KALASALINGAM UNIVERSITY(Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education)Department of Electronics and Communication EngineeringAVIONICS- ECE444UNIT-I INTRODUCTION TO AVIONICS

Avionics are the electronic systems used on aircraft, artificial satellites, and spacecraft which is a Combination of aviation and electronics.Avionic systems include communications, navigation, the display and management of multiple systems, and the hundreds of systems that are fitted to aircraft to perform individual functions. These can be as simple as a searchlight for a police helicopter or as complicated as the tactical system for an airborne early warning platform. Avionics system or Avionics sub-system dependent on electronics Avionics industry- a major multi-billion dollar industry world wide Avionics equipment on a modern military or civil aircraft\ account for around 30% of the total cost of the aircraft 40% in the case of a maritime patrol/anti-submarine aircraft (or helicopter) Over 75% of the total cost in the case of an airborne early warning aircraft such as an AWACS AVIONIC SYSTEMS ARE ESSENTIAL To enable the flight crew to carry out the aircraft mission safely and efficiently Mission is carrying passengers to their destination (Civil Airliner) Intercepting a hostile aircraft, attacking a ground target, reconnaissance or maritime patrol (Military Aircraft)NEED FOR AVIONICS IN CIVIL AND MILITARY AIRCRAFT AND SPACE SYSTEMSNeed for avionics in Civil Aircraft systems1) For Mission and Management computation2) For getting the magnetic field thru Magnetometer3) For various Payloads and Data-link Control through extended I/O 4) Reduce the crew workload 5) By Avionics in Civil Aircrafts, aircraft mission carried safely and efficiently.6) By All Weather operation thru avionics reduce the maintenance cost of aircraft7) For better flight control, performing computations and increased control over flight control surfaces. (PWM)8) For navigation, provide information using sensors like Altitude and Head Reference System (AHRS).9) Provide air data like altitude, atmospheric pressure, temperature, etc.10) Increased safety for crew and passengers.11) Reduction in aircraft weight which can be translated into increased number of passengers or long range.Need for Avionics in Space Systems Thru Avionics, excellent Sensors used around the spacecraft for data acquisition. Redundancy system and autopilot are the needs using Avionics in Space systems Fly-by-wire communication system used for space vehicle's attitude and translation control. Autopilot redundancy system. On-board computers used in satellites for processing the data.Military aircraft Avionics in fighter aircraft eliminates the need for a second crew member like navigator, observer etc., which helps in reducing the training costs. A single seat fighter is lighter and costs less than an equivalent two seat version. Improved aircraft performance, control and handling. Reduction in maintenance cost. Secure communication.IN THE MILITARY CASE A single seat fighter or strike (attack) aircraft is lighter Costs less than an equivalent two seat version Elimination of the second crew member (navigator/observer/crew member) Reduction in training costsMAJOR DRIVER IN THE DEVELOPMENT To meet the mission requirements with the minimum flight crew (namely the Ist pilot & the 2nd pilot) Economic benefits like Saving of crew salaries Expenses and training costs Reduction in weigh-more passengers or longer range on less fuel OTHER VERY IMPORTANT DRIVERS FOR AVIONICS SYSTEMS ARE Increased safety Air traffic control requirements All weather operation Reduction in fuel consumption Improved aircraft performance and control and handling and reduction in maintenance costs * In the military case, the avionics systems are also being driven by a continuing increase in the threats posed by the defensive and offensive capabilities of potential aggressors

TYPICAL AVIONIC SUB SYSTEMS1. Air Data System-indicating Pr,Altitude,Speed, Mach Number,Statc Air Temp etc2. Flight Control System-indicating Signals for 3 axes Auto stabilization3. Display System-like HUD,HOTAS4. Cabin Inter-Communiication System5. Engine Control system for engine temp, pr.6. Flight Management System-FMS for flight path

1.Air Data System1. Indicate Pr,2. Altitude,3. Speed,4. Mach Number,5. Statc Air Temp etc thru a computer called ADC

2. Flight Control System-Autopilot System1. Means Fly by wire and Fly by Light two methods in Flight Control system 2. Include automatically controlling flight using auto-pilots Scheme to control heading and altitude and for Auto stabilization-AFC3. Limited authority on thrust and flight control surfaces

3. Navigation systemBy Very High Frequency Omni directional Range or Distance Measuring Equipment DMEB. By Satellite Based Navigation by MEO Satellites at 1575 MHz Satcom via the Inmarsat satellites using 4 Satellites centralized over the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean-East, and Atlantic Ocean-West for high altitudesC. Ground Based Navigation using LOS by VOR/DME having B-Nav and P-nav where the track accuracy is within +/- 5 nm and +/-1nmD. Use VOR for getting the navigation track from many ground stations between Aircraft and ATC through VHF Freq. (108.1 through 117.95 MHz)E. Satellite Based Navigation by GPS on 1575 MHz

VOR A Radio Navigation system for Aircrafts sending VHF AM signal to the Aircraft Aircraft derive a Magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft (direction from the VOR station in relation to Earths North at the time of installation) Providing OMNI (VOR) or LOCALIZER (LOC) information with built-in VOR/LOC Converter Used with other nav/commsGPS Navigation Aircraft position by signals from MEO Satellites high above the Earth 3 satellites for fixing aircrafts position 3 segments; 1. space segment (SS), 2. a control segment (CS), and 3.user segment Space Segment for No.of Satellites (12)Control Segment to track the position of Satellites, (3).User segment (GPS receiver)4.Display System1. Produce Pre-Flight info2. Giving Navigation Information3. Airframe Data4. Warning Information5. Head up Display and 6. Multifunction Display5.COMMUNICATION Communications connecting the flight deck to the ground, and the flight deck to the passengers Flight Deck to Ground work on the Air-band of 118.000 MHz to 136.975 MHz (Air band Receiver) On board communication for Public Address system to the passengers and Aircraft intercom to the crew . Direct dialling to Aircraft thru INMARSAT or Iridium satellite Voice Activated hands free intercom system with Transmit facility from Pilot to Passengers with PTT for Pilot and Co pilot Music thru Satellite Radio, MP3 or CD player on Stereo6.ENGINE CONTROL SYSTEM Engine control for Air density, throttle lever position, engine temperature and engine pressure etc. providing optimum engine efficiency for a given flight condition with redundant digital panels for Safety.7.FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Flight Crew enter Flight Data such as Wind conditions, Runway Length, Cruice Altitude to FMS FMS computes power settings for various phases of the flightMAJOR ILITIES OF AVIONICS SYSTEM Capability Reliability Maintainability Certificability Survivability(military) Availability Susceptibility vulnerability Life cycle cost(military) or cost of ownership(civil) Technical risk Weight & power Capability: How capable is avionics system? can they do the job and even more? Designer to maximize the capability of the system within the constraints that are imposed.Reliability: Designer strives to make systems as reliable as possible. High reliability less maintenance costs. If less reliable customer will not buy it and in terms of civil airlines the certificating agencies will not certify it. Maintainability: Closely related to reliability System must need preventive or corrective maintenance. System can be maintained through built in testing, automated troubleshooting and easy access to hardware.Availability: Combination of reliability and maintainability Trade of between reliability and maintainability to optimize availability. Availability translates into sorties for military aircraft and into revenue flights for civil aircrafts. Certificability: Major area of concern for avionics in civil airlines. Certification conducted by the regulatory agencies based on detailed, expert examination of all facets of aircraft design and operation. The avionics architecture should be straight forward and easily understandable. There should be no sneak circuits and no noobvious modes of operation. Avionics certification focus on three analyses: preliminary hazard, fault tree, and FMEA. Survivability: It is a function of susceptibility and vulnerability.Susceptibility: measure of probability that an aircraft will be hit by a given threat.Vulnerability: measure of the probability that damage will occur if there is a hit by the threatLife cycle cost(LCC)or Cost of ownership: It deals with economic measures need for evaluating avionics architecture. It includes costs of varied items as spares acquisition, transportation, storage and training (crew and Maintenance personnel's),hardware development and test, depreciation and interest.Risk: Amount of failures and drawbacks in the design and implementation. Overcome by using the latest technology and fail proof technique to overcome both developmental and long term technological risks.Weight and power: Minimize the weight and power requirements are two fundamental concepts of avionics design. So the design must be light weight and power consuming which is possible through the data bus and latest advancement of electronics devices.

INTEGRATED AVIONICS SYSTEMIntegrated avionics means different things to different people. To the pilot, it means all the information is coordinated and available from a single source. To the software engineer, it means access to shared data about the situation, the mission, and the aircraft systems. To the hardware designer, it means common modules in a single backplane with the connectivity and bandwidth to support the required processing. Advantages of Integrated Avionic System:1. Advanced flight deck functions 2. Improved situational awareness to Pilot 3. Increased system flexibility for business and regional aircrafts.4. Large Liquid Crystal Flat Panel Displays5. Integrated Navigation6. Quick Modification of Flight Plans for sudden change in weather, Terrain and Air Traffic.7. Control of Cock Pit Info and Display Info8. Integration with subsystems in the aircraftOther features of Integrated Avionics Electronic Warfare Stores Management System Inertial Reference System with GPS Software providing 1.7 million lines of code Liquid flow through cooling lending to an mean time between failures (MTBF) of 25,000 hours Power Supply modules cooled with polyalphaolefin (PAO) liquid coolant to carry away heat generated by the supplies' power-conversion process Integrated Avionics Weapon Systems: SONAR RADAR Military communications Electro optics (FLIR or PIDS) ECM OR ECCM ESM/DAS Tactical missile guidance Integrated Weapon System: Consisting of AIM-9 air-to-air missile fired with F-22 maneuvering 60 degrees Rolling per second All 52 missile tests prior to IOT&E complete First JDAM separation test complete Successful Gun system tests Certified Chaff and flare countermeasures DESIGN APPROACHES AND RECENT ADVANCESType of Approaches include1. Integrated Modular System approach2. Glass Cockpits3. Fault Tolerant System4. Federated & 5. Integrated Architecture1.Integrated Modular System approach By using Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) system increase the efficiency by reducing Space, Weight and Power (SWaP) Example:Boeings 787 Dreamliner and Airbus A380 Objective of IMA to combine a number of traditional, stand-alone federated systems into integrated common platforms. IMA increase power efficiency and reduces processor boards, reducing bill of materials (BOM) and number of Line Replaceable Units (LRUs)2. Glass Cockpits Glass Cockpit avionics design providing prices often lower than the aggregate sum of all the analog gauges This shift allowing smaller aircraft to fly behind modern glass cockpit avionics available in airliners and business jets.3.Fault Tolerant System Required to ensure safe operation of digital avionics systems performing flight-critical functions. FTS requirements must be documented in a specification of the intended behavior of a system, specifying the tolerances imposed on the various outputs from the system5. Integrated Architecture Proposing a system organization where several functions (even of different criticality level) sharing now computing and communication resources. as integrated modular avionics MA enables resource savings, thus reasonably limits the global development costs. Airbus A380 and Boeing B777 are examples of aircrafts using IMAAVIONICS SYSTEM REQUIREMENTSAvionics System Design Starting point for designing a digital Avionics system is a clear understanding of the mission requirements and the requirement levied by the host aircraft Top-level Requirement for Military The customer prepares the statement of need and top-level description of possible missions Describes the gross characteristic of a hypothetical aircraft that could fly the mission Customer may also describe the mission environment and define strategic and tactical philosophies and principles and rules of engagement. PRELIMINARY THOUGHTS ON DESIGN Design is, in general, a team effort a large system integration activity done in three stages iterative creative, knowledge based. The three stages are: Conceptual design Preliminary design Detailed designConceptual Design What will it do? How will it do it? What is the general arrangement of parts? The end result of conceptual design is an artists or engineers conception of the vehicle/product. Example: Clay model of an automobile.

Preliminary Design How big will it be? How much will it weigh? What engines will it use? How much fuel or propellent will it use? How much will it cost? This is what you will do in this course.Detailed Design How many parts will it have? What shape will they be? What materials? How will it be made? How will the parts be joined? How will technology advancements (e.g. lightweight material, advanced airfoils, improved engines, etc.) impact the design?

A380 Arrangement

SPECIFICATION AND STANDARDS The designer needs to satisfy Customer who will buy and operate the vehicle (e.g. Delta, TWA) Government Regulators (U.S. , Military, European, Japanese)CUSTOMER SPECIFICATIONS Performance: Payload weight and volume how far and how fast it is to be carried how long and at what altitude passenger comfort flight instruments, ground and flight handling qualities Cost: Price of system and spares, useful life, maintenance hours per flight hour Firm order of units, options, Delivery schedule, payment schedule TYPICAL GOVERNMENT STANDARDS Civil FAA Civil Aviation Regulations define such things as required strength, acoustics, effluents, reliability, take-off and landing performance, emergency egress time. Military May play a dual role as customer and regulator MIL SPECS (Military specifications) May set minimum standards for Mission turn-around time, strength, stability, speed-altitude-maneuver capability, detectability, vulnerabilitySYSTEM INTEGRATION Aircraft/Spacecraft Design often involves integrating parts, large and small, made by other vendors, into an airframe or spaceframe (also called the bus.) Parts include engines, landing gear, shock absorbers, wheels, brakes, tires avionics (radios, antennae, flight control computers) Cockpit instruments, actuators that move control surfaces, retract landing gears, etc... AEROSPACE DESIGN INVOLVES Lot of Analyses Ground testing and simulation (e.g. wind tunnel tests of model aircraft, flight simulation, drop tests, full scale mock-up, fatigue tests) Flight testsTop-level Requirement for Civil Aircraft The aircraft manufacturer makes a very careful analysis of the potential customers route structure, image , and operating philosophies to determine the customers need and postulates a future operating environment. The manufacturer then designs an aircraft that provides an optimum, balance response to the integrated set of needs Safety is always the highest priority need and economical operation is a close second.Requirements of MIL-F-9490 Five operational States for the flight control system: Operational State I: Normal Operation Operational State II: Restricted Operation Operational State I: Minimum safe Operation Operational State I: Controllable to an immediate emergency landing Operational State I: Controllable to an evacuable flight conditionCriticality Classification Definitions-9490 Essential : A function is essential if its loss degrades the flight control system beyond operational state III. Flight Phase Essential :Same as essential except it applies only during specific flight phases. Non-Critical :Loss of function does not effect flight safety or reduce control capability beyond that required for operation state IIIAPPLICATION TECHNOLOGIESRequirement:1. Flight Engineer should be Type E certified engineer to service and maintain the latest aircrafts 2. For future aircraft and retrofit applications Integrated Modular Architecture being offered.Application Technologies:1. Use of IMA for future aircrafts, thereby cost, weight, and volume are reduced.2. Integration of offensive & defensive communication3. Using Optical Sensors for 3D Wind Profile msmt 4. Optical Fiber Bus 1773 B used for high speed-300 Mbps5. Using Flat Panel AMLCD in Cockpits.