unit 9 solutions practice packet - Mr. Palermo's Flipped ...€¦ · 9 REGENTS PRACTICE (c)...
Transcript of unit 9 solutions practice packet - Mr. Palermo's Flipped ...€¦ · 9 REGENTS PRACTICE (c)...
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RegentsChemistry:Mr.Palermo
PracticePacketUnit9:Solutions
Vocabulary:_______________Lesson1:__________________Lesson2:__________________Lesson3:__________________Lesson4:__________________Lesson5:__________________Lesson6:__________________Lesson7:__________________
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Vocabulary
Solute:____________________________________________________________________________________
Solvent:___________________________________________________________________________________
Solution:__________________________________________________________________________________
VaporPressure:____________________________________________________________________________
Solubility:_________________________________________________________________________________
Saturated:_________________________________________________________________________________
Unsaturated:_______________________________________________________________________________
Supersaturated:____________________________________________________________________________
Concentrated:______________________________________________________________________________
Dilute:____________________________________________________________________________________
Molarity:__________________________________________________________________________________
PartsPerMillion:___________________________________________________________________________
FreezingPointDepression:____________________________________________________________________
BoilingPointElevation:_______________________________________________________________________
Chromatography:___________________________________________________________________________
Precipitate:________________________________________________________________________________
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LESSON1:VAPORPRESSURE
Waterinavacuumchamber
Predict:Whatwillhappenwhenwaterisplacedinavacuumchamber(decreasedpressure)?
Observe:Whatoccurred?
Explain:Whydidyouthinkthisoccurred?
Drawamodelofwhatyouthinkisoccurring
1. Whatistherelationshipbetweenatmosphericpressureandboilingpt?
Objective:• Differentiatebetweenevaporationandboiling• Determineeffectsofvaporpressureonboilingpoint
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2. Baseduponthedemo,whydoesittakelongertocookfoodsuchaspastaatextremelyhighaltitudes?
3. Liquidsevaporatewhentheyareleftintheopenair.Thisisalsoknownas____________________.
Liquidsalsogothroughthisphasechangeinclosedcontainers.Thevaporthatisproducedineither
containerexertsapressureontopoftheliquidphase.Thispressureisknownas_________________
____________________.
4. Inorderforthevaportoescapeitsoriginalliquidphasecompletelyitspressuremustovercometheregular
atmosphericpressureaboveit.Astemperatureoftheliquidincreases,thenumberofparticlesevaporating
____________________andthevaporpressure____________________.Therefore,temperatureand
vaporpressurehaveadirectcorrelation.
5. Underhighatmosphericpressure,theliquidwillhaveahardertimeescapingtheliquidphasesothe
temperatureatwhichitboilsishigherthannormal.Underlowatmosphericpressure,theliquidwillhave
aneasiertimeescapingtheliquidphasesothetemperatureatwhichitboilsis_________________than
normal.
6. UseTableHtoanswerthesequestions:
Whichsubstancehasthelowestboilingpoint? ____________________
Whichsubstancehasanormalboilingpointof100C? ____________________
Whatisthenormalboilingpointofpropanone? ____________________
Whichsubstancehasthehighestvaporpressureat40C? ____________________
Atwhatpressurewillwaterboilat90C? ____________________
Atwhatpressurewillpropanoneboilat20C? ____________________
Whattemperaturewillethanoicacidboilat48kPa? ____________________
Whattemperaturewillwaterboilat110kPa? ___________________
7. Thestrongertheintermolecularforcesofattraction(particleattractionsorIMF’s)the (moreorless?)energyrequiredtobreakthem.
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REGENTSPRACTICE
8. ThestrongertheIMF’s,the (higherorlower?)thevaporpressureatanygiven
temperature.Explanation:
9. TheweakertheIMF’s,the (harderoreasier?)itisforaliquidtoevaporate.
Explanation:
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LESSON2:SOLUTIONSANDSOLUBILITY1. Drawwhathappenswhenanioniccompounddissolvesinwater(NaCl)andamolecularcompound
(C6H12O6)dissolvesinwater.2. Whatisanelectrolyte?Whydotheyconductelectricity?
3. Whydomolecularsolutionsnotconductelectricity?
4.UseTableFtodetermineifthefollowingcompoundsaresolubleorinsoluble.
Substance SolubleorInsoluble
Substance
SolubleorInsoluble
Substance SolubleorInsoluble
NaCl K3PO4
calciumhydroxide
PbBr2
MgCO3 copper(II)hydroxide
CaSO4 NH4NO3
lead(II)sulfate
potassiumchromate
sodiumhydrogencarbonate
ammoniumsulfide
Objective:• UseTableFtodeterminesolubility
NaCl(aq) C6H12O6(aq)
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REGENTSPRACTICE
5.UseTableFtodetermineifthefollowingcompoundsaresolubleorinsoluble.
Key: I – Insoluble S – Soluble
Ace
tate
Bro
mid
e
Car
bona
te
Chl
orat
e
Chl
orid
e
Chr
omat
e
Hyd
roxi
de
Hyd
roge
n C
arbo
nate
Iodi
de
Nitr
ate
Phos
phat
e
Sulfa
te
Sulfi
de
Aluminum Ammonium Barium Calcium Copper II Iron II
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LESSON3:DoubleReplacementReactionsDoubleReplacementReactionsandTableF1.Doublereplacementreactionsrequirethecationstoswitchwiththeanions.UsingTableFdeterminewhichproductistheprecipitatethenfillinthestatesofmatteroftheproductsformed.
a. (NH4)3PO4(aq)+AlCl3(aq)àAlPO4+NH4Cl b. NaCl(aq)+AgNO3(aq)àAgCl+NaNO3
d. K2SO4(aq)+BaI2(aq)àBaSO4+2KI
e. CaCl2(aq)+Li2CO3(aq)à2LiCl+CaCO3
2.CompletethefollowingdoublereplacementreactionsandusetableFtodeterminethestatesofmatteroftheproductsformed.
a. CaBr2+Na2CO3à____________________+_____________________
b. ZnCO3+BaCl2à____________________+_____________________
c. AgNO3+LiClà____________________+_____________________
3.Writethebalancedchemicalequationforeachofthefollowingdescriptions.• UseTableFtodeterminethestateofthereactantsandproducts(s)or(aq).• Write“soluble”or“insoluble”undereachreactantandproduct.• Squareofftheprecipitate.
(a) Solutionsofsodiumcarbonateandsilvernitratearemixedtoformsodiumnitrateandsilver
carbonate.
(b) AgC2H3O2(aq)ismixedwithNaCl(aq)toformAgClandNaC2H3O2.
Objective:• Composedoublereplacementreactionsanddeterminetheprecipitate
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REGENTSPRACTICE
(c) Solutionsofpotassiumsulfateandcalciumchloratearemixedtoformpotassiumchlorateandcalciumsulfate.
(d) Whatdoalltheabovedoublereplacementreactionshaveincommon?
4.Completethefollowingdoublereplacementreactionsanddeterminewhichproductformsaprecipitate
LiBr(aq)+AgNO3(aq)àCaCl2(aq)+Na2SO4(aq)à
CaBr2(aq)+Ba3(PO4)2(aq)à
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LESSON4:FACTORSTHATAFFECTSOLUBILITY1. Whydoesn’toilandwatermix?2. WhenyounormallygotoDunkinDonutsyouorderalargecoffeewith2sugarswhichisreallysweetand
justhowyoulikeit.Todaywasreallyhotoutsoyoudecidedtogetalargeicedcoffee.Explainwhythelargeicedcoffeedoesn’ttasteassweetasyoulikeiteventhoughyouaddedtwosugarpacketstoit.
3. WhattypeofsubstancewoulddissolveinCCl4?4. Thebendsisaconditionsufferedbydeepseadiverswhosurfacequickly.Operatingat
highpressuresdeepbelowthesurfaceandbreathingcompressedaircausesmoregas,especiallynitrogen,tobedissolvedinthebloodthanwouldotherwisebedissolvedatsurfacepressure.Asthediversurfacesthepressuredecreasesandmakesthegaseslesssoluble.Ifthediversurfacesquickly,bubblesofnitrogengasforminthebloodwithexcruciatingpainandmayresultindeath.
Whataffectdoespressurehaveonthesolubilityofagasintheblood?
5. Whydoespressurehavethiseffectongases?6. Whydoesasodafizzwhenyouopenit?Explainintermsofpressureandsolubility.7. WhatconditionswouldgivesodathemostamountofdissolvedCO2(g)?
Objective:• Identifythefactorsthataffectsolubility
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REGENTSPRACTICE
8. Checktheconditionsunderwhicheachofthefollowingsoluteswillbemostsoluble.
SoluteName SoluteFormula
Temperature Pressure BestSolvent
Low High Low High NoEffect
H2O CCl4
potassiumnitrate KNO3(s)
hydrogenchloride HCl(g)
carbondioxide CO2(g)
ammoniumchloride NH4Cl(s)
potassiumiodide KI(s)
potassiumchlorate KClO3(s)
3. Naphthalene,anonpolarsubstancethatsublimesatroomtemperature,canbeusedtoprotectwool
clothingfrombeingeatenbymoths.a. Explain,intermsofintermolecularforces,whynaphthalenesublimes.
b. Explainwhynaphthaleneisnotexpectedtodissolveinwater.
c. TheempiricalformulafornaphthaleneisC5H4andthemolecularmassofnaphthaleneis128grams/mole.Whatisthemolecularformulafornaphthalene?
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LESSON5:TYPESOFSOLUTIONSANDSOLUBILITYCURVES1. Statewhethereachofthefollowingsolutionsissaturated,unsaturated,orsupersaturated. (a)80gNaNO3in100gH2Oat10ºC ___________________________
(b)75gNaNO3in100gH2Oat10ºC ___________________________
(c)90gNaNO3in100gH2Oat10ºC ___________________________
(d)90gKNO3in100gH2Oat50ºC ___________________________
(e) 40gKClin50gH2Oat60ºC ___________________________
(f) 35gNaNO3in50gH2Oat10ºC ___________________________
(g) 5gKClO3in200gH2Oat5ºC ___________________________
(h) 30gNH4Clin200gH2Oat10ºC ___________________________
2. Tellhowmanygramsofeachsolutewillcrystallize/precipitate/settle.Assumeallsolutionsaresaturated
andin100gramsofH2O.
Amountcooled AmountPrecipitated
a.KNO3(aq)iscooledfrom70ºCto40ºC
b.NH4Cl(aq)iscooledfrom90ºCto20ºC
c.KCl(aq)iscooledfrom55ºCto30ºC
d.KI(aq)iscooledfrom20ºCto5ºC
Objective:• Determineifasolutionsissaturated,unsaturatedorsupersaturatedusingTableG• Determinehowmuchofasolutecandissolve,willprecipitateetc.usingTableG
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3. TellhowmanyMOREgramsofeachsolutemustbeaddedto100gofwatertoformasaturatedsolutionatthattemperature.
GramsSolute
per100gH2O
SoluteAddedtomake
Saturated
GramsSoluteper
100gH2O
SoluteAddedtomake
Saturateda.35gKNO3at
40ºC e.35gNaClat
90ºC
b.50gNH3at10ºC
f.5gNH3at90ºC
c.15gKClat75ºC
g.10gKClO3at40ºC
d.95gKIat15ºC
h.15gKClat60ºC
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LESSON6:CONCENTRATIONOFSOLUTIONS 1.Calculatethemolarityofeachofthefollowingsolutions: (a)2.5molofNaOHin0.500Lofsolution (b)1.8Lofsolutioncontaining3.3molKNO3
(c)3.0molofNaOHin0.500Lofsolution (d)12gofHClin250mLofsolution2.Calculatethetotalmolesofsoluteineachofthefollowingsolutions: (a)1.7Lof0.35MNaOH (b)50Lof3.3-molarKNO3 (c)5.0Lof1.25MNaOH (d)116mLof1.5MK2SO4Percentbymass3.Calculatethepercentbymassofthefollowingsolutions:
a. 50.0gramsofsolutein200.0gramsofsolution
b. 25.0gramsofsolutein150.0gramsofsolution
Objective:• Calculatetheconcentrationofvarioussolutions
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PartsPerMillion4. Calculatetheconcentrationofchlorineinppminaswimmingpoolifthereis0.02gofchlorinein
10,000gofpoolwater.
5. Exposuretoleadhasbeenlinkedtodelaysinphysicalandmentaldevelopmentandattentiondeficitdisordersinchildrenaswellaskidneyproblemsinadults.Onesourceofthistoxicheavymetalisdrinkingwaterinolderhomeswhoseplumbingcontainslead.Waterwithaleadconcentrationofbelow0.015ppmisconsideredsafetodrink.A100gwatersampletakenfromahomecontains1.2x10-6gramsoflead.Isthiswaterconsideredsafetodrink?
6. Thehealthoffishdependsontheamountofoxygendissolvedinthewater.Adissolvedoxygen(DO)concentrationbetween6partspermillionand8partspermillionisbestforfishhealth.ADOconcentrationgreaterthan1partpermillionisnecessaryforfishsurvival.Fishhealthisalsoaffectedbywatertemperatureandconcentrationsofdissolvedammonia,hydrogensulfide,chloridecompounds,andnitratecompounds.Astudent’sfishtankcontainsfish,greenplants,and3800gramsoffish-tankwaterwith2.7x10-2gramofdissolvedoxygen.
a.) Statehowanincreaseinthetemperatureofthefish-tankwateraffectsthesolubilityofoxygeninthe
water.
b.) DetermineiftheDOconcentrationinthefishtankishealthyforfish.Yourresponsemustinclude:•acorrectnumericalsetuptocalculatetheDOconcentrationinthewaterinpartspermillion•thecalculatedresult•astatementusingyourcalculatedresultthattellswhytheDOconcentrationinthewaterisorisnothealthyforfish
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REGENTSPRACTICE
c.) Explain,intermsofmolecularpolarity,whyoxygengashaslowsolubilityinwater.Yourresponsemustincludebothoxygenandwater.
d.) Underwhatkindofconditionsoftemperatureandpressurewouldoxygengasbemostsolubleinwater?
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LESSON7:COLLIGATIVEPROPERTIES1.Completethefollowingchart:
IsthecompoundIonicorMolecular(covalent)
ElectrolyteorNonelectrolyte
Howmanyparticlesthecompoundbreakupinto
Rankinorderofwhichsubstanceaffectstheboilingandfreezing
pointstheleasttomost1=affectsthemleast4=affectsthemmost
BaBr2
LiF
C2H6O
Fe(NO3)3
Directions:Readthefollowingpassageandthenanswerthecorrespondingquestions. HowDoesRockSaltWork,Anyway?
"Howcomeaddingrocksalttoyouricecreammakermakestheicecreamfreezeandputtingitontheroadmakesicemelt?"
That'sagoodquestion,andhere'stheanswer:inbothofthesescenarios,humanstakeadvantageofthesamescientificpropertiestoachievetwodifferentobjectives.
Addingsodiumchloride(otherwiseknownastablesalt)towateractstodepressthefreezingpointofthesalt-watersolution.Inotherwords,saltwaterfreezesatalowertemperaturethanfreshwater.Theexacttemperaturedependsontheconcentrationofsaltandthetypeofsaltused.
Whenrocksaltisaddedtoanicecreammaker,theresultingsaltwatersolutioncanbathethemetalcanisteratatemperaturelessthan32°F(or0ºC).Asthehumanaddsice,thetemperaturedropsbelow0ºC,butthesaltwatersolutiondoesn'tfreeze.Theresult?Hardericecream!
Objective:• Differentiatebetweenboilingpointelevationandfreezingpointdepressionandthefactorsthatinfluence
them
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Whenrocksaltisaddedtothestreet,itdepressesthefreezingpointofanywaterwhichdissolvesit.Thissaltwatersolutioncanexistasaliquidatlowertemperaturesthanfreshwater.Theresult?Saltywater,insteadofcleanice,ifthesolutionisstrongenoughtowithstandthesurfacetemperature.
SpeakingofMeltingIce...
Pouringtablesaltonsnowy(orpre-snowy)roadsisn'ttheonlywaytomeltice.Sodiumchlorideisusedbecauseitischeapandeasytoobtaininlargequantities.But,asanyNewYorkerwithacarcantellyou,saltcanbequitecorrosive.Andashardasitisoncars,it'sjustashardonroadwaysandbridgedecks.Thisiscostlyinthelongrun.
So,alternativemethodstoroadsaltingaredesirable.Onetypeofalternativeisusingadifferentkindofsalt.Somesaltsaremoreeffectivethanothersatloweringfreezingpoints,andsomesaltsaremoreenvironmentallyfriendly(androad-,car-,andbridge-friendly).However,thesesaltsaretypicallymuchmoreexpensivethanordinarysodiumchloride.
writtenbyDerekArndtMeteorologistwiththeOklahomaMesoNet
1. Whydoweputsaltonsnowcoveredroads?
2. Howdoesaddingrocksalttoanicecreammakermaketheicecreamharder?
3. Whyisitbettertousesaltonroadsinsteadofsugar(C6H12O6)?
4. NametwoadvantagestousingNaClonsnowyroadsinsteadofanothertypeofsalt.
5. Whatthescientifictermusedtodescribethefactthataddingsalttowaterdecreasesitsfreezingpoint?
6. Explainwhysomepeopleaddsalttowater.Doesitmakethewaterboilingfaster?Whatexactlydoesthesaltdotothewaterthatwouldbeabenefitforcooking?
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REGENTSPRACTICE
7. Explainwhyaddingamolecularsolidtowaterwillnotelevateboilingpointasmuchasaddingsalttowater.
8. Ifyouadd2.0-gofMgOtowaterwhatwillhappentothefreezingandboilingpointsofwater?
9. Rank1moleofthesubstancesC12H22O11,NaCl,andCaBr2fromleasttomosteffectiveonsnowyroads.Besuretoexplainyouranswer—andyoumayneedyourreferencetablesforthisone.
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