will shake the world.”--Napoleon Bonaparte

III. Thinking about China

A. Historical Eras1. Dynastic Rule

2. Resistance to imperialism

3. Maoism

4. Deng Xiaoping Theory

B. Dynastic Rule: 4,000 years of rule

B. Dynastic Rule:1. Confucian values

2. Isolation and cultural identity

3. Expansion and invasion has created long term tensions between Han Chinese and others

C. Resistance to Imperialism1. Cultural identity to nationalism

2. Foreign countries carving spheres of influence for their own economic gain

3. Revolution of 1911:a. Recapture strengh of China from the “foreign devils”

b. Led by Sun Yat-sen, failed revolution

c. A decade of disarray (1917-1927)

4. May Fourth Movementa. Chen Duxiu and the New Youth Journal

advocating for Mr. Democracy and Mr. Science

b. Protest over Paris Peace Conference

c. Wanted to regain territories lost to the Japanese

d. Today May 4th is Youth Day

D. Establishing a new political community

1. Chiang Kai-shek: Nationalist Party

2. Mao Zedong: Chinese Communist Partya. The Long March (1934-1935): mobilizing

peasants

3. Maoist Values:a. Collectivismb. Struggle and activismc. Mass line: gov’t learns best from experiences

of non-party members. Party takes workers views and forms a new and better vision.

d. Egalitarianisme. Self-reliance

How did this differ from Marx and Lenin’s values?

E. Founding of the PRC (1949-1966)1. Soviet model (1949-1957)

a. Land reform: redist. property from the rich to the poor, increased countryside productivity

b. Civil reform: women’s rights1. Banning on foot binding, marriage and divorce

rights2. Increase in educational and career opp.3. “Women hold up half the sky”. (Mao)

c. Five-Year Plans

The Great Meeting.

(1949)

The Soviet Union is our model. (1950)

“The Central people's government constitutes the only legitimate government of all.”

(1951)

Warmly love Chairman Mao.

(1953)

“I have witnessed the tremendous energy of the masses. On this foundation it is possible to accomplish any task whatsoever.”

-Mao Zedong

2. Ideals of the Great Leap Forward (1958-1966)

a. All-around development: industry and agriculture

b. Mass mobilizationc. Political unanimity and zeal

1. Party workers over bureaucrats2. Cadres: party workers at low levels

d. Decentralization

“The commune is like a gigantic dragon, production is noticeable awe-inspiring”

(1959)

Smelt a lot of good steel and accelerate socialist construction (1958)

3. Realities of the Great Leap Forwarda. By 1958, 26,500 communes with 4,800

households b. Spring of 1959: grain reserves were

eliminated.c. Loss touch with reality and reports of

harvests.d. Famine killed between 15-30 million.

Result: Mao lost touch with peasants and laid the foundation for later market economic practices.

Quiz 12.7.10• Describe changes that have occurred

since Mao’s death in both social and economic development. (Be sure to include key concepts, people, and policies from the Hauss text)

F. Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)1. Goal: purify the party and country

2. Deng Xiaoping and Liu Shaoqi began implementing economic reforms

3. The Red Guards:a. Destroy old culture, thought, customs and practices

b. Violent and tortured many

c. Later sent to reeducation camps

4. Gang of Four

Let new socialist culture occupy every stage.

(1967)

Chairman Mao is our heart's red sun.

(1966)

A People’s Army has no rivals.

Late 1960s

Educated youth must go to the countryside. (1969)

Long live Chairman Mao (1971)

We will definitely free Taiwan (1971)

A new scene in Xiangyangyuan (1976)

Scatter the old world, build a new world.

(1967)

G. Deng Xiaoping’s Modernizations (1978-1997)

1. Four Modernizations: industry, agriculture, science, and military

2. Economic liberalization3. Policies to implement new direction

a. Open door trade policyb. Reforms in educationc. Institutionalization of the Revolution

4. Democracy Wall

http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/ps/cup/wei_jingsheng_fifth_modernization.pdf

Tank Man: China’s Rise

A. The Evolution of Mexican Politics1. Authoritarianism:

a. Strong arm Spanish tacticsb. Military-political leaders (Porfrio Diaz)

2. Populism:a. Peasant Revolutions of 1810 and 1910b. Modern Zapatista movement

3. Divisions within the elitea. Warlords and caudillosb. Politicos vs. tecnicos

4. Instability and legitimacy issuesa. Chaos, conflict, violence, and bloodshed

B. Historical Influences1. Colonialism (1519-1821):

1. Cultural heterogeneity:a. Spanish

b. Amerindian

c. Metizo

Legacy: Ethnic and geographic cleavages still exist today

2. Catholicism: Missions as city centers

3. Economic dependency: treated as a colony, Spanish never fully realized Mexico’s natural resources

2. Independence (1810-1911)

a. Miguel Hidalgo led a peasant rebellion against the Spanish

b. Spain recognized independence (1821)1. Instability and legitimacy

issues

2. Rise of the military (caudillo): instability invited military control, Santa Anna

3. Domination by the United States:a. Mexico lost half of its territory to the US

b. “Colossus of the North”

4. Liberal vs. conservative struggle:a. Constitution of 1857: bill of rights, limits of the

church

b. Emperor Maximilian (1864-1867)

c. Benito Juarez (early proponent of democracy)

c. The Porfiriato (1876-1911)1. Porfirio Diaz (one of Juarez’s generals)

a. Stability: dictatorship brought stability.b. Authoritarianism: no sharing of powerc. Foreign Investment and Economic Growth

(cientificos): encouraged investment but it benefited few

d. Increasing gap between the rich and poor: even elites became frustrated causing a coup and sparking Revolution of 1910.

Porfirio Diaz

3. 1910-Present: attempts to regain stability

a. Chaos of early 20th century1. Patron-client system: caudillos, Emiliano

Zapata and Pancho Villaa. Developed the Plan de Ayala: cornerstone of

radical agrarian reform

b. Constitution of 1917

1. Progressive social and economic rights

a. Agrarian Reform

b. Social Security

c. Union organization

d. Universal secular education

e. Suffrage for men (women received suffrage in 1953 and 1958)

c. Conflict with the Catholic Church (Cristero Rebellion)

d. Establishment of the PRI

1920s: One of the bloodiest conflicts in Mexican history. Thousands killed, including priests.

b. The Cardenas Upheaval (1934-1940)1. Lazaro Cardenas (Roosevelt of Mexico)

a. Redistribution of land: ejidos

b. Nationalization of industry: foreign business was kicked out of the country and industry was nationalized.

c. Investments in public works: built roads, electricity and modernized Mexico

c. Encouragement of peasant and union organization: formation of camarillas

d. Concentration of power in the presidency: stabilized and let go of power allowing another caudillo into power

e. Import-substitution industrialization: high tarriffs and subsidies to protect domestic industries (state led development)

c. Technicos and Pendulum Theory1. Miguel Aleman: Pendulum Theory

2. 1970s: tecnicos

3. 1980s: neoliberalism

4. Challenges with politicos

5. Mexican Miracle (until the oil bust)

Sample QuestionThe broad agreement on social policy during

the 1950s and 1960s was known asa.socialismb.capitalismc.the collectivist consensusd.individualistic consensuse.a united front

Sample QuestionA primary result of glasnost reforms was:

a. the beginning of free and critical mediab. greater opposition to the party statec. a growing appreciation by citizens of the complex

problems faced by the Soviet Uniond. public acclaim for Gorbacheve. public apathy

Nigeria

I. Political TraditionsA. Themes:

1. Precolonial Era (800-1860)

2. The Colonial Era (1860-1960)

3. Independence (1960-Present)

B. The Pre-colonial Era (800-1860)1. Trade connections

a. Niger River and Sahara Desert

2. Early influence of Islama. Hausa came in contact with Arabic education

and Islamb. Sharia law governed politics and emphasized

authority with the elite

3. Kinship based policies:a. Southern politics focused on local familyb. Business matters carried out through kinship

4. Complex political identities:a. Mix of centralized state and local governance

5. Democratic impulses:a. Yoruba and Igbo principle of accountability

was very importantb. Govern in the interest of the people and

community

C. The Colonial Era (1860-1960):1. Authoritarian rule:

a. Economic domination by the British

b. Indirect rule to practice European bureaucracy in the south

c. Northern government intact

2. Interventionist Statea. Nigerian citizens should passively accept actions of

rulers.

3. Individualism: a. Chiefs thought about personal benefit from

power rather than good of the community

4. Christianity: a. British influence was strongest in the south

and west which is where Christianity developed

b. Split between the north and the south

5. Intensification of ethnic politics:a. British pitted the groups against each other to

manage the colony

D. Independence (1960-present)1. Parliamentary-style government replaced by

a presidential system: a. Parliament system (1960-1979) b. Presidential system: checks and balances have not

been consistent

2. Intensification of ethnic conflict:a. Hausa-Fulani in the north dominated parliamentary

gov’t. formed a coalition with the southeast Igbob. Resistance from western Yorubac. 1966 military rule is est. by Igbo

3. Military rule:a. Ironsi tried to end violence but was killed in a

coup

b. Igbo fought for independence in Biafran Civil War (1967-1970)

4. Personalized rule/corruption:a. Greed and corruption plagued leadership

5. Federalism:a. To calm ethnic tensions attempts establish

powers at local and state levelsb. May be successful but was not successful

under military rule

6. Economic dependence on oil: a. Corruption has meant most oil money

benefited only the eliteb. Other sectors of the economy have not been

developed