UNIT I REVISED DOC.docx

8/18/2019 UNIT I REVISED DOC.docx

1/18

PAPER II – NURSING SCIENCE AND

THOROTICAL FOUNDATION

UNIT I

PHILOSOPHY OF NURSING PRACTICE

content


2/18

UNIT CONTENT

1

HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY

NURSING AS SCIENCE&DISCILPINE

CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES

DOMAINS &PARADIGMS IN NURSING

GENERAL OBJECTIVES


3/18

At the end of the class doctoal st!dent "#ll $e a$le to anal%e the 'h#loso'h%

and c!ent stat!s of conte('oa% n!s#n) sc#ence*

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

At end of th#s cha'te doctoal st!dent "#ll $e a$le to

En!(eate the h#sto% of n!s#n)

D#sc!ss a$o!t theoet#cal 'h#loso'h% of n!s#n)

E+'la#n a$o!t n!s#n) as sc#ence and d#sc#'l#ne

Enl#st the c!ent tends and #ss!es #n n!s#n)

Desc#$e a$o!t do(a#ns and 'aad#)(s #n n!s#n)

HISTORY OF NURSING


4/18

1.INTRODUCTION

The h#sto% of n!s#n) s'ans fo( the h#sto% of h!(an ,#nd* -o as lon) as

thee has $een l#fe. thee has $een the need to 'o/#de cae and co(fot to those

s!ffe#n) fo( #llness and #n0!%* -o( the da"n of c#/#l#at#on. e/#dence

'e/a#ls to s!''ot the 'e(#se that n!t!#n) has $een essent#al to the

'ese/at#on of l#fe* S!/#/al of the h!(an ace. theefoe. #s #n #ne+t#ca$l%

#ntet"#ned "#th the de/elo'(ent of n!s#n)*

1.1THE DAWN OF MODERN NURSING

-o( the late 1233s tho!)h 145. the (anne #n "h#ch the s#c, "ee caed.

e(a#n essent#all% !nchan)ed* In E!o'e the da"n of n!s#n) "as !nde"a%*

The Deaconess Inst#t!te of 6a#ses"eth. Ge(an% "as esta$l#shed #n 1457 $%

Pasto Theodo -l#edne. to ta#n the Deaconesses to cae fo the s#c, and the

'o/#s#on of soc#al se/#ces* Gad!ates of the 6a#ses"eth 'o)a( s'ead the#

#nfl!ence tho!)h o!t the "old*

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE

E/e% one "ho had st!d#ed a$o!t M#ss -loence N#)ht#n)ale. ,no"s of he

de/ot#on to the se/#ces to the 'oo and the s#c, and #s also a"ae of "hat she

d#d fo h!(an#t% and to a#se the stat!s of n!s#n) 'ofess#on* -loence

N#)ht#n)ale "as $on #n a "ealth% En)l#sh fa(#l%. on 18th Ma% 1483* As she

)e" off. she $eca(e #nteested #n 'eo'le and #n 'ol#t#cs* She had )eat des#e to $eco(e a n!se tho!)h he 'aents "ee not ,een on he $eco(#n) one

1* She "as d#ssat#sf#ed "#th the dealt o!t#ne l#fest%le of the !''e class "o(en

of the# da%s* She had an act#/e (#nd and an #nteest #n he s!o!nd#n)s $e%ond

ho!sehold and soc#als e/ents*


5/18

8* She had ece#/ed a class#cal ed!cat#on e9!al to that of (en of he da%* Th#s

ed!cat#on 'o/#ded he "#th an !ndestand#n) of the c#c!(stances of the "old

#n "h#ch she l#/ed*

5* She $eca(e a"ae of the #nade9!ate cae $e#n) 'o/#ded #n hos'#tals. "hen

she acco('an#ed he (othe on /#s#ts to the #ll* :hat N#)ht#n)ale sa" #n the

hos'#tals #nt#)!ed he and (ade he "ant to $eco(e (oe #n/ol/ed*

In 14;7. #n s'#te of the concens of 'aents and f#ends N#)ht#n)ale

$eca(e to /#s#t and cae fo the s#c, #n he co((!n#t%* In add#t#on. she /#s#ted

hos'#tals #n En)land and tho!)ho!t E!o'e* O!t of he e+'e#ences sheeco)n#sed that n!ses e9!#ed ,no"led)e. ta#n#n) and d#sc#'l#ne. #f the% "ee

to $e effect#/e* N#)ht#n)ale leaned a$o!t the school at 6a#ses"oth and #n

143. she "as ad(#tted to the ta#n#n) 'o)a(* The thee %eas of ta#n#n) she

ece#/ed "ee #)oo!s $!t hel'ed he cla#f% "hat "as lac,#n) #n the c!ent

ta#n#n) of En)l#sh n!ses* Afte he ta#n#n). #n 145 she "as a''o#nted as

S!'e#ntendent of the Inst#t!t#on fo the Cae of the S#c, Gentle"o(en #nLondon* She had an o''ot!n#t% to )#/e he $est se/#ce to the "o!nded sold#es

#n the C#(ean :a #n 14;* -loence N#)ht#n)ale and he n!ses attended

tho!sands of "o!nded and d%#n) sold#es* E/e% n#)ht -loence N#)ht#n)ale

"al,ed a$o!t "#th a la(' #n he hand to hel' the s!ffe#n) sold#es* At th#s t#(e

she hel'ed the( to "#te lettes to the# fa(#l#es and last (essa)es fo those "ho

"ee d%#n)*

She "as #)htl% ,no"n as #t#sh hos'#tals at Sc!ta# #n T!,e%* She

fo!nd the 'at#ents "ee la#d on the floo #n $lood% !n#fo(s* E9!#'(ents and

fac#l#t#es "ee not 'esent ade9!atel%* :#th )eat co('ass#on. she set a$o!t the

tas, of o)an##n) and clean#n) the hos'#tal and 'o/#ded cae to the "o!nded

sold#es* Tho!)h he effots and the hel' of othes. N#)ht#n)ale #ntod!ced


6/18

n!(eo!s #('o/e(ents #n the (#l#ta% hos'#tal* He effots "ee la)el%

es'ons#$le fo ta!(at#c ed!ct#ons ?;8 @ to 8@ #n the "at#(e death ate of

>#t#sh Sold#es* -loence N#)ht#n)ale #n C#(ean :a She also fo!nded the

f#st ta#n#n) school fo n!ses ?St* Tho(as Hos'#tal. London. 1473*

Tho!)ho!t the '!$l#cat#on of co!ntless at#cles and 'a'es. she shaed he #deas

a$o!t n!s#n) and n!s#n) ed!cat#on* M#ss N#)ht#n)ale "as the f#st to (ent#on

Hol#s( ?teat#n) the "hole 'at#ent #n n!s#n) and the f#st "ho stated that a

!n#9!e $od% of ,no"led)e #s e9!#ed to 'act#ce 'ofess#onal n!s#n)* Afte the

"a. she "o,ed to $#n) a$o!t $ette health cond#t#ons #n the >#t#sh a(%*

N#)ht#n)ale al(ost s#n)leBhandedl% t#ed to chan)e health cae #n En)land*

N#)ht#n)ale "as the fo!nde of (oden n!s#n) ed!cat#on* She esta$l#shed the

A(% Med#cal School at the -ot P#tt* Des'#te he #ll health she "o,ed fo the

de/elo'(ent of n!s#n) se/#ces "#tho!t ta,#n) s!ff#c#ent est* -loence

fo!nded a ta#n#n) school fo n!ses #n 1473 at St* Tho(as Hos'#tal London*

The f!nds. "h#ch "ee a#sed $% the >#t#sh 'eo'le fo he se/#ce #n the

C#(ean :a. "ee !sed fo th#s ta#n#n) school* She "as /e% (!ch #nteested

#n #('o/#n) the cond#t#ons of the a(% #n Ind#a also* She 'lanned a co('lete

'!$l#c health 'o)a(. "h#ch "as 'act#ced #n all hos'#tals and #n the f#elds of

n!s#n)* She d#ed 'eacef!ll% #n he slee' at the a)e of 3 ?15th Ma% 113

In eco)n#t#on of he (e#to#o!s hel' to (an,#nd she "as offeed the Ode

of Me#t #n 132*She "as the f#st lad% ec#'#ent fo s!ch an hono!*

1.2NURSING IN INDIA

The anc#ent ecods of Ind#a #nd#cate the '#nc#'les and 'act#ces of n!s#n)*

The% ae so clea. #ntell#)ent and sc#ent#f#c. that (an% of the( (#)ht f#t #nto an%

of the (oden te+t$oo,* The n!ses "ee !s!all% %o!n) (en. and onl% #n

s'ec#al cases. "o(en "ee ta,en fo cond!ct#n) ch#ld$#th* The 'o)ess of


7/18

n!s#n) #n Ind#a "as o$st!cted $% the lo" state of "o(en. the caste s%ste(.

#ll#teac% and 'ol#t#cal !nest*

M#l#ta% n!s#n) "as the eal#est t%'e of n!s#n)* In 177; the East Ind#a

Co('an% stated a hos'#tal fo sold#es #n a ho!se at -o St*Geo)e. Madas*

The f#st s#stes "ee sent fo( St*Tho(as Hos'#tal. London to th#s (#l#ta%

hos'#tal* In 122 a L%#n) #n Hos'#tal ?(aten#t% fo the 'oo of Madas "as

$!#lt "#th the hel' of s!$sc#'t#ons $% D*ohn Unde"ood* In 14; the

Go/en(ent sanct#oned a ta#n#n) school fo (#d"#/es #n Madas* -loence

N#)ht#n)ale "as the f#st "o(an to ha/e )eat #nfl!ence o/e n!s#n) #n Ind#a

and had a close ,no"led)e of Ind#an cond#t#ons. es'ec#all% a(%* She "as

#nteested #n the n!s#n) se/#ce fo the c#/#l#an 'o'!lat#on. tho!)h he f#st

#nteest "as the "elfae of the a(% #n Ind#a* In 147. M#ss -loence

N#)ht#n)ale de" !' so(e deta#led FS!))est#ons on a s%ste( of n!s#n) fo

hos'#tals #n Ind#aF* Gad!ates "ee sent o!t fo( the N#)ht#n)ale School of

N!ses at St*Tho(as Hos'#tal. En)land to stat s#(#la schools #n o! co!nt%*

St Ste'hens Hos'#tal at Delh# "as the f#st one to $e)#n ta#n#n) the Ind#an )#ls

as n!ses #n 1472*

In 1421. the f#st School of N!s#n) "as stated #n Go/en(ent Geneal

Hos'#tal. Madas "#th 7 (onths D#'lo(a M#d"#/es 'o)a( "#th fo! (#d

"#fe st!dents* -o! lad% S!'e#ntendents and fo! ta#ned n!ses fo( En)land

"ee 'osted to Madas* >et"een 143 and 133. (an% schools. !nde e#the

(#ss#ons o )o/en(ent. "ee stated #n /a#o!s 'ats of Ind#a* In the %eal%

t"ent#eth cent!%. Nat#onal N!s#n) Assoc#at#ons "ee stated* In 142.

D*>*C*Ro% d#d )eat "o, #n a#s#n) the standads of n!s#n) and that of (ale

and fe(ale n!ses* In 134. the ta#ned n!ses assoc#at#on of Ind#a "as fo(ed

as #t "as felt to !'hold the d#)n#t% and the hono! of n!s#n) 'ofess#on* In

114. ta#n#n) schools "ee stated fo health /#s#tos and da#s. at Delh# and

6aach#* T"o En)l#sh n!ses M#ss G#ff#n and M#ss Gaha( "ee a''o#nted to


8/18

)#/e ta#n#n) to and to s!'e/#se the n!ses* In 187. Madas State fo(ed the

f#st e)#stat#on co!nc#l to 'o/#de $as#c standads #n ed!cat#on and ta#n#n)*

The f#st fo! %ea $as#c >achelo De)ee 'o)a( "ee esta$l#shed #n 1;7 at

the colle)e of n!s#n) #n Delh# and elloe* :#th the ass#stance fo( the

Roc,felle -o!ndat#ons. se/en health centes "ee set !' $et"een 151 15

#n the c#t#es of Delh#. Madas. >an)aloe. L!c,no". T#/and!(. P!ne and

Calc!tta* In 1;2. afte the #nde'endence. the co((!n#t% de/elo'(ent

'o)a((e and the e+'ans#on of hos'#tal se/#ce ceated a la)e de(and fo

n!ses. a!+#l#a% n!se (#d"#/es. health /#s#tos. (#d"#/es. n!s#n) t!tos and

n!s#n) ad(#n#statos*

The Ind#an N!s#n) Co!nc#l "as 'assed $% o! od#nance on Dece($e 51st

1;2* The co!nc#l "as const#t!ted #n 1;* In 17. M#ss Aden"ala "as

a''o#nted as the N!s#n) Ad/#so to Go/en(ent of Ind#a* The de/elo'(ent of

N!s#n) #n Ind#a "as )eatl% #nfl!enced $% the Ch#st#an (#ss#ona#es. :old

:a. >#t#sh !le and $% the Intenat#onal a)enc#es s!ch as :*H*O* UNICE-.

Red Coss. UNSAID etc* The f#st (astes de)ee co!se. a t"o%ea

'ost)ad!ate 'o)a( "as $e)!n #n 173 at the Colle)e of N!s#n). Delh#* In

175. the School of N!s#n) #n T#/and!(. #nst#t!ted the f#st t"o %eas 'ost

cet#f#cate >achelo De)ee 'o)a(* The assoc#at#ons s!ch as Intenat#onal

Co!nc#l of N!ses. the n!ses a!+#l#a% of the CMA of Ind#a. T*N*A*I* Ind#an

N!s#n) co!nc#l and State le/el Re)#stat#on Co!nc#l ae closel% connected "#th

'o(ot#on and the !'l#ft(ent of the n!s#n) 'ofess#on*

2.THEORETICAL PHILOSOPHY OF NURSING

2.1 DEFINITION

Ph#loso'h#es set foth the )eneal (ean#n) of n!s#n) and n!s#n) 'heno(ena

tho!)h eason#n) and lo)#cal 'esentat#on of #dea*1


9/18

2.2 GENERAL IDEA OF THEORETICAL PHILOSOPHY

Ph#loso'h#es ae theoet#cal "o,s that addess one o (oe of the

(eta'aad#)( conce'ts? 'eson. en/#on(ent. health.n!s#n)* And ae of a

'h#loso'h#cal nat!e* 'h#loso'h#es addess 9!est#ons s!ch as the follo"#n)

:hat #s n!s#n)

:hat #s the nat!e of h!(an ca#n)

:hat #s the nat!e of n!s#n) 'act#ce

:hat #s the soc#al '!'ose of n!s#n) 'act#ce1

2.3 USES OF PHILOSOPHIES

G!#de fo n!s#n) 'act#ce e+'e#ence on theo% de/elo'(ent of

,no"led)e

Mat!at#on and e/ol!t#on of d#sc#'l#ne $% cont#$!t#n) $oth to the

health of #nd#/#d!als and to the o/e all health of the soc#et%

Po/#de d#ect#on fo 'act#ce and theefoe fo 'act#t#one*

Cla#f% )eneal /#e"s of n!s#n) that cla#f% /al!es #n ans"e to

$oad d#sc#'l#na% 9!est#ons*1

2.4 NURSING PHILOSOPHIES

I.NIGHTINGALE’S PHILOSOPHY OF NURSING

N#)ht#n)ale 'o/#des ans"e to the 9!est#on < "hat #s n!s#n)*n!s#n)J"hat #t

#s and "hat #t #s not* n#)ht#n)ale foc!ssed on the elat#onsh#' of 'at#ents and

the# s!o!nd#n)s !nde the cate)o#es of '!e a# .'!e "ate. eff#c#ent

da#na)e .cleanl#ness and l#)ht* N#)ht#n)ale e('has#s on the en/#on(ent #n

health 'o(ot#on*

ENVIRONMENT-En/#on(ent can $e def#ned as def#ned as

an%th#n) that can $e (an#'!lated to 'lace a 'at#ent #n the $est

'oss#$le cond#t#on fo nat!e to act*


10/18

PERSONN#)ht#n)ale efes 'eson to the 'eson as the one "ho #s

ece#/#n) the cae*

HEALTH N#)ht#n)ale $el#e/ed #n 'e/ent#on and health 'o(ot#on

#n add#t#on to n!s#n) 'at#ents fo( #llness to health*NURSING N#)ht#n)ale sa" n!s#n) as the sc#ence of en/#on(ental

(ana)e(ent $% !s#n) co((on sense $% o$se/at#on& #n)en!#t% to

allo" nat!e to effect#/el% e'a# the 'at#ents*

N#)ht#n)ale ass!(ed that 'at#ents "ants to $e health% and "o!ld coo'eate "#th

and ass#st the n!se to allo" nat!e to hel' the 'at#ent*7

II.WATSON’S PHILOSOPHY OF NURSING

:atsons a''oach #s 'h#loso'h% and sc#ence of ca#n).:atson eco)n#sed as a

h!(an sc#ence fo a et!n to eal#e /al!es of n!s#n) "h#ch e('has#s #ts

ca#n) as'ects* In th#s 'h#loso'h% theoet#cal 'o'os#t#ons fo the h!(an to

h!(an elat#onsh#'s of n!s#n) and s'ec#f#es caet#/e factos to )!#de #n n!s#n)

'act#ced*5

III.BENNER’S PHILOSOPHY OF NURSING

>enne 'h#loso'h#cal /#e" of n!s#n) 'act#ce that #s foc!ssed on ho" the

,no"led)e of 'act#ce #s ac9!#ed and ho" #t de/elo's o/e t#(e*>enne "o,

has $een !sed to )!#de the e+a(#nat#on of n!s#n) 'act#ce #nno/at#ons and

chan)es5

3. NURSING AS A SCIENCE AND DISCIPLINE

3.1 DEFINITION


11/18


12/18

I.NURSINGRESEARCH

N!s#n) eseach (a,es clea cont#$!t#ons to the de/elo'(ent of n!s#n)

sc#ence N!s#n) eseach has $een 0!d)ed as nonc!(!lat#/e. "h#ch #s ne#the

hel'f!l no $enef#c#al fo N!s#n) Sc#ence

II.NURSING KNOWLEDGE

N!s#n) eseach "o!ld not $e a$le to cont#$!te to n!s#n) sc#ence #f #t "ee

not fo n!s#n) ,no"led)e* In ode fo n!s#n) ,no"led)e to hel' n!s#n)

eseach #n #ts cont#$!t#ons. the ,no"led)e #tself needs to $e o)an#ed "#th a

clea 'o#nt *In ode fo n!s#n) ,no"led)e to $e hel'f!l #t needs to conta#nelat#/e ,no"led)e fo( /a%#n) eseach st!d#es #n ode to 'o/#de )eate

a(o!nts of thoo!)h #nfo(at#on

III.NURSING SCIENCE INFLUENCES NURSING PRACTICE

The )oal of n!s#n) sc#ence #s to #nfl!ence n!s#n) 'act#ce *In ode fo n!s#n)

sc#ence to do th#s. n!s#n) eseach needs to $e (oe cohes#/e and eas#e to

!ndestand* It #s d#ff#c!lt fo cl#n#cal n!ses to ead the /a#o!s eseach e'ots

as "ell as c#t#9!e the( #n ode to f#nd the #('otance of each of the e'ots

*-o N!s#n) Sc#ence to #nfl!ence n!s#n) 'act#ce n!s#n) eseach needs to $e

'esented to n!ses #n a "a%. "h#ch allo"s #ts !sef!lness to $e eas#l% seen *

3.4THE EVOLUTION OF SCIENCE

The o#)#nal 'h#loso'h% of sc#ence had $een f#st challen)ed $ac, #n 178 $%

Tho(as 6!hns $oo,. The Structure of Scientific Revolution*

Altho!)h n!s#n) sc#ence #s not a "ell,no"n to'#c to the '!$l#c. #t #s "hat

hel's n!ses ta,e cae of the# 'at#ents co('letel%* :#tho!t n!s#n) sc#ence.

n!s#n) ,no"led)e "o!ld $e /e% l#(#ted* N!ses ae a$le to a''l% ne"

teat(ents and ne" standads of cae tho!)h the de/elo'(ent of n!s#n)

sc#ence* The 'at#ents health l#es #n the hands of the# n!se. and "#tho!t the

'o)ess#on of n!s#n) sc#ence. the 'at#ents cae "o!ld $e se/eel% est#cted*


13/18

4.CURRENT TRENDS & ISSUES .

IMPACT OF CHRONIC DISEASE ON HEALTH CARE

The 'at#ent cae (odel "#ll ada't to an a)#n) 'o'!lat#on*The U*S* 'o'!lat#on #s

a)#n). and as a es!lt thee #s a s#)n#f#cant #ncease #n the n!($e of chon#c

d#seases. s!ch as d#a$etes. h%'etens#on and ,#dne% d#sease* Accod#n) to a

st!d% $% the Ro$et :ood ohnson -o!ndat#on. al(ost half of all A(e#cans

?1; (#ll#on 'eo'le l#/e "#th a chon#c cond#t#on. and (an% 'eo'le "#th

chon#c cond#t#ons ha/e (!lt#'le chon#c cond#t#ons*

Th#s flood of olde ad!lts "#th chon#c d#seases "#ll sta#n hos'#tals as the

health cae s%ste( sh#fts #ts foc!s fo( teat#n) ac!te #llnesses to (ana)#n)

chon#c d#seases. accod#n) to an A(e#can Med#cal Assoc#at#on e'ot* N!ses

"#ll 'la% (oe of a ole #n ed!cat#n) 'at#ents and cae)#/es on ho" to (ana)e

and 'e/ent chon#c cond#t#ons*

DEMAND FOR DECREED NURSES

A e'ot $% the Inst#t!te of Med#c#ne #n 8311 called fo 43 'ecent of n!ses to

ha/e at a (#n#(!( a $achelos de)ee $% the %ea 8383* Th#s #s a s#)n#f#cant

#ncease. )#/en that onl% 3 'ecent of all n!ses at that t#(e had a $accala!eate

de)ee o h#)he* >!t enoll(ent #n n!s#n) 'o)a(s #s )o"#n). at a ate of

3.333 st!dents ?co('aed to 53.333 st!dents a decade a)o. accod#n) to a

st!d% cond!cted #n 8318 $% the A(e#can Assoc#at#on of Colle)es of N!s#n)

?AACN*

Thee has also $een cons#dea$le )o"th #n the n!($es of e)#steed n!ses

"#th a (astes de)ee #n n!s#n)* -o( 8332 to 8311. thee "as a 72 'ecent

#ncease. accod#n) to the U*S* De'at(ent of Health and H!(an Se/#ces* A

cont#$!t#n) facto to the s!)e #s the #nceased 'o'!la#t% of onl#ne n!s#n)


14/18

'o)a(s* Re)#steed n!ses "o,#n) f!ll t#(e ae (oe l#,el% to $e enolled #n

a d#stance lean#n) fo(at $eca!se of the sched!l#n) fle+#$#l#t%*

MORE JOB OPPORTUNITIES FOR NURSE EDUCATORS

MS #n N!s#n) Ed!cat#onIn the ne+t decade. thee "#ll $e a )eate de(and fo

n!se ed!catos acoss the co!nt%* Thee ae a n!($e of easons fo th#s need*

An #nceased enoll(ent #n n!s#n) ed!cat#on 'o)a(s s#)nals the need fo

(oe n!s#n) fac!lt%*

In add#t#on. (an% of the c!ent n!se ed!catos ae nea#n) the a)e of

et#e(ent* The a/ea)e a)e of n!s#n) 'ofessos "as 71. and the a/ea)e a)e

fo assoc#ate 'ofessos "as 2. accod#n) to an AACN st!d% cond!cted #n

8315* Man% of these et##n) >a$% >oo(es "#ll 'o/#de (oe 0o$ o'en#n)s fo

n!s#n) #nst!ctos*

Ho(e health a)enc#es ae also aeas fo )o"th* :#th the tend to"ad an a)#n)

'o'!lat#on and enco!a)#n) sen#o c#t#ens to e(a#n #n the# ho(es. (oe

n!ses "#ll $e needed to 'o/#de 'osts!)#cal cae. d#s'ense (ed#cat#ons o

cood#nate cae "#th othe health cae 'o/#des*

NURSES ADOPTING WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY

Hos'#tals ao!nd the co!nt% ae '#lot#n) the !se of Goo)le Glass. #ncl!d#n)

doctos at >ostons >eth Isael Hos'#tal* The doctos scan a KR code on the

doo o!ts#de the 'at#ents oo( and ha/e #((ed#ate access to the 'at#ents ent#e

health h#sto%* Othe !ses fo Goo)le Glass #ncl!de ecod#n) s!)e#es to

stea( l#/e and ha/#n) cons!ltat#ons "#th e(ote s'ec#al#sts*

N!ses at a n!($e of hos'#tals ae alead% !s#n) ta$lets that connect "#th

'at#ents electon#c (ed#cal ecods. and "hen Goo)le Glass $eco(es (oe

ead#l% a/a#la$le. #t "#ll $e a nat!al tans#t#on fo n!ses to !se th#s handsfeede/#ce to access 'at#ent data*


15/18

:eaa$le technolo)% can also hel' detect "hen n!ses the(sel/es ae #n need of

cae* A $acelet that (on#tos /#tal s#)ns co!ld alet a s!'e/#so "hen a n!se #s

fat#)!ed and #n need of el#ef *?onl#ne

4.1 ISSUES IN NURSING

• Stat!s of n!s#n) #n soc#et% #n the health cae del#/e% s%ste(*

• Rene"al of n!s#n) e)#stat#on

• D#'lo(a s de)ee #n n!s#n) fo e)#stat#on to 'act#ce n!s#n)

• N!s#n) cae standads

• al!es eflected #n o! n!s#n) 'efo(ances*

• Att#t!de. h!(an a''oach*

• H#)he ed!cat#on fo sen#o 'os#t#ons #n n!s#n)

• N!se 'at#ent at#o

• D#ffeent le/els of n!ses that "e need #n o! co!nt%*

• K!al#t% #n n!s#n) /s ed!cat#on and 'act#ce*

• Def#ne and del#neat#on of n!s#n) f!nct#ons at the d#ffeent le/el*

• Non a/a#la$#l#t% of health cae 'o)a((e of n!ses*

• Non #n/ol/e(ent of n!ses #n n!s#n) (attes*

• Poo 'a% st!ct!es*

• Man% hos'#tals #n Ind#a had no n!ses at all*

• Lac, of sec!#t% and safet%*


16/18

• Less 'o(ot#onal o''ot!n#t#es

• Haass(ent $% othe 'esonnels

• Inade9!ate s!''l#es

• INC has '!t fo"ad the '!'osal to e/#e" n!ses cade to the health

(#n#st%*

• Non #n/ol/e(ent of n!s#n) ad(#n#statos #n 'lann#n) and dec#s#on

(a,#n) #n hos'#tal ad(#n#stat#on

• Lac, of ,no"led)e #n (ana)e(ent a(on) n!s#n) ad(#n#statos

• Intefeence of non n!s#n) 'esonnel #n n!s#n) ad(#n#stat#on

• No "#tten n!s#n) 'ol#c#es o (an!als

• No 'o'e 0o$ desc#'t#on fo /a#o!s n!s#n) cades*

• No o)an#ed staff de/elo'(ent 'o)a(s fo n!ses l#,e o#entat#on. #n

se/#ce ed!cat#on. cont#n!#n) ed!cat#on etc*

• No s'ec#al #ncent#/es

• Ineff#c#enc% of n!s#n) co!nc#ls of state and !n#on to (a#nta#n standads

#n n!s#n)

.DOMAINS &PARDIGMS IN NURSING

.1 PARADIGM A (odel that e+'la#ns the l#n,a)es of sc#ence. 'h#loso'h%.

and theo% acce'ted and a''l#ed $% the d#sc#'l#ne ?All#)ood and Ma#ne B

To(e%. 8338

A paradigm describes the domain using science, philosophyand theory.3


17/18

.2 DOMAINS

The domain of nursing describes the profession’s subject,

concepts, values, and beliefs.It provides the means by which

we can provide for client’s health across thespectrum.

The /#e" o 'es'ect#/e of the d#sc#'l#ne

It conta#ns the s!$0ect. cental conce'ts. /al!es and $el#efs. 'heno(ena of

#nteest. and the cental 'o$le(s of the d#sc#'l#ne 5

.3NURSING’S PARADIGM

Person- is the individual or community receiving care.

Health- has dierent meanings for each client and is

continuously changing.

Environment includes all possible conditions aecting the

client.Nursingis the diagnosis and treatment of human responses

to health problems.2

REFERENCES

1* All#)ood M*R*Ma#ne To(% .INTRODUCTION TO NURSING

theo%.Edt.Mos$% '!$l#cat#ons

8* >e/#s E*O :atson TO:ARDS A CARING CURRICULUM.A NE:PEDAGOGY -OR NURSING.Ch!ch#ll l#/#n) stone '!$l#cat#ons*

5* >enne THE PRIMACY O- CARING STRESS AND COPING IN

HEALTH AND ILLNESS *(enlo 'a, Gal/eston*

;* Deh)hanNa%%e#. N* and alal#N#a. -* THEORY DEELOPMENT AND

NURSING THEORIES* Ha,#( H#da0#. Tehan*?Pes#an


18/18

* D* S!(ath# 6!(as"a(# .TET >OO6 O- NURSING TAMILNADU

NURSING co!nc#l D#ectoate of School Ed!cat#on on $ehalf of the

Go/en(ent of Ta(#lnad!* -#st Ed#t#on833; -o(e De'!t% D#ecto

of Med#cal Ed!cat#on ?N!s#n) & E+ec!t#/e (e($e Ind#an N!s#n)

Co!nc#l B Ne" Delh#

7* Lo$o.(*floence n#)ht#n)ale NURSING THEORIESS ;EDT.No"al,.ct

A''leton & lan)e*

2* Pa,e. M* ?8337 INTRODUCTION TO NURSING THEORY* InJ

Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice. Ph#ladel'h#a

!. Reed. P*. Sheae. >* and N#cole. L* ?833; PERSPECTIE NURSING

THEORY* Intenat#onal L#''#ncott :#ll#a( & :#l,#ns

UNIT I REVISED DOC.docx

Documents

Transcript of UNIT I REVISED DOC.docx