UNIT-8 Air and Water Quality Management in India Auto Saved]

8/7/2019 UNIT-8 Air and Water Quality Management in India Auto Saved]

1/39

AIR AND WATER QUALITYMANAGEMENT

By:

Megha Shekhawat(742)

Nivedita Sharma(740)

Soniya Narayani(730)

Ritika Nilosey(754)

Prachi Barapatre(706)


2/39

Lets start with.

The main objective of the Air Quality Management Plan is to ensure

that best available practicable and efficient technologies are used to

minimise and monitor air emissions from the refinery and bauxite

residue disposal areas.


3/39

Why do we need Air Quality Management ??

On our planet, the air we breathe is one of the most important things

around us. It is a vital natural resource on which all life depends.

Air pollution also hampers development. Larger cities with highly

concentrated industry, intensive transport networks and high

population density are a major source of air pollution.

Many cities around the world, particularly in developing countries,

are experiencing rapid growth.

The World Health Organization (WHO) and other international

agencies have long identified urban air pollution as a critical publichealth problem. Many developing countries and emerging

economies, for example India China, Mexico, have therefore

included air pollution into their list of priority issues to be tackled.


4/39


5/39

AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES AND

TARGETS

The specific management objectives and target for this AQMP are as

follows:

to ensure that air emissions comply with approval requirements

to ensure that air emissions do not cause any adverse impacts on thesurrounding community and environment.

to monitor the effectiveness of air emission controls.

to monitor air quality in areas potentially impacted by the refinery.

to investigate and apply best practicable means to reduce air

emissions.

to report to the community and regulators on air quality

management performance.


6/39


7/39

Current Components of Air Quality Management

System Existing in the Country

The various components of the AQM systems existing in India

includes

1. Air Quality Monitor

2. Air Quality Standards3. Emission Inventory

4. Source Apportionment

5. Dispersion Modelling

6. Health Impact Study7. Control Strategy

8. AQM plan.


8/39

6. Air Pollution Impacts Study

Health-related studies with respect to air pollution have been carried out in

Delhi, Mumbai ,Hyderabad, Bangalore, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Chennai,

and Cochin by various organizations. Following are some of the

organizations involved:

a. All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi.

b. Environmental Pollution Research Center, KEM Hospital, Mumbai.

c. Lakeside Medical Center and Hospital, Bangalore.

d. Center for Environment Planning and Technology, Ahmedabad.

f. National Institute ofOccupational Health, Ahmedabad.


9/39

7. Strategies to Control Air Pollution in India

Various strategies for control of air pollution in non-attainment cities and

problem areas have been adopted. Some of strategies for controlling air

pollution from industries and vehicles are described below:

Industrial Pollution Control

Vehicular Pollution Control

General Pollution Abatement

Strategies to Control Air Pollution Adopted in Megacities

Gaps in Air Quality Control Strategies


10/39

8. Air Quality Management Plan

With the objective of controlling the rapidly burgeoning air pollution

problems in our country, the Honourable Supreme Court of India, in the

matter of CWP No. 13029 of 1995, passed orders on 5 April 2001

regarding formulation and implementation of action plans for control of

pollution in selected cities. The Honourable Court stressed the need for such initiatives relating to

vehicular pollution in Delhi and directed that an action plan for pollution

control in the cities/towns that do not meet the ambient air quality

standards should be prepared.


11/39

Conclusion to Air Quality Management

In order to ensure that an AQMS is having the desired impact, it is

important to not only continuously monitor air quality, but to widely

disseminate the monitoring results. An air quality information system

(AQIS) has several significant uses.

AQM authorities use it to enforce laws and regulations, issue permits, anddevelop strategies and policies. Polluters (i.e., industries) can use it to

monitor the impacts of their activities.

The public can refer to air quality information to understand the effects of

each individuals activities (traffic, cooking, refuse burning), change

attitudes, the effects of the pollution, and the measures introduced by theauthorities.

An AQIS can ultimately be used in concert with all the players for air

pollution forecasting and alert measures during pollution episodes.


12/39


13/39

WATER QUALITY

MANAGEMENT


14/39

Overview of Water Quality

Why water quality concern?

Presently the quality and availability of water resources is the most

pressing of the many environment challenges on the national

horizon.

Increase in population, rapid urbanization, industrialization, and

agricultural development has resulted in high impact on quality and

quantity of water.

Unregulated growth of urban areas, without infrastructural services

for proper collection, transportation, treatment, disposal has led toincreased pollution and health hazards.


15/39

The global situation


16/39

The Indian situation

1)India has 16 % of the worlds population and 4% of its fresh waterresources.

2) Fresh water (rain and snow)availability - 4,000 BCM

Most of which returns to the seas via rivers.

3) Surface and ground water availability - 1,869 BCM.Of this, 40 % is not available.

Groundwater Consumption: Surface water Consumption:

92% - Agricultural 89% - Agricultural

5% - Industrial 2% - Industrial

3% - Domestic 9% - Domestic


17/39

How much water available to us?

Although India received about 1170 mm rainfall annually, the rainfallis not evenly distributed with time and place.

Nearly 85 % of rain occurs only in 3 to 4 months in year.

We receive only 4000 BCM of water only through rainfall.


18/39

What are our main water quality issues?

Water scarcity: The ever increasing demand of water for

agricultural, industrial and domestic activities, the water

sources are over exploited.

Pathogenic pollution: one of the major water quality issue iswater borne diseases. This is mainly due to inadequate

arrangements for transport and treatment of wastewater.

This results in contamination of both surface water and ground

water.

India has about 72% population living in rural areas, who use

groundwater directly for drinking purpose without any

treatment


19/39

Specific issues of surface water oxygen depletion:

Euthrophication

Toxicity

Ecological health


20/39

The various issues are:

Manmade pollution

Urban wastes: the fast urbanization is resulting in generationof very large amount of wastes. The main contaminants are:

a) Nitrates b) Phosphates Industrial wastes: a large no. Of industries especially small

scale do not have proper collection, treatment and disposalarrangement for the waste they generate. During rain allthese pollutants either percolate into the ground & pollutegroundswater or get into surfacewater sources and pollutethem.

Such cases are emerging in many industrial areas like Pali,Jodhpur, Ratlam (MP), Ahmedabad, Jetpur (Guj)


21/39

Agricultural pollution: to increase the agricultural production, use

of chemical fertilizers and pesticides have increased.

The fertilizer consumption has increased from 0.5 million tons/yearin early sixties to 16.8 million in 2003

Similarly pesticides consumption has increased from 434 tons/year

to over1 lakh tons/year.

Residues of such chemicals percolate into ground and pollute it.


22/39

Status of sewage treatmentplants

As per CPCB, there are about269 S

TPs exist in the countryout of which 231 areoperational

A large number of STPscreated under Central FundingSchemes like Ganga Action

Plan, Yamuna Action Plan arenot fully satisfactorily operated

Industrial wastewater

Agro based industries like

Distilleries,Sugar mills andpaper mills are major

contributors to organic pollution. Industries generating chemical

pollution can be divide intothose which generate high TDS

bearing wastes and those whichgenerates toxic wastes There are small scale industries

being promoted by governmentbut due to inadequateresources, do not have proper

treatment for wastewater.

Major Causes for Water Quality Degradation


23/39

Rural and Slum Population

Rural and slum population,

which is lacking the pipedwater supply and sanitationfacilities, uses open field fordefecation.

Thus, generation of liquid

effluents would be minimal andall wastewater generated soaksinto the nearby land

Pollutants in Agriculture run-off and Drainage Waters

Application of chemicals likefertilizers and pesticides isincreasing steeply forincreasing the agricultureproduction

Residues of these chemicals can

be transported to water coursesthrough surface run-off duringheavy rains and throughpercolation to the groundwaterand pollute them.



24/39

Deposition of Air-pollutants

Atmospheric pollutants may deposit directly on surface waters

Also the pollutants depositing on vegetation and soils may getleached to water bodies.



25/39

Measures taken to control Pollution

Legal and institutional Provision

Water Act 1974 and the Environment Protection Act 1986

Classification of rivers and Quality criteria

The water quality management in India is performed under the

provision of Water Act, 1974

Basic objective is to maintain and restore the wholesome-ness

of national aquatic resources by prevention and control ofpollution


26/39

The natural water bodies are used for various demands

For maintaining and restoring natural water bodies for their best use

a concept called designated best use was developed

According to this, out of several uses a water body is put to, the use

which demands highest quality is termed as designated best use



27/39

National Water Policy 2002

Accords top priority todrinking water supply inthe allocation of waterresources for variousbeneficial uses. After drinking water it

includes irrigation,hydropower, navigationand industries andother uses

National river ActionPlan (NRAP)

Certain stretches ofmajor rivers with highintermediate levels ofpollutions are identifiedby CPCB Sewage collection and

treatment works arebeing created toreduce the pollution ofthese river stretches



28/39

Environment ImpactAssessment

The main objective is toidentify, predict andevaluate the likelyeconomic, environmentaland social impact of any

departmental activities andto prepare an action planfor remedy as a part ofEnvironmental ManagementPlan

Special Drives forIndustries Discharginginto Rivers and Lakes

CPCB with the help of StatePollution Control Boards inthe country has identifiedindustries which are directlydischarging wastewaters

into rivers and lakes Intensive monitoring is beingdone to ensure thecompliance with the timetargets



29/39

Water Quality Management Plan

1. Setting water quality Goal

identify use of water in the given water body

Identify the water quality requirements

2. Water Quality Monitoring


30/39

3. Identification of Nature and Magnitude of Pollution

the water quality data compiled

compared with the desired quality requirement as

per the water quality goal


31/39

4. Source Inventory

Inventorise the number of outfalls

Measure the quality and quantity of wastewater

flowing through each of the outfalls.

pollution load joining through all the important

outfalls should be measured Inventorise the human activities open defication,

unsewered sanitation, uncollected garbage sewage

and industrial wastes, commercial waste


32/39

5. Water Quantity Information

River or stream - State Irrigation Dept

lakes, reservoirs - water levels

It gives precisely how much pollution load needs to

be reduced to achieve the desired water quality.


33/39

6. Selection of technology

Options which are available for cost-effective and environmentally compatible

sewage treatment include

land treatment waste stabilization ponds

constructed wetlands

duck-weed pond

aerated lagoon

rotating

biological contractors

up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket system

root zone treatment.


34/39

7. Maintenance of sewage treatment

The maintenance of the

sewage system

sewers

rising mains

intermediate pumping stations

should be entrusted to the nodal agencies identified

for the maintenance of the sewage treatment plants

and sufficient funds and staff provided to them.


35/39

8. Pollution from Industrial Sources

a)Pollution Control at source

Corporate Responsibility on Environment Protection

(CREP)

secondary treatment - aerobic composting,

vermiculture, ferti-irrigation, etc.


36/39

b) Reuse/recycling of treated industrial waste and

resource recovery:

c) Waste minimization and clean technologies

d) Waste water discharge standards and charges on

residual pollution


37/39

9. Pollution from Non-point sources

Increment in presence of unacceptably high levels of the

persistent pollutants in the groundwater and run-off water

an integrated pest management policy should be evolved

standards made to regulate the use of toxic pesticides

develop substitutes which are ecologically more acceptable.


38/39

Water Conservation measures

Surface storage

Conservation of Rain water

Groundwater conservation

Artificial recharge

Percolation tank method

Catchment area protection((Watershed protection

or management plans)

Inter basin transfer of water

Adoption of drip sprinkler irrigation


39/39

THANK YOU

UNIT-8 Air and Water Quality Management in India Auto Saved]

Documents

Transcript of UNIT-8 Air and Water Quality Management in India Auto Saved]