Unit 6Unit 6

Memory, Thought and LanguageMemory, Thought and Language

Taking In InformationTaking In Information

EncodingEncoding AutomaticAutomatic EffortfulEffortful

Types EncodingTypes Encoding SemanticSemantic AcousticAcoustic VisualVisual

Encoding ImageryEncoding Imagery Rosy RetrospectionRosy Retrospection Method LociMethod Loci

Taking Information In:Taking Information In:

Selective AttentionSelective Attention Cocktail Party EffectCocktail Party Effect

Feature ExtractionFeature Extraction

Storing InformationStoring Information

Sensory StorageSensory Storage George SperlingGeorge Sperling Iconic memoryIconic memory Echoic memoryEchoic memory

Storing InformationStoring Information Short-Term MemoryShort-Term Memory

Maintenance RehearsalMaintenance Rehearsal George MillerGeorge Miller

Magical number 7Magical number 7 http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/stm0.html http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/puzmatch.html

ChunkingChunking Primacy-Recency EffectPrimacy-Recency Effect Working MemoryWorking Memory

Storing InformationStoring Information

Long-Term MemoryLong-Term Memory Explicit or DeclarativeExplicit or Declarative

SemanticSemantic EpisodicEpisodic

Implicit or NondeclarativeImplicit or Nondeclarative ProceduralProcedural ***Priming***Priming

Storing InformationStoring Information

Long-Term MemoryLong-Term Memory Flashbulb memoriesFlashbulb memories Long-term potentiationLong-term potentiation

Long-Term Memory OrganizationLong-Term Memory Organization Conceptual hierarchyConceptual hierarchy Semantic networkSemantic network

Memory GamesMemory Games

http://www.ahaf.org/alzheimers/resources/memorygames.html

http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/games/memory-game

Memory CentersMemory Centers

BrainBrain CortexCortex AmygdalaAmygdala ThalamusThalamus HippocampusHippocampus CerebellumCerebellum

Retrieving InformationRetrieving Information

RecallRecall RecognitionRecognition

CuesCues Reconstructive Reconstructive

memorymemory ConfabulationConfabulation Eidetic MemoryEidetic Memory

Encoding Specificity Encoding Specificity PrinciplePrinciple Context-dependent Context-dependent State-dependentState-dependent Mood-congruentMood-congruent

Retrieving InformationRetrieving Information ForgettingForgetting

Encoding failureEncoding failure Retrieval cue failureRetrieval cue failure

Tip-of-the-tongueTip-of-the-tongue Decay theoryDecay theory

Hermann EbbinghausHermann Ebbinghaus InterferenceInterference

ProactiveProactive RetroactiveRetroactive

Repression vs. SuppressionRepression vs. Suppression AmnesiaAmnesia

RetrogradeRetrograde AnterogradeAnterograde

You identified an innocent person. You identified an innocent person. Actually, the bomber on the roof is not in the lineup.Actually, the bomber on the roof is not in the lineup. Call it a "trick" if you want, but many jurisdictions Call it a "trick" if you want, but many jurisdictions

across the country do not warn witnesses that the across the country do not warn witnesses that the perpetrator might not be in the lineup, thereby perpetrator might not be in the lineup, thereby pressuring the witness to make an identification. pressuring the witness to make an identification.

There is nothing particularly unusual or uncommon There is nothing particularly unusual or uncommon about showing a lineup that does not include the about showing a lineup that does not include the actual perpetrator to an eyewitness . actual perpetrator to an eyewitness .

All it means is that the police had a suspect (e.g., they All it means is that the police had a suspect (e.g., they think that John Doe did it), but he was not the think that John Doe did it), but he was not the perpetrator. perpetrator.

In fact, every DNA exoneration case involving In fact, every DNA exoneration case involving mistaken identification is exactly like that  ...  the mistaken identification is exactly like that  ...  the actual perpetrator was not in the lineup that the actual perpetrator was not in the lineup that the witness viewed. witness viewed.

Retrieving InformationRetrieving Information

Elizabeth LoftusElizabeth Loftus Misinformation effectMisinformation effect

Retrieving InformationRetrieving Information

Hermann EbbinghausHermann Ebbinghaus Serial position effectSerial position effect Learning CurveLearning Curve Forgetting curveForgetting curve

Improving MemoryImproving Memory

Elaborate RehearsalElaborate Rehearsal Mnemonic DevicesMnemonic Devices

Peg WordPeg Word

ThoughtThought CognitiveCognitive ThinkingThinking

Units of thoughtUnits of thought ImageImage SymbolSymbol ConceptConcept

Formal conceptFormal concept Natural conceptNatural concept

PrototypePrototype RuleRule

SchemasSchemas

AssimilationAssimilation AccommodationAccommodation ScriptsScripts

Types of ThinkingTypes of Thinking

Directed thinkingDirected thinking convergentconvergent

Nondirected thinkingNondirected thinking divergentdivergent

MetacognitionMetacognition

Thinking StrategiesThinking Strategies

Formal ReasoningFormal Reasoning AlgorithmAlgorithm

Informal ReasoningInformal Reasoning HeuristicHeuristic

Anchoring heuristicAnchoring heuristic Representative heuristicRepresentative heuristic Availability heuristicAvailability heuristic

Problem SolvingProblem Solving ApproachesApproaches .. .. ..

AssociationistAssociationist .. .. .. CognitiveCognitive .. .. ..

IXIX

Obstacles to Problem Obstacles to Problem SolvingSolving

SetSet FixationFixation Functional FixednessFunctional Fixedness

Confirmation biasConfirmation bias OverconfidenceOverconfidence FramingFraming Belief PerseveranceBelief Perseverance Belief biasBelief bias

Problem SolvingProblem Solving

Means-to-an-endMeans-to-an-end InsightInsight IntuitionIntuition IncubationIncubation

Decision MakingDecision Making

Single-feature modelSingle-feature model Additive modelAdditive model Elimination by aspects modelElimination by aspects model

LanguageLanguage

Building block of languageBuilding block of language PhonemesPhonemes MorphemesMorphemes grammargrammar

SyntaxSyntax SemanticsSemantics

Language AcquisitionLanguage Acquisition

Noam ChomskyNoam Chomsky

B.F. SkinnerB.F. Skinner

Benjamin WhorfBenjamin Whorf Linguistic Relativity hypothesisLinguistic Relativity hypothesis

aka - linguistic determinism aka - linguistic determinism

Stages of Language Stages of Language DevelopmentDevelopment

BabblingBabbling

Single wordSingle word

2 words together2 words together

Telegraphic speechTelegraphic speech Overgeneralization of wordsOvergeneralization of words