UNIT-II RISE OF ISLAM AND THE CRUSADES -...

CBSE-iCLASS-VII HISTORY

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UNIT-II RISE OF ISLAMAND THE CRUSADES


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CONTENT

I. ISLAM Causes for the rise of this religion

II. Prophet Muhammad His life as a preacher of this

religion

III. The Caliphs The four Caliphs

IV. The Caliphates The Umayyad’s and the Abbasids

V. The Crusades its meaning, causes and outcomes.


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INTRODUCTION

Religion is one among the many universal facts of human experience. History provides

evidences to show that religion has been present at all times and places. The rise of Islam in

Arabia in the early part of 7th century, how it spread from West Asia to North Africa and

finally to Europe, Prophet Muhammad as the preacher and propagator of this new religion is

a fascinating study. In a short period of 90 years the CALIPHS consolidated and

strengthened the Arabic Muslim state and polity.

The CRUSADES or the holy wars fought by the European Christian’s and the Arab Muslims

brought about many changes politically and economically in Europe.

RISE OF ISLAM : AN OVERVIEW


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INTRODUCTION











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INTRODUCTION











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History tells us “The primitive man saw god in clouds and heard him in the winds”. Man has

worshipped nature in all its forms. He also believed in magical rituals, and made idols of the

gods and goddesses he believed in.

As man’s knowledge increased his ideas about religion also changed. Many religious leaders

emerged on the scene and they in their own way explained the right path which leads to god,

right conduct and the essence of a true religion.

Some of these leaders were known as Prophets. The teachings of these religious leaders and

prophets led to the development of organized religions of the world. Some of them are:

Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Buddhism, Jainism and Christianity and ISLAM. All these religions

played an important role in the history of mankind.

RISE OF ISLAM

The Arabs were divided into tribes (qabila); each led by a chief .Each tribe had its own god or

goddess, who was worshipped as an idol (sanam) in a Masjid. Most Arab tribes were

nomadic (Bedouins), moving from dry to green areas (oases) of the desert in search of food

(mainly dates) and fodder for their camels. Some settled in cities and practiced trade or

agriculture.

Muhammad’s own tribe, Quraysh, lived in Mecca and controlled the main shrine there, a

cube-like structure called Kaba, in which idols were placed. The polytheistic Arabs were

vaguely familiar with the notion of a Supreme God, Allah. They felt strongly for their idols

and shrines. Muhammad wanted to unite these ignorant and superstitious tribes into believing

DOYOU KNOW?

Islam, one of the largest religions of this world, has about one

billion followers. That means 25% of the world’s people are

MUSLIMS


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in one god. Around 612 A.D., Muhammad declared himself to be the messenger (rasul) of

God who had been commanded to preach that Allah alone should be

worshipped.

Prophet Muhammad – The Prophet of Islam

EARLY YEARS

Prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca, in the year 570 AD. Mecca is in Saudi Arabia.

His father, Hazrat Abdullah, died before Muhammad was born and his mother, Amina,

died when he was only six.

He became an orphan when he was very young. His uncle, Hazrat Abu Talib took care of

him until he was old enough to take care of himself.

Prophet Muhammad married Lady Khadija in 595 AD who helped in spreading the

message of Islam. They had a daughter named Fatima.

HUMBLE BEGININGS

Muhammad started preaching in Mecca in about 610 AD.

He made slow progress at first. Most of the rich and powerful citizens scorned him and

his preaching to follow one God, whereas they worshipped several idols.

"The messenger of Allah said: "Islam is to testifythat there is no god but Allah and Muhammad isthe messenger of Allah, to perform the prayers, topay the zakat, to fast in Ramadan, and to make thepilgrimage to the House if you are able to do so."He said: “You have spoken rightly", Jebreel(Gabriel) from Number 2 of "Al-Nawawi's FortyHadiths."


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His preaching angered the Meccans, and some even plotted to kill him.

In 622 A D Muhammad fled to the city of Medina, and then called Yathrib, where a

group of people helped him.

This emigration to Medina is called the Hijra and this important event marks the

beginning of the Muslim calendar.

Prophet Muhammad’s Teachings

Prophet Muhammad preached that there is only one God and he, Muhammad is the

messenger of God.

Muslim is an Arabic word for one that submits to God and lives by God’s laws.

He taught the people to change from worshipping idols to one God. He taught them to

respect their parents and elders.

He taught about equal rights and respect for women. He taught that the rich and poor are

alike in the sight of God and that their good deeds will help them meet God in heaven. He

taught them to live honestly and that working hard to earn a living is also considered

worship of God.

God is called “Allah” in Arabic and he taught people to remember God at all times.

Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (the Mosque of the Prophet) in Medina, Saudi Arabia, is the

2nd most sacred Mosque in Islam

THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM

The Pillars of Islam are five basic acts in Islam, considered obligatory for all believers.

The Quran presents them as a framework for worship and a sign of commitment to the faith.

These are:-


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messenger of God.







worship of God.







These are:-


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messenger of God.







worship of God.







These are:-


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Prophet Muhammad’s Influence

Prophet Muhammad was a very important man during medieval times in Asia.

His teachings brought about peace and prosperity to the Middle East and all the lands

ruled by the Muslims, which included Spain and Italy. During the medieval times the

great prosperity was due to the preaching of Prophet Muhammad who asked his fellow

men to travel in order to learn.

This made the people travel great distances in order to learn more. There was great

trading and learning by meeting people of India, China, Persia and the West. This

prosperity spread to Spain where the Muslims ruled for 700 years.

The Shahadat---- Creed

Daily prayers-----Salat

Almsgiving ------Zakah

Fastingduring Ramad

an---Roza

Thepilgrimage to

Mecca atleast once ina lifetime----

Haj.


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INTERESTING FACTThe majority of the sailors on the Columbus ships were Muslims who had gained greatexperience from their travels and trading with the lands of India, Africa and China.

In the medieval times, Muslims were great scholars and scientists and preserved the work

of the Greeks by translating them into Arabic.

They used this knowledge as well as knowledge of making paper from China,

mathematics from India and they built the first University of the world in Egypt.

This University called Al Azhar University, is still in existence, and is a thousand years

old.

Prophet Muhammad’s teachings influenced not only the religious and social life of the

people, but also their scientific and economic life.

There was great prosperity brought about by following his instructions that came from

God.

In the medieval period, the Muslims provided the bridge of knowledge to the West who

were experiencing the Dark Ages and by using this wisdom, the Renaissance period

began.

The other good thing produced by the Muslims was the architecture which was unique.

Art and calligraphy prospered as Prophet Muhammad taught that God loves beauty and

the Muslims did everything beautifully to please God.

Calligraphy – “Allah is Beautiful and loves everything beautiful”


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old.




God.



began.






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old.




God.



began.






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CASE STUDY

The two sects of Islam are THE SHIAS and the SUNNIS.The division between SHIA and SUNNI dates back to the death of the ProphetMuhammadThe word "Sunni" in Arabic comes from a word meaning "one who follows thetraditions of the ProphetThe word "Shia" in Arabic means a group or supportive party of people “Peopleof the Household" (of the Prophet).Sunni Muslims make up the majority (85%) of Muslims and the Shia make 15%all over the world.

CASE STUDYTHE QURAN

The Quran is a book in Arabic divided into 114 chapters (suras) and arranged in

descending order of length, the shortest being the last. The only exception to this is the

first sura which is a short prayer (al – fatiha or opening). According to Muslim tradition,

the Quran is a collection of messages (revelations) which God sent to the Prophet

Muhammad between 610A.D. and 632 A.D., first in Mecca and then in Median. The task

of compiling these revelations was completed sometime in 650 A.D. The oldest complete

Quran we have today dates from the ninth century. There are many fragments which are

older, the earliest being the verses engraved on the Dome of the Rock and on coins in the

seventh century.

1. What is the importance of the ‘Quran’?

2. Where have the verses been engraved?

3. When was the Quran compiled?

The First Sura of a Manuscript of the holy QURAN


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CASE STUDY


CASE STUDYTHE QURAN









seventh century.






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CASE STUDY


CASE STUDYTHE QURAN









seventh century.






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SPREAD OF ISLAM

Islam was transported beyond the Arab lands primarily by two methods.

The first was CONQUEST IN BATTLE and was used to extend the Muslim Empire over

Northern Africa above the Sahara Desert, Spain, Anatolia, the Balkans, India, Sicily and the

Mediterranean coasts of Europe during the course of the seventh to the tenth century A.D.

The second, less violent, approach was that used to expand into Southeast Asia, central Asia

and China, and sub-Saharan Africa.

CASE STUDY

The Hijri calendar, also known as the Muslim calendar or Islamic calendar is a LUNAR

CALENDAR consisting of 12 LUNAR MONTHS in a year of 354 or 355 days. It is used

to date important events.

The first Islamic year began in 622 A.D, during which PROPHET MAUHAMMAD fled

from Mecca to Medina is known as the HIJRA. Each numbered year is designated either

H for Hijra or AH for LATIN anno Hegirae (in the year of the Hijra) The current

Islamic year is 1433 AH, from approximately 26 November 2011 (evening) to 14

November 2012 (evening).

Being a purely lunar calendar, it is not synchronized with the seasons. With an annual

drift of 10 or 11 days, the seasonal relation repeats about every 33 Islamic years.


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This was accomplished THROUGH THETRADE OF SPICES and it is also the

mechanism approved by the Qur'an.

THE CALIPHS

After the death of Prophet Muhammad, his successor was known as the CALIPH

OR KHALIFA

The Caliphs took up the work of spreading the new religion and Islamic culture.

All these caliphs ruled from the city of Medina and were able to establish peace and

prosperity.

The firstfour

Caliphs

ABUBAKAR

UTHMAN OMAR

ALI

ALI was assassinated at Kufa. Muawiya made himself the next Caliph in 661A.D. andfounded

The UMAYYAD DYNASTY WHICH LASTED TILL 750 AD.


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THE UMAYYADS AND THE CENTRALISATION OF POLITY (661-

750)

The Dome Of The Rock

The Umayyad implemented a series of political measures which consolidated their

leadership within the umma.

The first Umayyad caliph, MUAWIYA, moved his capital to Damascus and adopted the

court ceremonies and administrative institutions of the Byzantine Empire.

He also introduced hereditary succession and persuaded the leading Muslims to accept his

son as his heir.

These innovations were adopted by the caliphs who followed him, and allowed the

Umayyads to retain power for 90 years.

The Umayyad state was now an imperial power, no longer based directly on Islam but on

statecraft and the loyalty of Syrian troops.

There were Christian advisers in the administration, as well as Zoroastrian scribes and

bureaucrats.

The Umayyad always appealed for unity and suppressed rebellions in the name of Islam.

They also retained their Arab social identity.


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750)







son as his heir.






bureaucrats.




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750)







son as his heir.






bureaucrats.




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ABBASID ERA (750–1258)

THE ISLAMIC GOLDEN AGE

The Abbasids portrayed the Umayyad regime as evil and promised a restoration of the

original Islam of the Prophet.

The revolution led not only to a change of dynasty but changes in the political structure

and culture of Islam.

A well – organized movement, called dawa, brought down the Umayyads and replaced

them with another family of Mecca origin, the Abbasids, in 750 A.D.

The Abbasids, descendants of Abbas, the Prophet’s uncle, mustered the support of the

various dissident groups and legitimized their bid for power by promising that a messiah

from the family of the Prophet would liberate them from the oppressive Umayyad regime.

Their army was led by an Iranian slave, Abu Muslim, who defeated the last Umayyad

caliph, Marwan, in a battle at the river Zab.

Under Abbasid rule, Arab influence declined, while the importance of Iranian culture

increased.

The Abbasids established their capital at Baghdad, near the ruins of the ancient Iranian

metropolis, Ctesiphon.

The army and bureaucracy were reorganized on a non – tribal basis to ensure greater

participation by Iraq and Khurasan.

The Abbasid rulers strengthened the religious status and functions of the caliphate and

patronized Islamic institutions and scholars.


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increased.








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increased.








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Golden domes and gold topped minaretshighlight the mosque of al-Kazimayn inBaghdad, built in the early sixteenthcentury.

Mosque at Samaara

Break-up of the Caliphate and the Rise of Sultanates

The Abbasid state became weaker from the ninth century because Baghdad’s control over

the distant provinces declined.

Conflict between pro-Arab and pro-Iranian factions in the army and bureaucracy broke

out.

A number of minor dynasties arose, such as the Tahirids and Samanids in Khurasan and

Transoxiana, and the Tulunids in Egypt and Syria.

Abbasid power was soon limited to central Iraq and western Iran. That too was lost in 945

A.D. when the Buyids, captured Baghdad.

They kept the Abbasid caliph as the symbolic head of their Sunni subjects.

Between 950 A.D. and 1200 A.D., Islamic society was held together not by a single

political order or a single language of culture (Arabic) but by common economic and

cultural patterns.

A third ethnic group was added to the Arabs and Iranians, with the rise of the Turkish

sultanates in the tenth and eleventh centuries. The Turks were nomadic tribes from the


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Mosque at Samaara





out.








cultural patterns.




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Mosque at Samaara





out.








cultural patterns.




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Central Asian steppes (grasslands) of Turkistan (north-east of the Aral Sea up to the

borders of China) who gradually converted to Islam. They were skilled riders and

warriors and entered the Abbasid

The Saljuq Turks entered Turan as soldiers in the armies of the Samanids.

From the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries, there was a series of conflicts between

European Christians and the Arab states.

From the 11th to the 13th century, a series of wars were fought between the European

Christian and Muslim to liberate the holy land. These Holy wars were called ‘Crusades’.

“THIS WAS TO CLAIM JERUSALEM AS THEIR HOLY CITY”

THE CRUSADES

The Crusades

Dr. E.L. Skip Knox gives a summary of the pope's speech, which has beenrecorded differently in various sources:


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THE CRUSADES

The Crusades



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THE CRUSADES

The Crusades



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"The noble race of Franks must come to the aid theirfellow Christians in the East. The infidel Turks areadvancing into the heart of Eastern Christendom;Christians are being oppressed and attacked; churchesand holy places are being defiled. Jerusalem is groaningunder the Saracen yoke. The Holy Sepulchre is inMoslem hands and has been turned into a mosque.Pilgrims are harassed and even prevented from accessto the Holy Land."The West must march to the defence of the East. Allshould go rich and poor alike. The Franks must stoptheir internal wars and squabbles. Let them go insteadagainst the infidel and fight a righteous war."God himself will lead them, for they will be doing Hiswork. There will be absolution and remission of sins forall who die in the service of Christ. Here they are poorand miserable sinners; there they will be rich andhappy. Let none hesitate; they must march ext summer.God wills it!

Christians had gone on pilgrimages to the Holy Land. Even though Muslims had ruled

Jerusalem since 638 A.D., Christians were still allowed to visit the city.

By the 11th century, however, the situation had changed. Turks took over control of

Jerusalem and prevented pilgrimages.

The Crusades were a series of religious wars blessed by the Pope and the Catholic

Church, with the main goal of restoring Christian access to the holy places in Jerusalem.

"CRUSADE" is derived from the French term for taking up the cross. Many were from

France and called themselves "Franks," which became the common term used by

Muslims.

Jerusalem was conquered by the Arabs in 638 A.D. but it was ever – present in the

Christian imagination as the place of Jesus’ crucifixion and resurrection. This was an

important factor in the formation of the image of Muslims in Christian Europe.

There were seven crusades that were fought. With the first beginning in1095 A.D. and the

last ending in 1291A.D.

In the FIRST CRUSADE (1098A.D. -99 A.D.), soldiers from France and Italy captured

Antioch in Syria, and claimed Jerusalem. Their victory was accompanied by the slaughter

of Muslims and Jews in the city.


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The SECOND CRUSADE headed by King Louis VII , was a disastrous failure,

including the loss of one of the four Latin Kingdoms, the Duchy of Edessa;

The loss of the city prompted a THIRD CRUSADE IN 1189 A.D., but the crusaders

gained little except for some coastal towns in Palestine and free access to Jerusalem for

Christian pilgrims.

Effects of the Crusades


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Christian pilgrims.



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Christian pilgrims.



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Crusades contributed in increasing the wealth of the church and the power of the papacy.

They helped to improved trade and commerce in Europe.

They broke down the power of the feudal aristocracy and prominence to kingship.

It helped in the intellectual development of Europe and led travellers on great voyages

and discoveries.

The Crusades left a lasting impact on two aspects of Christian Muslim relations. One was

the harsher attitude of the Muslim state towards its Christian subjects which resulted from

the bitter memories of the conflict as well as the needs for security in areas of mixed

populations.

The other was the greater influence of Italian mercantile communities (from Pisa, Genoa

and Venice) in the trade between the East and the West even after the restoration of

Muslim power.

THE PATH TAKEN BY CRUSADERS


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and discoveries.




populations.



Muslim power.



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and discoveries.




populations.



Muslim power.



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GLOSSARY

Tawarikh Documents which narrate events in order of time

Umma A community of believers

Qabila Tribes

Rasul Messenger

Salat Daily prayers

Hajj Annual pilgrimages

Mahdi Messiah

Crusades Holy wars

Sharia Muslim law

Ilm Knowledge

Sura Chapters

Hind India

Calligraphy The art of beautiful writing.

Khalifa The deputy


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WORK SHEET-1

NAME______________________________ CLASS __________SECTION________

FILL IN THE BLANKS:

1. In 622 Prophet Muhammad migrated with his followers to ___________. Thisjourney is known as___________, and marks the beginning of the __________.

2. After Muhammad’s death in 632 A.D.____________ became the leader of the Islamiccommunity.

3. The five pillars of Islam are ______________ ,_________________________,

_______________________, _________________ and________________________.

4. ______________and_______________ are the two main sects of Islam.

5. The holy book of the Muslims is the _________________________.

6. Prophet Muhammad was the _______________ of God.

7. _____________ and ______________prospered as Prophet Muhammad taught thatGod loves beauty.

8. Before the rise of _____________, the Arabs were divided into a numberof____________ each worshipping its own god.

9. The Muslims built the first university, the ___________________ in Egypt.

10. Prophet Muhammad belonged to the ___________________ tribe.

WORK SHEET-2


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NAME______________________________ CLASS __________SECTION________

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. In Islam, the supreme central focus and authority is with

a. Muhammadb. Caliphc. Allahd. Imam.

2. The word "Islam" meansa. recitations.b. sons of Allah.c. those who follow Muhammadd. surrender to God.

3. When Muhammad was _____ years old, he began receiving revelations from god.a.30b.40c.60d.25

4. The migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina, called the hijra, took place in __

a.266b.587c.622d.612

5. The Qur'an acknowledges prophets from Judaism and Christianity includinga. Adam.b. Abraham.c. Jesus.d. None of these.

6. The Shia faction of Islam claims ______, as the legitimate Islamic leader afterMuhammad's death.

a. AbuBakrb. Husaync. Umard. 'Ali

7. The largest group within Islam is the ____, making up about 80 percent of all Muslims.a. Sufib. Sunnic. Imamsd. Shias


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8. Shia'ites seek leadership froma. Sufis.b. Imams.c. Caliphs.d. None of these.

9. The mystic tradition within Islam is calleda. Fana.b. Sufism.c. Shia.d. Sunni

10. The Mevlevi Dervish Order in Turkey famous for its ecstatic dancing was founded bythe poet

a. Junayd.b. AbuYazid al-Bistami.c. Jalal al-Din Rumi.d. Rabi'a.

11. Do you know of any other religions that have been divided into major sects? Find outand mention the major similarities and dissimilarities between the two.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WORK SHEET-3

NAME____________________________________ CLASS ______SECTION______


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1. Complete the following graphic organizer

2. Describe the two ways of consolidating and expanding the new religion of Islam, usedby the Arabs?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Why were the Ummas highly respected by the Muslim community?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Critically evaluate the reasons for the decline of the Caliphate.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

First fourCaliphs


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______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Explain the cultural influences that arose among the Arabs between the tenth and theeleventh centuries._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Write a short note on the achievements of the Abbasid dynasty.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Islam is just one of the several religions in the world. With so much diversity, howwould you as a peace-loving citizen of the world, inculcate and spread the idea ofsecularism to one and all?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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WORK SHEET-4

NAME____________________________________ CLASS _______ SECTION_______

1. What is meant by the term ‘Crusades’? How many crusades were fought?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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2. Briefly describe the events of the first three crusades.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Discuss the significance of the city of Jerusalem to the Christians and the Muslims.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Evaluate the positive and negative effects of ‘Crusades’?

5. On an outline map of the world, trace the path taken by the Crusaders in their towardsfreedom. Attach the map to your worksheet.

6. Imagine you are a foreign traveler who has arrived in Europe during the Crusade wars.Mention your emotions, views and thoughts on what you see, by writing a diary entry.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

positive negative


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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

RESOURCES AND REFERENCES

www.wikilinks .com

www.google search.com

www.crusades.wikilinks.com.

www.children crusades.com

www.historyof Islam.com

www.ncert.nic.com

www.worldhistory.com

Worldhistorypenguin series.

UNIT-II RISE OF ISLAM AND THE CRUSADES -...

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