Unit 7 PowerPoint The Road to World War II

110
Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler German troops invade Poland

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Transcript of Unit 7 PowerPoint The Road to World War II

Page 1: Unit 7 PowerPoint The Road to World War II

Benito Mussolini

and Adolf Hitler

German troops invade Poland

Page 2: Unit 7 PowerPoint The Road to World War II

Peace treaty that ended World War I

Germany given total blame for World War I

Germany was forced to do four things:

1) Dismantle most of its military

2) Pay for most of the damages done during the war (reparations)

3) Withdraw its military along border between France and Germany

4) Give up territory used to create countries of Poland and Czechoslovakia.

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Great War

left all

of Europe in

shambles

Great Depression

hit Europe as well

Instability of

Europe led to the

rise of…

Europe after World War I

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Totalitarian state: Government which attempts to control

every aspect of the lives its people; people give blind

loyalty to their leaders

Joseph Stalin

Soviet Russia

Benito Mussolini

Fascist Italy

Adolf Hitler

Nazi Germany

European dictators of the 1930s

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Nazi rally in Nuremberg Fascist rally in Italy

…then both took total power after they

outlawed other political parties

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A Great World Leader?The world had a different

view of Hitler in 1937

In the four years after Hitler

took power, unemployment

had dropped dramatically,

Germany was in industrial

powerhouse, and they even

hosted the Olympics

Hitler was even chosen

Time magazine‟s Man of

the Year in 1938

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Nazi Germany Fascist Italy

Imperialist Japan

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Neutrality Act of 1935

Made it illegal for U.S.

businesses to sell

arms to foreign

countries

Neutrality Act of 1937

Required foreign

countries to pay for

U.S. goods with cash

instead of credit and

ship goods

themselves

Leaders in Congress felt it was big business that

drew the U.S. into World War I

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Hitler ignores the

Treaty of Versailles

and reoccupies the

Rhineland in 1937

Hitler and the

Germans occupy

Austria in 1938

Austria

In 1938, Hitler

wants Sudetenland,

threatens to invade

Czechoslovakia

Leaders of France and Great Britain call for a meeting with

Hitler in an attempt to avoid war. The meeting is called…

RhinelandPoland

Czechoslovakia

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Hitler meets with

British Prime Minister

Neville Chamberlin

and French diplomat

Edouard Daladier in

Munich, Germany

Hitler says the

Sudetenland is his

last desire to complete

“lebensraum”

Neville Chamberlin , Adolf Hitler and Edouard

Daladier

The British and the French give in to Hitler’s demands

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Giving in to someone in order to avoid conflict

Chamberlain returns to London

and declares that he has secured

“peace in our time”

The British and the French

were willing to give Hitler

and the Nazis whatever he

wanted in order to keep

from having to go to war

Within a year, Hitler claims the rest of Czechoslovakia

Poland is next, leading to…

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Germany Invades Poland on September 1, 1939

World War II Begins!!!

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BLITZKRIEGGerman for “lightning war”

Focused on hitting enemy quickly using airplanes, fast-

moving tanks and moving troops by mobile transport

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Great Britain France

United StatesSoviet Russia

THE ALLIES

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In 1940, Hitler turns to the West and

conquers France

The Fall of France

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Germany conquers France

England was the only thing left standing to

keep Hitler from conquering all of Europe

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After conquering

Poland and France,

Hitler attempted to

conquer the England

The Battle of Britain

The Battle of Britain was four-month air battle

between the British RAF and the German Luftwaffe

The British won the battle and Hitler and the

Germans gave up on their plan to invade England

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Roosevelt revises the

Neutrality Acts

Neutrality Act of 1939 –

U.S. sells Great Britain

warships in exchange

for military bases

Some Americans are

opposed to FDR’s

assistance to Allies

Americans who want

the U.S. to remain

neutral create the… Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt

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• Staunchly believed in

isolationism

• Firmly opposed any American

intervention or aid to the Allies

Herbert Hoover Charles Lindbergh

Famous members of AFC

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1940 Presidential Election Electoral Votes

Roosevelt becomes FIRST (and ONLY) U.S. President to be elected

more than twice (he is later elected to a fourth term)

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Lend-Lease Act passed in 1941Allowed the U.S to

lend or lease arms to

any country that was

considered vital to

the defense of the

United States

U.S could send

weapons to Great

Britain if Britain

promised to return

or pay rent for them

after the war

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Government

goes from a

democracy…

… to a

government

controlled by

the military

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Japan needed more

natural resources

Japan takes over part of Manchuria

in Treaty of Versailles

Military conquers rest of Manchuria in 1933

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Japan takes

control of Indo-

China, in 1941

Japan wanted

Indochina for its

abundance of

natural resources

U.S. places an oil

embargo on Japan

until it withdraws

from Indochina

Japan sees U.S. as a roadblock to its expansion plans, leading to…

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December 7,

1941Pearl Harbor is the U.S.

naval base in Hawaii

for its Pacific Fleet

USS Arizona on fire and sinking after Japanese attack

• 21 ships damaged or sunk

• 188 planes destroyed

• Over 2,400 killed or injured

On the following day…

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FDR calls December 7, 1941 “a date which will live in infamy.”

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Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941

The USS Arizona, where 1,177 crewmen died after two direct hits

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Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941

A Japanese torpedo bomber takes aim at a US ship

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Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941

The USS Shaw suffers a direct hit

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Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941

Planes on fire at Hickam Airfield during attack at Pearl Harbor

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Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941

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Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941

Japanese airplanes prepare to take off from a Japanese

aircraft carrier

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Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941

USS West Virginia on fire after the attack

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America

on the

Home

Front

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Mobilizing the economy

created almost 19

million new jobs and

nearly doubled the

average family’s income

War ends the Depression

Mobilizing: building a

military, building war

materials in factories,

etc.

America

mobilizes for war

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Mobilizing for WarWar Production Board

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Government agency

that set priorities and

production goals. It also

had the authority to

control the distribution

of raw materials.

Government agency that had the

power to make loans to companies

to help them cover the cost of

converting to war production

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War Production ramps upPresident Roosevelt declared a

national emergency and

ordered that U.S. factories

build 50,000 warplanes a year

Henry Ford created an assembly line to build B-24 bombers

Automobile companies began to

make trucks, jeeps, and tanks.

They also made rifles, mines,

helmets and other pieces of

military equipment

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A segregated U.S. militaryAfrican Americans had

separate barracks, mess

halls, and recreational

facilities

Blacks were organized into

their own military units

Numerous military leaders

did not want blacks

fighting in combat because

they did not trust them

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Blacks make contributions

Benjamin O. DavisFirst black to reach the

rank of General

Tuskegee Airmen

First all black fighter pilot

squadron in U.S. history

Numerous African Americans

made important contributions to

the war effort during World War II

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Navajo Code Talkers

A group known as the Navajo Code Talkers were U.S. Marines

of Native American descent who used their native language

as code during the war

Native Americans also made

contributions to the war effort

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Bracero

Program Government

introduced program to

help farmers in the

Southwest overcome

the labor shortage

Over 200,000 Mexicans

came to the United States

to help harvest fruits and

vegetables

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Contributions of womenWomen’s Army Corps (WAC)

First women other

than nurses to serve in

the U.S. Army

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WOMEN in the WORKPLACEBecause of wartime labor

shortages, factories are forced to

hire women to do industrial jobs

traditionally reserved for men

“Rosie the Riveter”

“Rosie the Riveter” poster

Great symbol of the campaign to

hire women

Appeared on posters and in

newspaper ads

Eventually 2.5 million women went

to work in shipyards, aircraft

factories, and other manufacturing

plants

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Women

Ordinance

Workers (WOW)

Their work permanently

changed American

attitudes about women in

the workplace

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BLACKS in the WORKPLACE

FDR issues Executive Order 8802

Outlawed discrimination in the hiring

of workers in defense industries

Fair Employment Practices Commission

First civil rights agency set up by the

federal government since the 1870s

A. Philip RandolphFounder of the Brotherhood

of Sleeping Car Porters –

a major union for African

American railroad workers

Led first organized African

American labor movement

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Shift to the SunbeltSun Belt is a region of the United States generally

considered to stretch across the South and West

The region led the way

in manufacturing and

urbanization in the U.S.

Many

Americans

moved to the

South and

West during

the war

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Japanese Internment

U.S. military rounded up 120,000 people of

Japanese ancestry – 77,000 of which were

U.S. citizens – and put them in places called

internment camps to keep watch on them

Following Japanese

attack on Pearl

Harbor, American

distrust of anyone of

Japanese decent

grew massively

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Japanese InternmentJapanese were not

allowed to live on

the west coast,

including all of

California

Executive Order 9066

President Roosevelt authorized the internment

Law allowed local military to designate "military areas" as "exclusion

zones", from which "any or all persons may be excluded."

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Japanese InternmentKorematsu

v. United States

U.S. Supreme Court

case concerning the

legality of internment

of Japanese

American citizens

Supreme Court ruled

that internment was

legal because it was

based on military

urgency, not race

Japanese American

Fred Korematsu sued

saying his rights

were being violated

Fred Korematsu

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Rationing begins in AmericaGovernment rationed goods

such as sugar, butter, milk,

cheese, eggs, coffee, meat ,

gasoline and canned goods

Ticket for rations of gasoline

Households were given a book of

ration coupons each month. When

they used all their coupons, they

could buy no more items that month.

Rationing led to the growth of…

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Victory GardensAmericans volunteered to plant

gardens to produce more food

People grew their own food so

the troops would have more

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Natural resources in short supplyGovernment

organized scrap

drives for the war

effort.

These materials

included old tires,

metal, paper and

old rags.

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Invest in America: Buy War BondsTo help the war

effort financially,

the government

asked citizens to

buy war bonds

When Americans

bought bonds,

they were loaning

money to the

government

Americans bought nearly $50 billion worth of war bonds.

Financial institutions bought back about $100 billion dollars worth in

the years following the war.

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Propaganda during the warPropaganda tried to sway public

opinion to support the war effort

Propaganda portrayed

the enemy as someone

who was a threat to you

and your family

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Propaganda during the war

These posters addressed the religious differences

between the Nazis and many Americans

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Propaganda during the war

This poster reminded Americans of the atrocities that

the Japanese had committed against the U.S.

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Loose lips…

…sink ships

Propaganda during the war

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American

GI’s off

to war

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World War II

in Europe

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Dwight D. Eisenhower Franklin D. Roosevelt

Omar Bradley George S. Patton

Supreme

Commander of

the Allied forces

in Europe;

planned Allied

invasion of

Europe

President of the

United States for

most of World War

II; was elected to

a third and fourth

term of office

during the war

Commander of

the U.S. Army in

Europe; led the

American forces

in the Battle of the

Bulge; later

Chairman of Joint

Chiefs of Staff

U.S. general during

World War II who

played a large part in

the U.S. victories in

Italy and North

Africa; nicknamed

„Old Blood and Guts‟

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U.S. builds up its militarySelective Service and Training Act passed

Recruits sent to

basic training

for eight weeks

to prepare them

for how to fight

in war

They learned

how to handle

weapons, read

maps and dig

ditches

U.S.

government

starts the draft

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European Theater

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Battle of the Atlantic

By August of 1942, German submarines had sunk 360

American cargo ships

Because of the heavy losses, the U.S. set up a convoy

system for its trade ships

Battle of the Atlantic during WWII pitted German U-boats

against Allied convoys

Cargo ships traveled in groups and were escorted

by navy warships

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Hitler conquers most of Europe

The Axis powers of Germany and Italy controlled much of Europe by 1941

Before taking Poland in 1939, Hitler signs a non-aggression pact with Russia, but in 1941…

World War II starts in

1939 when Hitler

invades Poland

Hitler conquers France

and the Low Countries

by the Spring of 1940

Hitler attempts to

invade England but

loses Battle of Britain

Hitler turns his attention

to the East and wants to

conquer Soviet Russia

England

France

Russia

Germany

Italy

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Germany invades RussiaOperation Barbarossa

When the harsh Russian winter hits, the German

offensive stalled and the Germans were stopped

outside of Moscow and Stalingrad

Hitler and the Nazis

break their peace

agreement with Russia

and invade in 1941

Germans move to the

outskirts of Moscow

and Stalingrad by the

end of 1941

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Battle of Stalingrad

The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point of the

war on the Eastern Front

First major

defeat for the

Germans in

World War II

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Casablanca Conference

Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt at Casablanca

Meeting of British Prime

Minister Winston

Churchill and U.S.

President Franklin D.

Roosevelt in1943 in

North Africa

Churchill and Roosevelt

met to discuss plans for

an Allied invasion of

Europe

Leaders agreed that the

first step would be an

invasion of Italy

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Allies invaded Italy

The invasion began in July of 1943.

U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower, called Italy the “soft underbelly” of

Europe.

The defeat of the Germans in Sicily caused Italy’s king to arrest Benito Mussolini and begin negotiating for

Italy’s surrender.

Victory in Italy paves the wave for…

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Operation OverlordThe Allied Invasion of Europe

General Dwight D. Eisenhower was the chosen to command

the invasion force

Invasion’s purposes:

Make the Germans have to fight the

war on two fronts

Free Europe from German control

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D-Day

Allies land at five beaches, nicknamed:

June 6, 1944The Allied

invasion of Europe

UTAH

Landings occurred

on the beaches of

Normandy, France

Normandy

FRANCE OMAHA GOLD

JUNO SWORD

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D-Day

The Allied invasion of Europe

The invasion was successful and the Western Front was born

June 6, 1944

Allies sent in hundreds of ships and thousands of men in first three days of the attack

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Battle of

the Bulge

Hitler uses his best forces to attack the

Allies in an effort to reach a stalemate

Last major offensive of

World War II by Hitler

and the Germans in the

Ardennes Forest in 1944

Germans caused a “bulge” in the

Allied lines in an attempt to break

through, but were turned back

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Fall of the Third Reich

Russian troops

from the East were

entering Berlin in

April, 1945

Following the

Battle of the Bulge,

Germany had

nothing left to stop

the Allied forces

American forces

were pouring

across Germany‟s

Western border

In April, 1945, Adolf Hitler and his top commanders

committed suicide

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V-E DayVictory in Europe

Day

On May 7, 1945,

the Germans

surrendered

World War II in

Europe was over

U.S. focus shifted

to Japan in the

Pacific Theater

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The Holocaust

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The HolocaustAfter the war, the world

discovered that during the

war the Germans had mass

murdered millions of Jews

This attempted genocide

of the Jewish race when

over 6 millions Jews were

killed became known as

the Holocaust

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The Holocaust

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The Holocaust

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The Holocaust

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Coming up next:

The War

in the

Pacific

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AMERICA

in the

PACIFIC

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Gen. Douglas MacArthur Adm. Chester Nimitz

Commander of the

U.S. Army in the

Pacific Theater;

oversaw Japan‟s

surrender on

September 1, 1945

U.S. President at

the conclusion of

the war; made the

decision to drop

the atomic bomb

on Japan

Harry S. Truman

Commander-in-

Chief of the

United States

Naval Fleet in the

Pacific during

World War II

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Pacific Theater

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Japanese Co-Prosperity SphereJapan‟s vision for a New

Great Asia under the slogan

“Asia for Asians.” Western

colonizers were to be

expelled and Japan become

the “liberator” of all Asians

Japan conquered China and

Indo-China to “unite” Asians

Extent of the Japanese Empire (1942) Japanese Rising Sun flag

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Pearl Harbor: December 7, 1941

USS Arizona on fire during attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941

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Gave a massive boost to the

American moraleIt showed the Japanese that the U.S.

had the capability to attack their

mainland at anytime

Impact of Doolittle Raid

American air raid on Japanese

capital of Tokyo in April of 1942

Raid was planned and led by Lt.

Col. James "Jimmy" Doolittle

B-25 bombers were launched

from a U.S. aircraft carrier

James Doolittle (second from left) and his crew

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Philippines falls to JapanFour months after its

attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese complete

the conquest of the Philippines

Before evacuating his command center in the Philippines, American commander Douglas

Macarthur vows “I shall return.”

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The Bataan Death MarchThe Japanese captured

75,000 Allied soldiers after its victory in the Philippines

The Japanese marched those that surrendered 60 miles with no

food or water. Over 6,000 died or were executed on the march.

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Following its attack on Pearl Harbor,

Japan was planning an invasion of the

U.S.; needed island of Midway for a base

U.S. broke Japanese code and knew about

the plan to attack Midway; U.S. leaders

set a trap

The U.S. Navy “ambushed” the Japanese fleet at Midway, sinking four

of Japan‟s aircraft carriers in a resounding victory for the Americans

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Battle of Midway

Battle was the

turning point

of the War in

the Pacific

Japan was on the defensive for

the remainder of the war

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“Island hopping” in the PacificFollowing the U.S. victory at the

Battle of Midway, the tide of the

War in the Pacific turned

U.S. went on the offensive and

began taking back islands that

Japan had conquered before 1942

U.S. re-captured strategic

islands and by-passed others,

leaving Japanese troops cut off

This strategy was called

“island hopping.”

Chang Kai-Shek, FDR, Winston Churchill

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MacArthur returns to the PhilippinesOne of the key U.S.

victories in the “island

hopping” strategy was

retaking the Philippines

To take back the

Philippines, the United

States put together a

huge invasion force

In March of 1945,

American troops

finally recaptured the

capital city of Manila

As he had promised nearly three years before, U.S.

Commander Douglas Macarthur had returned

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Japanese use kamikazesFollowing the Battle of Midway,

Japan was on the defensive

The Japanese began using

an attack tactic known as

“kamikazes”

Kamikaze was the Japanese

word for “divine wind” and

was a suicide attack.

In a kamikaze attack, a

Japanese pilot would crash

his plane into a U.S. ship A kamikaze attack hits the USS Essex in 1944

A Japanese kamikaze about to hit the USS Missouri

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War in Pacific intensifies

U.S. Marines raise flag atop

Mt. Suribachi on Iwo Jima

As Americans move closer

to Japanese mainland,

each island becomes

tougher to take

Japanese soldiers fight

to the death and refuse

to surrender

Thousands of U.S. soldiers die taking islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa

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Manhattan Project

Albert Einstein

The project to develop the first

nuclear weapon (atomic bomb)

Albert Einstein wrote a

letter to FDR warning

him of the type of

destruction splitting the

atom could have

Research convinced

FDR to begin a program

to build an atomic bomb

Robert Oppenheimer, left, was the director of the Manhattan Project

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Decision to drop the bomb

Harry S. Truman

Truman talks over plan to drop atomic bomb with his Secretary of War

Person making the decision to use the atomic

bomb is U.S. President Harry Truman

Truman became president after FDR dies

of a brain hemorrhage in early 1945

Reasons Truman

decides to use A-

bomb: 1) Japanese

soldiers were fighting

to the death 2) Japan

would not surrender

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Atomic bomb dropped on Japan

(left) A mushroom cloud

rises above Hiroshima after

the bomb exploded (below)

“Little Boy,” the atomic

bomb that was dropped on

Hiroshima (right) Enola Gay

and its pilot Paul Tibbits.

First atomic bomb was dropped on

Hiroshima, Japan on August 6, 1945

Bomb was called “Little Boy”; plane

dropping bomb was the “Enola Gay”

Three days later, another bomb was

dropped on Japanese city of Nagasaki

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Aftermath of atomic bomb

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Aftermath of atomic bomb

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The dropping of the

atomic bombs on

Hiroshima and

Nagasaki led to the

unconditional

surrender of Japan

on August 15, 1945

V-J Day: Victory over Japan

The war is over!!

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The war is over!!World War II officially

came to and end on

September 2, 1945

Gen. Macarthur oversees the Japanese surrender

aboard the USS Missouri

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Aftermath of World War IIThere were four main results of World War II on the world

An estimated 60-80 million people

were killed during the war, over half

of which were civilians

The United States and Soviet Russia

became the “superpowers” of the world

Europe was split in half between the

Democratic West and the Communist East

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Creation of United NationsA last result of World

War II was the creation of a new world peace-keeping organization –

the United Nations

The UN was founded to stop wars between

nations, and to provide a platform for nations to

discuss differences

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Coming up in Unit 8

The

Cold

WarDemocracy vs. Communism