Unit 7 – Ch. 9 - Memory STORAGE & RETRIEVAL VIDEO CLIPS Today Show How to improve memory- 6 mins ...
-
Upload
paulina-banks -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
0
Transcript of Unit 7 – Ch. 9 - Memory STORAGE & RETRIEVAL VIDEO CLIPS Today Show How to improve memory- 6 mins ...
Unit 7 – Ch. 9 - Memory
STORAGE & RETRIEVAL
VIDEO CLIPS
Today Show How to improve memory- 6 mins
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OL3BOSbCLPM&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active
60 mins- people with really good memories – each one is 12mins- part 1 different people’s stories, part 2 the science behind these people
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zTkBgHNsWM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=en23bCvp-Fw
2014 60 mins
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/when-a-memory-wiz-remembers-your-life/
Warm up – don’t need to write
What is the capacity of working memory?
In your own words, what is encoding, storage and retrieval?
What is the difference between maintenance and elaborate rehearsal?
Who is the “King” of memory?
What is the Serial Position Effect?
Why is chunking needed?
Using what you have learned about memory, list 3 ways you could study better.
Part 2
Sensory MemoryShort Term MemoryLong Term Memory
Storage: Sensory Memory Sensory Memory: refers to the initial recording of
sensory information in the memory system. All information is held here briefly (1/2 to 4 seconds)
Filter system- figures out if the stimuli is important
Sensory Memories include both:1. Iconic Memory: a momentary sensory memory of a visual
stimuli. Memory only lasts for a few tenths of a second.
2. Echoic Memory: a momentary sensory memory for auditory stimuli. Sound memories can usually last up to 3 or 4 seconds.
Sensory memory is very hard to measure since it fades as we try to measure it.
George Sperling’s Experiment to Measure Iconic Memory
Demo 1- Sensory Memory
AGBTJKWLP
KRGXDTWLP
XCVBHYOTR
MKLWDCBGT
DWS
VFT
GXC
ZXA
QKI
NHY
FVG
HYU
AVH
JKI
LKM
NYT
How Does Sensory Memory Get Processed Into Memory?
Sensory memories disappear unless you focus your selective attention on the information.
Attention causes information to be further processed.
Rehearse things and make them relevant and meaningful to yourself
Only way to get info into short term and then eventually into long term memory storage
Storage: Short Term Memory
Peterson Study
Demo 2
1. You want to remember TXL2. Start counting backwards from 100 by 3s3. After 5 seconds write the trigram on your activity sheet
Remember LTS 4. After 20 seconds write the trigram on your activity sheet 5. Why did you forget the trigram as time goes on
If you don’t rehearse info. it goes away
Storage: Short Term Memory
STM- has a limited capacity and durationCouple seconds 7 +/- 2
Remember random digits better than random letters Remember things we hear better than things we see If you use chunking, rehearsal and self reference you will remember
things longer Only through rehearsal and or self reference do short-term
memories become long term memories.
Is Long Term Memory Like an Attic?
Sherlock Holmes: “I consider that a man’s brain is like a little empty attic, and you have to stock it with such furniture as you choose…It is a mistake to think that that little room has elastic walls and can distend to any extent. Depend upon it, there comes a time when for every addition of knowledge you forget something you knew before.”
Is this true?
Storage- Long Term Memory
Average adult has a billion bits of info in their memory
If you don’t properly encode info, it becomes hard to recall
We don’t always encode info correctlyLTM= limitless capacityRajan Mahadeva = Pi experiment
Demo 3
2 1 6 9 6 4 6 1 5 1 9 9 7 2 5 2 4 6 8 0 1 2 9 6 1 6 0 8 9 4
4-6 average10-19 extraordinary20-30 brilliant
So Where Are Memories Stored?
Karl Lashley searched for the brain “engram,” physical “memory trace” in rats after they had run mazes from 1920 to 1955.
Lashley believed: Learning was NOT
localized, all parts of cortex worked together and as a whole.
Neural Basis and Emotional Impact For Memory
Long Term Potentiation (LTP): refers to the long-lasting strengthening of the connection between 2 neurons. Is believed to be the neural basis for learning and memory.
Process occurs naturally when we learn through association…after learning has occurred, neurons involved in process become more efficient at transmitting the signals.
Drugs that block LTP affect learning drastically. Strong emotions make for stronger memories
Stress hormones boost impact on learning.
Hippocampus’s Role in Explicit MemoryHippocampus:
neural center located in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage….left and right hippocampus have different effects.
Hippocampus’s Role in Explicit Memory
Names, images and eventsDamage to the Left= trouble with verbal info.Damage to Right= visual designs and locations Different parts of the brain house different memories Monkeys with Hippocampus damage had old
memories that remained intact
Cerebellum’s Role in Implicit Memory
Cerebellum: helps facilitate associate learning responses
classical conditioning. Cutting pathway to the
cerebellum makes rabbits unable to learn conditioned responses.
Storage Loss: Amnesia
Amnesia refers to the loss of memory.Depending on the damage or disease
different kinds of memories can be damaged
Amnesiac patients typically have losses in explicit memory.
Explicit Memory (declarative memory): memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.
My birthday is ………Napoleon is…………
Implicit Memory
Other type of memory storage is known as:
Implicit Memory (Procedural Memory): retention of things without conscious recollection. Is Skill Memory.
WalkingRiding a bikeSoccer
A Diagram For Your Viewing Pleasure Types of
long-termmemories
Explicit(declarative)
With consciousrecall
Implicit(nondeclarative)
Without conscious recall
Facts-generalknowledge(“semanticmemory”)
Personally experienced
events(“episodic memory”)
Skills-motorand cognitive
Dispositions-classical and
operant conditioning
effects
Warm Up
Come up with 1 thing you know about memory. Each student will have to share their fact with the class. You may not repeat facts
Chapter 9 Memory pt. 2: Storage, Retrieval, and Forgetting
Retrieval: Getting Information Out
Recall: a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier.
Ex: Fill in the Blank.
Retrieval: Getting Information OutRecognition: a
measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned.
Easier than recall Ex: Multiple
Choice
Retrieval Cues
Priming: activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations of memory. Missing child
poster…. KidnappedTastes, smells, sights
Retrieval Cues
Context Effects Memory Retrieval: able to retrieve information better when you are in the same context you learned it in.
Deja Vu
Demo 1
Emotional/Mood impact of memory1. State-Dependent Memory: information is most
easily recalled when in same “state” of consciousness it was learned in.
Drunk2. Mood Congruent Memory: tendency to recall
experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood.
Depressed people recall parents as rejecting, mean…..
Teenagers and their relationships with their parents Bad mood…. Look=glare
7 Sins of Memory
1.Absent Mindedness – inattention to details produces encoding failure
2. Transience- unused info. fades
3. Blocking- unable to access stored info….tip of your tongue
4. Misattribution- confusing the source of the info.
7 Sins of Memory
5. Suggestibility- the lingering effects of misinformation
Leading questions
6. Bias- belief- colored recollections
7. Persistence- unwanted memories won’t go away
Blocking Demo 1. Oslo
2. Ankara
3. Nairobi
4. Montevideo
5. Lhasa
6. Canberra
7. Lisbon
8. Bucharest
9. Port- au- Prince
10. Sofia
11. Seoul
12. Baghdad
13. Nicosia
13. Nicosia
14. Manila
15. Managua
16. Helsinki
17. Bogota
18. Ottawa
19. Bangkok
20. Caracas
21. Juneau
22. Santa Fe
23. Pierre
24. Jefferson City
25. Topeka
26. Dover
27. Raleigh
28. Montpellier
29.Olympia
30. Cheyenne
31.Jackson
32. Concord
33. Boise
34. Springfield
35. Harrisburg
36. Salem
37. Helena
38. Hartford
39. Lansing
40. Augusta
Forgetting
Forgetting is a result of either:
1.Encoding Failure
2.Storage Decay OR
3.Retrieval Failure
Forgetting As Encoding Failure
Information never enters the memory system
Attention is selectivewe cannot attend to everything in our
environmentWilliam James said that we would be as bad
off if we remembered everything as we would be if we remembered nothing
Change BlindnessPenny
Encoding Failure: Which Penny is the Real Deal?
Penny
1. Which way does Lincoln Face? To the Left or Right?
2. Is anything written above his head? If yes, what it is?
3. Is anything below his head? If so, what is it?4. Is anything written to the left of his face? If so,
what is it?5. Is anything written to the right of his face? If
so, what is it?
Penny
1. Lincoln faces to the right
2. Above his head it say’s “ In god We Trust”
3. Below his head is nothing
4. To his left it says” liberty”
5. To his right is the year the coin was minted
More Encoding Failures
1. What is the color of the top stripe of the American flag?
Red
2. The bottom Stripe? Red
3. How many red and white stripes does it have? 7 red and 6 white
More Encoding Failures
4. Most wooden pencils are not round. How many sides dot hey typically have?
Six
5. In what hand does the Statue of Liberty hold her torch?
Right
Storage Decay
Over time we just forget things
Retrieval Failure
Forgetting can result from failure to retrieve information from long-term memoryGoogle
Forgetting and Spanish Learned
Retentiondrops,
then levels off
1 3 5 9½ 14½ 25 35½ 49½Time in years after completion of Spanish course
100%
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Percentage oforiginal
vocabularyretained
Forgetting As Interference
Learning some items may disrupt retrieval of other informationProactive(forward acting) Interference
disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information
New Phone NumberNew schedule
Forgetting As Interference
Retroactive (backwards acting) Interferencedisruptive effect of new learning on recall of old information
Teacher learning new namesTake a break after learning