Unit 9: Ch. 11 DNA and Genes CHS. Key Terms to watch for: DNARNA EnzymesNucleotides CytosineWatson...
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Transcript of Unit 9: Ch. 11 DNA and Genes CHS. Key Terms to watch for: DNARNA EnzymesNucleotides CytosineWatson...
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Unit 9: Ch. 11 DNA and Genes
CHS
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Key Terms to watch for:
DNA RNA Enzymes Nucleotides Cytosine Watson and Crick Adenine Guanine Thymine Nucleotide Replication Protein Nucleic Acid Amino acids Transcription Translation Ribosomes Codon Mutations Mitosis Meosis Nondisjunction
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Unit Objectives
Describe the structure of DNA Compare and contrast DNA and RNA Understand the processes of
transcription, translation and replication Identify types of mutations and causes
of mutations
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The riddle of life-DNA
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DNA: Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
that is the blueprint for building life
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Nucleotides:
DNA subunits that include a sugar, a phosphate and one of four nucleic acids
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Double Helix: a twisted ladder structure
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RNA:
Ribonucleic acid, three types, messenger, transfer and ribosomal
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Replication:
the process by which DNA copies itself
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Mutation:
a change in DNA that results in an altered trait
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Transcription and Translation (4 min)
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Transcription:
the process by which DNA is converted into RNA
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Translation:
the process by which information in RNA is converted to protein
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Watson and Crick (9 min)
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What is DNA?
All living things contain proteins called enzymes which are needed for the functions of life.
Within the structure of DNA is the information for life- the complete instructions for manufacturing all the proteins for an organism.
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The Structure of DNA I DNA is a polymer
made of repeating subunits called nucleotides.
Nucleotides have 3 parts: a simple sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
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The Structure of DNA II The simple sugar in
DNA is called deoxyribose.
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The Structure of DNA II
The phosphate group is composed of one atom of phosphorous and four atoms of oxygen.
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The Structure of DNA II A nitrogen base is a carbon ring structure
that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen.
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There are four possible nitrogen bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).
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DNA is made of two chains of nucleotides joined together by the nitrogen bases (determined by Watson and Crick).
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The two strands twisted together make a shape called a double helix.
The bases on one strand determine the bases on the other strand. They can be held together in this way because they are complimentary to each other.
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The Structure of DNA III
Adenine bonds with thymine and guanine bonds with cytosine.
The amount of adenine is always equal to the amount of thymine while the amount of guanine is always equal to the amount of cytosine.
These bonded bases are called complementary bases.
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Nucleotide Sequences Differences in The closer the relationship
between two organisms, the greater the similarity in their order of DNA nucleotides.
Scientists use nucleotide sequences to determine evolutionary relationships among organisms, as well as criminal evidence.
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Nucleotide Sequences The closer the
relationship between two organisms, the greater the similarity in their order of DNA nucleotides.
Scientists use nucleotide sequences to determine evolutionary relationships among organisms, as well as criminal evidence.
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DNA Replication Copying of DNA in
chromosomes Without DNA
replication, new cells would have only half the DNA of their parents
Species could not survive, reproduce, or grow
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Mapping the Human Genome
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How DNA Replicates See pg 292, Copying DNA Inside Story After fertilization of egg, replication
begins During replication, each strand serves
as a pattern to make a new DNA molecule
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How DNA Replicates Enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds
between nitrogen bases that hold the two strands together; unzips DNA
Free floating nucleotides attach by base pairing to the individual single strands of DNA
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Another enzyme bonds the nucleotide to the strand
Continues until entire strand replicates Each new strand is a compliment of one
of the original parent strand Result is the formation of two DNA
molecules, identical to the original strand
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DNA Replication Illustration
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From DNA to Proteins
The sequence of nucleotides in DNA contains information for the production of proteins. – These proteins become everything from
muscle tissue to walls of blood vessels and enzymes to assist in reactions of body (digestion, respiration)
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Genes and DNA
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RNA, like DNA is a nucleic acid
RNA differs from DNA in 3 ways– RNA only has 1 strand, DNA has 2– RNA has Ribose sugar, DNA has
deoxyribose– RNA and DNA both contain Adenine,
Cytosine, and Guanine. RNA has Uracil instead of Thymine
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RNA receives instructions from DNA on how to assemble specific amino acids which go together to make proteins Three types of RNA
– Messenger RNA (mRNA) Brings info. From the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm of the cell
– Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) contacts the mRNA and uses this info. To place amino acids in the correct order
– Transfer RNA (tRNA) transports amino acids to the ribosome to be built into proteins
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Transcription
The making of RNA from a DNA molecule– See Fig. 11.6– The nucleotide sequence is the blueprint to build
proteins.– There are 20 different amino acids, and every 3
nitrogen bases (ex. AGU = Serine) codes for a different one. This is called a CODON
– There are 64 possible codons in the genetic code• Some code for “stop” or “start”, others for amino acids
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Translation
Turns mRNA into a sequence of amino acids which makes up a protein
Takes place in the ribosomes mRNA and tRNA meet
– Each tRNA carries anticodons, complimentary to codons on mRNA and picks up the correct amino acid and takes it to bond with the previous one. It releases one and goes to get the anticodon for another amino acid.
– When a “stop” codon is reached, translation ends and the entire protein is released from the ribosome
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Mutations: Mistakes in DNA
Nuclear gamma radiation, etc. can alter the molecule if it comes in contact
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Mutations: Mistakes in DNA
A change in DNA sequence is called a mutation– Affect reproductive cells of an organism
• Can result in a new trait (+, but rare), a protein that does not correctly function, or an embryo that cannot survive
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Types of Mutations
UV radiation can change skin cells, which then grow and divide too rapidly causing skin cancer
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Types of Mutations
A POINT mutation is a change in a single base pair in DNA, which can change an entire protein.
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Types of Mutations
A FRAMESHIFT mutation adds or deletes a base and causes the entire code to shift up or down one
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Chromosomal Mutations
Most common in plants Parts of chromosomes can be lost
during mitosis or meiosis
Albino redwood Two headed kitten
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Chromosomal Mutations Affect the distribution of genes to
gametes, causing nondisjunction to occur (Down Syndrome trisomy)
Few of these mutatations are passed on to next generation because people with these cannot mate
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Chromosomal Mutations Most important types are: deletions,
insertions, inversions, translocations– See figure 11.11
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Causes of Mutations
Just happen (spontaneous) Environmental factors
– Caused by mutagens like UV, Nuclear and X-Ray radiation, chemicals, asbestos, cyanide, formaldehyde
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Review Unit Objectives
Describe the structure of DNA Compare and contrast DNA and RNA Understand the processes of
transcription, translation and replication Identify types of mutations and causes
of mutations
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Practice Questions
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Answer : B
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Gene Therapy 4:45min