NS 210: Seminar 8 Nutritional Assessment in Disease Prevention.
Unit 6 seminar NS 220
description
Transcript of Unit 6 seminar NS 220
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UNIT 6 SEMINAR NS 220
Module 6: Minerals, Water, & Body Processes
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Overview
Water Minerals Calcium Iron FDA Monitoring Safety Discussion
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Water
Water: makes up 50-75% of body weight Muscle has more water than fat Can only live a few days w/o water Functions:
Fluid Balance Body Temperature Regulation Removes Waste Products
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Minerals
Macrominerals: require >100 mg/day Microminerals: “trace elements”; require <100
mg/day Trace minerals are more toxic (iron, copper)
Supplements (not food) biggest threat to toxicity >100% DV pose risk Doses should not exceed Upper Limit
Deficiencies most common in U.S.:
calcium & iron
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Calcium
Functions: Bone & tooth formation Aids in blood clotting Aids in muscle contraction (twitching if low ca) Aids in nerve transmission (nerve fxn fails if low ca) Maintenance of heartbeat
Excess protein may increase calcium excretion
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Calcium Needs
%DV= 1000 mg/day Adequate Intake=
1000-1200 mg/day for adults Adequate Intake= 1300 mg/day
for adolescents (9-18 yrs. old) U.L.= 2500 milligrams/day
Increases risk of kidney stones
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Osteoporosis
Decreased bone density “A pediatric disease w/ geriatric consequences”
Peak bone mass complete at ~ 20 y.o. Small increases 20-30 y.o.; loss begins ~30 y.o.
Women experience increased bone loss after menopause (age ~50-70) then levels off
Affected by gender, race, familial pattern, other genetic factors Slender, inactive women who smoke are most at
risk (Caucasian & Asians highest risk)
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Iron (Fe)
Functions as part of hemoglobin in RBC’s Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide High turnover, high demand for iron
Risk of deficiency: Women of childbearing age- menstruation Young children Pregnancy Acute or chronic blood loss Inadequate protein intake
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Iron-Deficiency Anemia
Most common form of anemia Iron supplements may be needed (by MD only)
Body cannot eliminate excess iron- can be toxic Heme vs. Non-Heme iron Food Sources: organ meats, beef, pork,
chicken, fish, turkey, prunes/dried fruit, whole grains, beans, molasses, spinach
Vitamin C enhances iron absorption
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Prescription Drugs
Drug companies must test products in lab and on animals and humans.
Series of tests on humans to determine safety for disease treatment.
Scientific reviewers from FDA analyze the data and proposed labeling.
If health benefit outweighs it’s risks then medication is approved.
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Differences:
Manufacturer does not need FDA approval before marketing.
FDA does not approve vitamins, minerals, & supplements for safety before reaching consumers.
Prescription drugs must be proven safe and effective for their intended use before marketing.
Extensive research and studies.
Vitamins, Minerals, Supplements
Prescription Drugs
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Discussion:
What do you think of the FDA’s approval process
of vitamins & minerals compared to prescription drugs?
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FDA Monitoring
Post-marketing responsibilities: Monitoring safety (voluntary dietary supplement
adverse event reporting) Product information such as labeling, claims,
package inserts, and accompanying literature. FDA has the responsibility for showing that a
dietary supplement is "unsafe," before it can take action to restrict the product's use or removal.
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Are Vitamins, Minerals, & Dietary Supplements Safe?
Many safe and consumed daily without adverse effects; some beneficial for health conditions.
Reasons for recalls include: Microbiological, pesticide, & heavy metal
contamination Absence of dietary ingredient claimed to be in product Presence of more or less than the amt of dietary
ingredient claimed on the label Recall of Balanced Health Products, Inc. Starcaps
dietary supplement capsules (11/26/08).
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Discussion:
Should safety guidelines for
dietary supplements be more strict? Why?
Should dietary supplements be
regulated by the FDA just as prescription
drugs are regulated?
Why? Concerns?