Unit 8: History of Biological Diversity Developing the Theory of...
Transcript of Unit 8: History of Biological Diversity Developing the Theory of...
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Name: ________________________ Period:______ Unit Exam Date_____________
Unit 8: History of Biological Diversity
Developing the Theory of Evolution
Charles Darwin
Developed the _________________ Theory of _________________
_________________ of Evolution
Traveled around the world for 5 years on a ship called ______ ___________
_________________ animals and plants on the _________________ _________________
The Galápagos Islands
Darwin noticed that the different islands all seemed to have their own, _________ different varieties of
animals.
Somewhat similar species that suited their _________________ environment.
Origin of Species: _________________________
In 1859 On the Origin of Species presented evidence and proposed a mechanism for evolution
that he called __________________ ________________.
Today, scientists use _______________ to mean cumulative change in a group of organisms
through time.
Natural selection is _______ synonymous with evolution – it is a _________________ by which
evolution occurs.
6 Evidences (Support) for Evolution
Evidences for evolution comes from:
1. The ____________ record: remains in layers
of rock
2. Comparative ________________
a. ______________ Structures
b. ______________ Structures
c. _______________Structures
3. Comparative _______________________
4. Comparative _______________________
5. ___________________ distribution
6. Mechanisms of Natural Selection
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1. Support of Evolution: Fossil Record
• Fossil Record – Fossils are the remains of ancient
organisms found in ________________ of rock in the
Earth.
• The layers of rock tell the ___________________ of the
Earth, while the fossils found within the rock tell a history
of life.
• The fossils are thought to be the _______________ ______________ as the rock they are found in.
Researchers consider __________ major classes of traits when studying transitional fossils:
• __________ traits are newly ______________ features, such as feathers, that do not
appear in the fossils of common ancestors.
• __________ traits are more ______________ features, such as teeth and tails, that do
appear in ancestral forms.
2. Support for Evolution: Comparative Anatomy
• A. Homologous structures are anatomically similar
________________ inherited from a common
_______________.
• Similar _____________ with ________________
function
• similar bones = COMMON ANCESTOR!
B. Support for Evolution: Analogous structures can be used for the same
___________________ and be superficially similar in construction, but are
____________ inherited from a common ancestor.
• Structures are ______________ but have _____________ function
C. Support for Evolution: Vestigial structures are structures that are the _____________ forms of
functional structures in other organisms.
• Evolutionary theory predicts that features of ancestors that __________ longer have a function
for that species will become _____________over time until they are lost.
Ex. Whales pelvis bone: no longer live on land
Human appendix: do not forage and eat as many plants
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3. Support for Evolution: Comparative embryology
• Embryos of many animals with back-bones are
very __________________.
4. Support for Evolution: Comparative Biochemistry
________________ ancestry can be seen in the
complex metabolic molecules that many different
organisms share.
The more ______________ related species are to
each other, the greater the biochemical similarity.
Similarities in _________ and protein sequences suggest
relatedness.
5. Support for Evolution: Geographic distribution
The distribution of ______ and animals that Darwin were what first suggested evolution to him.
The distribution of plants and animals around the world is studied in the field of ____________.
Evolution is linked to migration patterns, climate, and geological forces (such as plate tectonics).
6. Support for Evolution: Mechanism of Natural Selection
Natural Selection: _____________ ______________ (differences) in the __________ of a
______________ will cause individuals with “better” ______________ in an ______________ leave
______________ ______________ than other individuals.
“Survival of the fittest”= most ______________
Practice:
There are four female mice that live on a beach. The color of the sand is tan.
Color of fur Black Tan Tan and Black Cream
Age at death 2 months 8 months 4 months 2 months
Number of babies produced by each female 0 11 3 0
Running speed 8 cm/sec. 6 cm/sec. 7 cm/sec. 5 cm/sec.
What are the genetic variations of this mice population? ________________ & _________________
According to the definition given for fitness, which mouse would biologists consider the fittest? _____________________________
Explain why this mouse would be the fittest. _____________________________________________________________________
What adaptive trait do you think helped the ones who survived? ______________________________________________________
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Genetic Variation in a _______________ can lead to
________________!
Genetic _______________ produces different adaptations.
Allows a population to become _______________
_______________for their _______________ over time
(Change over time = _______________)
Peppered Moth: Natural Selection
• The light colored form was the predominant form in ___________ prior to the Industrial
Revolution.
• Around the middle of the 19th
century the darker form began to appear. It was first reported
in 1848. By 1895 _______ of the moths in Manchester were the dark variety.
• In recent years, the burning of cleaner fuels and Clean Air regulations has reduced the
pollution there and the lighter colored moths have increased in numbers.
Example of natural selection leading to evolution: bacterial resistance to medicine
Types of Selection
a. ____________ _____________ – humans select for variations
in plants and animals that they find useful.
b. _____________ ___________also means “Survival of the Fittest”.
- Fitness in this sense does _______ mean strongest.
- Fitness in Darwin terms means reproduction. The one who ____________ long enough to
reproduce the most is the one with the ________________ fitness.
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4 Types of Natural Selection (graphs)
Evolution acts on the phenotype of the individual, not the genotype.
There are 4 types of selection that can occur on a population.
1. Directional Selection
– when individuals at _________end of the curve have a higher fitness than individuals in the
middle or at the ___________ end of the curve.
2. Stabilizing Selection
– when individuals near the _____________ of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at
either end of the curve, narrowing of the graph.
3. Disruptive Selection
– when individuals at either end have a higher fitness and individual near the _____________ of
the curve are selected against.
Over time with enough selection a population can go through genetic drift (create new species).
a. ____________ _________________ – random change in allele frequency.
4. Sexual Selection: the ability to attract a ______________
ex. Male peacocks needs to have colorful tail feather
to attract female mate.
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Adaptations
Adaptation- an ______________ trait that increases a ______________ chance of survival and
reproduction in a particular environment
Fitness- is a ______________ of the relative contribution an individual ______________ makes
to the ______________ generation.
The better an organism is ______________to its ______________, the greater its chances of
survival and reproductive ______________.
Through _______________, populations often become suited to a specific job called a niche.
1. Niche – the role a population plays in a habitat ex. job, profession, role
2. Competition arises when 2 populations ____________ the same niche.
Types of adaptations
________________ is a suite of morphological adaptations that allow
an organism to blend into its environment.
______________ is a type of morphological adaptation where a
species evolves to resemble another species.
Population Genetics - study of the traits in a population
A. Population – a group of interbreeding organisms (a species) living
in a ______________ area
B. Gene Pool – ____________ genetic material of all the members of
a population
C. Gene Flow-the transfer of allele or genes from __________ population to _______________
D. Genetic Drift- any change in the allelic frequency in a
population that results from _____________.
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E. Allele – forms that a ___________ can take ex. fur color gene can be B (black) or b (white)
F. Allele Frequency – the number of each allele for a trait
This “changing of the gene pool” (allele frequency) has a name —› Evolution.
Evolution – the changes in the gene pool of a population over time.
Speciation – formation of a ____________ species
Reproductive Isolation - 2 or more species __________________ interbreed
Prezygotic: It happens ___________ fertilization:
different reproductive times and different mating
songs.
Postzygotic: It happens ___________ fertilization:
fertilization has occurred but results in sterile offspring
(Mule)
Behavioral Isolation *postzygotic occurs when 2 populations are capable of interbreeding but
have differences in ________________ _____________ or breed at different _____________
Geographic /Allopatric Isolation *prezygotic
2 populations are separated by
____________________barriers
examples: rivers, mountains, bodies of water
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Types of Evolution
Convergent Evolution: less alike to ______________ alike
Divergent Evolution=Adaptive Radiation: more alike to ______________ alike
Coevolution: evolve __________________
Punctuated equilibrium: happens in _________________ period of time
Convergent Evolution:
Occurs when ______________ organisms that live in
____________ environments become more alike in appearance
and ____________________.
Less alike to more alike
Examples: Bird wings/insect wings
Shark fins/dolphin fins
Divergent/Adaptive Evolution
__________ species give rise to ___________ species
More alike to less alike
Also known as adaptive radiation.
Examples: Darwin’s Finches.
Brown bears and polar bears
Co-evolution
Co-evolution occurs when, ___________or more organisms
evolve _____________.
Gradual equilibrium
Predicts that little of evolutionary change takes place in _________ gradual steps
Punctuated equilibrium
Predicts that a lot of evolutionary change takes place in ____________ periods of time tied to
speciation events.