UNIT I PLANNING FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEMS7. Name sewage characteristics with which organic matter...

UNIT – I

PLANNING FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

1. What do you mean by time of concentration? State its significance in sewerdesign.

It is defined as the longest time without unreasonable delay that will be requiredfor a drop of water to flow from the further point of drainage area.

2. State the pollution control board norms for effluent discharge into streams (M/J -11)Impurities Inland

SurfaceWater

Public Sewers Land forIrrigation

Marine outfall

SS 100 600 200 100Grease and Oil 10 20 10 20BOD 30 350 100 100

3. What are the typical characteristics of sewage from South Indian Cities?The typical characteristics of sewage are listed as follows :Constituent ConcentrationBOD (at 20°C) (400 mg/u)TOC (290 mg/u)COD (1000 mg/d)Chlorides 100 mg/uSolids 1200 mg.l

4. Explain the meaning and significance of “time of concentration”. (N/D -11)Time required for the flood discharge to reach to the maximum limit.It is used to

indicate the(a) Inlet time (b) Outlet time(c) Peak time (d) Maximum Runoff

5. Differentiate between dry weather flow and wet weather flow.DWF – Dry Weather flow is defined as the flow of sewage, consists of domestic

sewage (or sanitary sewage) and industrial sewage and mentioned as DWF.WWF - The flow of storm water is called Wet-Weather Flow and mentioned as

WWF.

6. State the necessity of legal requirements and effluents disposal of sewage.Necessity of Legal Requirements for Effluent Disposal: All types of effluent needs to be treated and disposed off safely.

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Parameters like DO, BOD, COD, suspended solids, other solids content needsto be reduced to the permissible level.

Toxicity levels must be eliminated to a non-hazardous state and then disposedoff.

7. Name sewage characteristics with which organic matter concentration isexpressed.

BOD, COD8. State the effluent standards for any four parameters recommended by thepollution control board.(M/J -13)

TCS<100 mg/u TOS<2100 mg/upH = 5.5 to 9.0BOD < 30 mg/uCOD<250 mg/u

9. Why do the analyses BOD and COD usually give different results for the samewastewater? Both the BOD and COD tests are a measure of relative oxygen – depletion of a

waste contaminant. Naturally sewage contains bacteria and nutrients almost will initiate bio chemical

reactions(BOD) The chemicals are also broken by down using oxidizing agents(COD). Result is oxygen content will be N/Dreased and varies.

10. What is the effect of suspended solids on water bodies? Effect on suitability of water bodies for reactional activities. Effect on aquatic defect fishes. Water becomes warmer good and oxygen penetration. Bad odour of taste.

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UNIT – II

CONVEYANCE SYSTEM

1. List the factors influencing the fixing of design period.

The factors influencing the fixing of design period are :

Weather flow conditions

Rate of water supply

Type of area served

Population growth

2. Give the design flow value for separate, combined and storm sewers.

(M/J -11)

The design values are given as follows:

Separate Sewers 1.0Combined Sewers 1.0Storm Sewers 0.5 to 0.8

3. How is the capacity of the wet well in a sewage pumping station determined?

The capacity of sump well is determined on the basis of a minimum detention

period of about 15 to 30 minutes of the peak flow. If its capacity is less, the operation of

the power unit shall have to be done at frequent intervals and it M/J result in the increase

of the operation cost.

4. Distinguish between “Self Cleansing Velocity” and Non-scouring velocity.

Self Cleansing Velocity Non-ScouringDefined as the velcocity at which the solidparticles will remain in suspension withoutsettling at the bottom of the sewer.

Defined as the minimum velocity which allowsthe particle to stick to the invert (i.e.) (Noscouring occurs)

The velocity doesn’t not depends upon thematerial sed for construction of sewer.

The velocity depends upon the constructionmaterial of sewer.

5. Enumerate the various steps involved in the layout and construction of sewers.

The various steps involved in the layout and construction of sewer lines are :

(a) Setting out

(b) Alignment and formation of gradient

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(c) Excavation of trenches

(d) Laying and Jointing

(e) Testing

(f) Backfilling

6. Reciprocating pump is not widely used in the sewage pumping – state true or false

and justify your answer. (N/D -12)

Reciprocating pumps is used for pumping sewage because high effects are

required for transporting sewage which consists of great fluctuations.

It is more economical.

It is also used for sewage flow where it is varied.

7. Define “sewerage system”. List out the components of it.

Sewerage system is a system for collection conveyance and disposal of sewage.

As sewerage system consists of a network of sewers, for carrying the sewage from

individual units(homes and industries) to the sewage treatment plant.

Components

1. House Sewer

2. Lateral Sewers

3. Branch Sewers

4. Mains Sewers

5. Trunk Sewers

6. Manholes

7. Catch basins etc.

8. What are the situations where the pumping of sewage becomes essential is sewage

management. (M/J -13)

Pumping from low lying areas.

To lift the sewage in treatment plants for making the flow under gravity

Pumping at specified intervals in flat country

The place where the basement level of the houses are lower than the invert level

of the sewer.

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When a sewer has to pass across a high ridge.

9. What is the significance of self cleansing velocity in sewer design .

Deposition takes place and if it is not removed it will obstruct free flow causing

further deposition and finally leading to complete blocking of sewer. So checking at least

once a day is important.

10. Name any two softwares used in sewer design. (N/D -13)

Sewer CAD

Storm CAD

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F-' E UN ler

BimieFig Ex Plat n title Vco rous Faciems to be

Considered In -the des ig ri OF Sewemage Sys-tern.

Vas f9 h a Sarii-latm 9 se We") "th a POP laCetiTh ii 0 p

boob ereciev 1.1-/ 9 uu arLen art a ^rat e of qo ipoJ -

Mi pi i rri un-, Sac Clearliri 9 vetoci -ty al design F iota°

i; o- 8 mis • Moithrl titr1 depth eF Flow I'S ast•--

ASSU-n1 a o-bi ,) clesi 9 ri errlien; a (.5 o_p pi icab le

CniVe.r, somata:

poPu_lat-ion co o Nos

pemcapi*a ctemo_r) clo !Pad

ASSurne tr-- 0.013

Sc attie r' :

Pan CaP ita- demand= 135/ /cap 1-ta. otay

AVenage Liate71 $u-PP 19 r 6000 X' 135

310, 00 o JtitYles

Averlage SLIA)219 OF waters ro3/s g 1o/0 0 o

l000 x l 4 x box bo

0 , o oc4-0 1/13/5

4venag e Sewage diechumge = water SuPP iy

o• S Pc o 0 o 4

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ASSu_P-n e Mr: 0 , 013

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Pen ca_pf-Ea demand = II o Lpci

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Acti'V'e Slope = t en 3 oo

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wig

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diselicm 9e s 8o1' uni-te,) es app)les

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prig U3 ea-the71 Flo LOS = o a o so ITO/s

axi mum F..zecpuency Sewage should

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0 ,14 x 0 • Oo 5 0 9 z 0 2 03 incr3/8'

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of 75

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of 75

UNIT – III

PRIMARY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE

1. What is grey water and grey water harvesting?

Greywater is generally defined as, the waste water generated from wash basins, showers

and bath. Greywater harvesting is defined as the waste water treatment of onsite

sanitation applied to grey waters.

2. Distinguish between grit chamber and plain sedimentation tank. (M/J -11)

Grit Chamber Plain SedimentationThey are used to remove inorganic particles. They are used to treat the industrial wasteIt works on pump setting It works on flocculent settlingChemicals are not needed to aid settling Chemicals are needed for flocculent settlingIt depends on sourcing and settling velocity It depends on the surface loading and detention

time

3. What are the differences in the functions of “Screen Chamber” and “Grit

Chamber” in sewage treatment?

Grit Chamber Screen ChamberThey are used to removed inorganic particles. To remove floating particles.It works on settling of particles. It works on pores where it traps the particlesChemicals are required for settling Its not required

4. What is meant by Grey water Harvesting? (N/D -11)

Greywater harvesting is defined as the waste water treatment of onsite sanitation applied

to grey waters.

5. Differentiate between unit operations and unit processes in wastewater treatment.

Give at least two examples in each.

Unit Operations Unit ProcessMethods of treatment in which the applicationof physical forces predominate are called asunit operations

Methods of treatment in which the removal ofcontaminants is brought about by chemical orbiological reactions

It is mere physical process Includes addition of chemicalsExample : Grit Removal, Sedimenation Example : Coagulation, Flocculation,

Filtration, Activated Sludge Process,Disinfection

of 75

6. State the necessity of velocity control devices in grit chamber. Name the devices

used. (N/D -12)

Flow velocity should neither be too low as to cause the settling of lighter organic

matter nor should it be so high as not to cause the settlement of the entire slit and

grit present in sewage.

A flow velocity of about 0.25 to 0.3 m/sec is adopted for the design of put basins.

7. What do you mean by on-site sanitation? Brief it.

System of sanitation where the means of storage and treatment are contained with

the plot occupied by leveling and its immediate surroundings.

8. State the objectives of grey water harvesting. (M/J -13)

Conservation of water

Recycle of waste water

Reducing load on septic tank

Top soil nitrification

9. Give the design criteria for screen chamber.

Coarse Screens – Spacing 50 mm/6 litres of solids

Medium Screens – Spacing 6 to 40 mm (30 to 90 litres of sewage)

Fine Screens – 1.5mm – 3m space opening

20% of SS is removed .

10. What are the objectives of grey water harvesting?

Conservation of water

Recycle of waste water

Reducing load on septic tank

Top soil nitrification

of 75

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UNIT – IV

SECONDARY TREATMENT OF SEWAGE

1. State the objective and functioning principle of a secondary treatment unit.

The general principle is to remove pollutants from the water by getting them

either to settle or to float of then removing the material.

The waste water is mixed with a controlled population of bacteria and oxygen

there by removing suspended solids and soluble organic materials.

2. State the advantages of UASB Reactors. (M/J -11)

The advantages are :

The treated water can be used for irrigation purposes.

Sludge disposal is easier and cheaper .

The power requirement is very less.

The cost of treatment is low.

3. What are the objectives of Secondary and Tertiary treatment of Sewage?

Secondary Treatment: This involves further treatment of the effluent coming

from the primary sedimentation tank

Tertiary Treatment : This is accomplished through biological N/Domposition of

organic matter.

4. What is the operational principle of waste stabilization ponds? (N/D -11)

Stabilisation ponds are open-flow-through earthern basins(or ponds),specially

designed and constructed for the treatment of sewage and bio-degradable

industrial waste waters.

Stabilisation ponds provide long detention periods up to several days and these

period, the waste get stabilized by the action of natural forces.

5. Distinguish between suspended growth processes and attached growth processes.

Suspended Growth Process Attached Growth ProcessMicroorganisms grow in suspension.Example: Activated Sludge Process

Microorganisms get attached to an inert media.Example : Trickling fiters

of 75

6. State the main objectives of providing advanced treatment of sewage. How it is

different from conventional treatment system. (N/D -12)

Objectives of Advanced Treatment :

To remove the organic load left after the secondary treatment

To kill the pathogenic bacteria.

Conventional Treatment Advanced TreatmentUsed to separate the floating materials andheavy settleable inorganic solids

Used to remove pathogens and theremaining very fine dissolved organicmatter

Reduces BOD by 15% Microorganism removal rate 30 – 100%`

7. When you will opt/prefer the anaerobic treatment of sewage over an aerobic

process.

While the BOD value/organic strength is very high anaerobic treatment preferred.

8. Waste stabilization ponds are applicable for sewage management in rural areas

only. Comment on this statement and justify your comment.

(M/J -13)

Statement is correct. Reason is the land required will be very large and cost of

treatment is also less.

9. What is the significance of sludge solids retention time in ASP design?

Sludge solids retention time M/J be defined as average time for which the mass of

suspended solids remain under aeration.

Though the hydraulic retention time M/J be only few hours, the residence time of

biological solids is much greater and while the sewage passes through the aeration tank

only once within the hydraulic retention time, the resultant biological growth and the

extracted organic solids are repeatedly recycled from the secondary settling tank back to

aeration tank there increasing the retention time of solids.

10. How do you determine hydraulic loading rate of a trickling filter? (N/D -13)

The quantity of sewage applied per unit of surface area of the filter per day.

of 75

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of 75

UNIT – V

DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE AND SLUDGE

1. Define the treatment “sludge conditioning “.

Thickening is a procedure used to increase the solids content of sludge by

removing a portion of liquid fraction.

The sludge is thickened to 14% solids where a five fold increase in surge

volume is achieved.

2. List out the methods of minimizing sewage sickness. (M/J -11)

The methods adopted are:

Bio filters

On-site waste water treatment

Sludge management

Composting

Surface Disposal

Sub surface Disposal

3. What are the concerns in the application of sewage on to land?

It is used for sewage farming.

For irrigation purposes

For pre-treatment process

For production of cotton, groundnut sugar cane.

4. How does one improve the dewaterability of sludge? (N/D -11)

Dewatering techniques are adopted to improve the dewaterability of

sludge.

Vaccum filtration – vaccum is being conveyed and mixed with sludge

High speed centrifuges for drying of raw sludges

Elutriation – Before dewatered it is washed to remove the organic and fatty

acids from sludge water.

5. State the purpose of sludge thickening.

of 75

Purpose of Sludge thickening

To remove moisture content from the sludge (98% of moisture and 2%

solids content)

To dewater or dry the raw/digested sludge.

To prevent foul smelling

To reduce the land area.

6. What do you mean by sewage sickness?

(N/D -12)

When sewage is applied continuously on a piece of land, the soil pores or

voids M/J get filled up and clogged with sewage matter.

Full circulation of air will be prevented and aerobic N/Domposition of

organic matter will stop and anerobic N/Domposition will start.

This phenomenon of soil getting clogged is called as sewage sickness of

land.

7. Name the feed material sources for bio gas recovery in a sewage treatment plant.

Primary Sludge

Secondary sludge

8. What do you mean by sewage farming?

(M/J -13)

Sewage effluence is generally disposed by applying on land.

A part of it percolates below the ground of the valids are clogged off

which leads to choking.

9. What are the methods of sludge thickening?

Gravity Thickening

Flotation thickness

Centrifugal thickness

10. What are the methods adopted in India for disposal of sewage? (N/D -13)

(a) Natural method of disposal

(i) By dilution

of 75

(ii) Land treatment

(b) Artificial Method of disposal

(i) Primary treatment

(ii) Secondary treatment

of 75

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UNIT I PLANNING FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEMS7. Name sewage characteristics with which organic matter...

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