Unit -5 Windows Operating System

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Unit -5

Windows Operating System

5.7.14 Creating and changing user accounts in windows

� 5.7.14 .1 To create a new user account, follow these steps:

1. Click "Create a new account" in the "Pick a task" list box.

2. Type the name that you want to use for the account, and then click Next.

3. Select the desired account type, and then click Create Account.

� 5.7.14 .2 To make changes to an account, follow these steps:

1. Click "Change an account" in the "Pick a task" list box.

2. Click the account that you want to change.

3. Select the item that you would like to change:

- Click "Change the name" to change the name that appears on the Welcome screen for the

account.

- Click "Change the picture" to change the picture that is used to represent the user account. You

can use any image file on the computer for the user's picture.

- Click "Change the account type" to change the account type to increase or decrease the user's

rights on the computer.

- Click "Create/change the password" to create or change the password for the user and create or

change the password hint.

- Click "Delete the account" to delete the user account from the computer. When you delete the

account, you are given the option to save the user's files on the computer.

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For Windows to automatically log on a user account during the startup process, the

following must be met:

- The Welcome screen must be available

- Guest account access must be turned off

- There must be only one user account on the computer

- The user account must not have a password

I .To make the Welcome screen available:

1. Click Start, click Control Panel, and then double-click User Accounts.

2. Click "Change the way users log on or off".

3. Click to select the "Use the Welcome screen for fast and easy logon" check box.

4. Click OK.

II. To turn off Guest account access:


2. Click the Guest account.

3. Click "Turn off Guest access".

III To remove the password from the user account:


2. Click the user account.

3. Click "Remove my password".

4. Type the password in the "Type your current password" box, and then click Remove Password.

5.7.15 ADDING OR REMOVING HARDWARE

� 5.7.15.1 To change a program, follow these steps:

1. Click Start, click Control Panel, and then double-click Add or Remove Programs.

2. In the Currently installed programs box, click the program that you want to remove, and then

click Change or Change/Remove.

3. Follow the instructions that appear on the screen to make the changes that you want.

� 5.7.15.2 How to remove an installed program

To remove a program that is installed on your computer, follow these steps:

1. Click Start, click Control Panel, and then double-click Add or Remove Programs

2. In the Currently installed programs box, click the program that you want to remove, and then

click Remove.

3. If you are prompted to confirm the removal of the program, click Yes.

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Troubleshooting

• Make sure that the program that you click in the Add or Remove Programs tool is the program

that you want to remove from your computer. Some programs may not prompt you to confirm the

removal before the program is removed from the computer.

• You can only remove a program with the Add or Remove Programs tool if the program is written

for Windows. If you do not see the program that you want to remove in the Currently installed

programs box, view the program documentation for instructions about how to remove it.

5.7.16 Administrative tools :-

Administrative Tools is a folder in Control Panel that contains tools for system administrators and

advanced users. The tools in the folder might vary depending on which version of Windows you are

using. Many of the tools in this folder, such as Computer Management, are Microsoft Management

Console (MMC) snap-ins that include their own help topics. To view specific help for an MMC tool,

or to search for an MMC snap-in that you do not see in the following list, open the tool, click the

Help menu, and then click Help Topics.

• Open Administrative Tools by clicking the Start button , clicking Control Panel, clicking System

and Maintenance, and then clicking Administrative Tools.

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Some common administrative tools in this folder include:

• Computer Management. Manage local or remote computers by using a single, consolidated

desktop tool. Using Computer Management, you can perform many tasks, such as monitoring

system events, configuring hard disks, and managing system performance.

• Data Sources (ODBC). Use Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) to move data from one type of

database (a data source) to another. For more information, see What is ODBC?

• Event Viewer. View information about significant events, such as a program starting or stopping,

or a security error, that are recorded in event logs.

• iSCSI Initiator. Configure advanced connections between storage devices on a network. For

more information, see What is Internet Small Computer System Interface (iSCSI)?

• Local Security Policy. View and edit Group Policy security settings.

• Memory Diagnostics Tool. Check your computer's memory to see if it is functioning properly. For

more information, see How do I know if my computer has a memory problem?

• Print Management. Manage printers and print servers on a network and perform other

administrative tasks.

• Reliability and Performance Monitor. View advanced system information about the central

processing unit (CPU), memory, hard disk, and network performance.

• Services. Manage the different services that run in the background on your computer.

• System Configuration. Identify problems that might be preventing Windows from running

correctly. For more information, see Using System Configuration.

• Task Scheduler. Schedule programs or other tasks to run automatically. For more information,

see Schedule a task.

• Windows Firewall with Advanced Security. Configure advanced firewall settings on both this

computer and remote computers on your network.

5.7.17 Windows search

Searching a file in Windows is helpful when you don’t know a file’s location or the file name. The

Window’s file search can retrieve a list of files matching a variety of criteria. The following steps will

show how to conduct an effective file search.

Instructions:

1 Bring up the “Search Results” window by clicking the “Start” button and clicking “Search.” You

can also click the “Search” button on a Windows Explorer window.

2 Look at the left panel. If you already know what type of file you are looking for, you can use one

of these options to narrow your search results. If you are not sure about the file type, just click

on the link that says “All files and folders.”

3 Enter the exact file name if you know it, including the extension. This usually will give you the

shortest list of search results. Keep in mind that even an exact file name may return multiple

results.

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4 Type in a partial file name using an asterisk to indicate the parts of the file name you don’t know,

including the extension. For example, if the file you are looking for contains the word “fish” you

would enter “*fish*.*.”

5 Include the file modification date or the size of the file to further narrow the search. You might

want to explore the advanced options to narrow the search.

6 Wait for Windows to return your results. This can easily take several minutes on a large hard

drive. Once the results are returned, they can be browsed just like any other folder.

Summary

Windows provides feature of creating and changing the user account, while doing this we can

change user account or can remove password from user account. Window also provide feature of

adding or removing hardware. Windows provide administrative tools in a Administrative Tools folder

in Control Panel that contains tools for system administrators and advanced users. Windows also

provide a search facility to search different files and folders , pictures music videos documents etc.

Questions

Q-1 Write steps to create new user account.

Q-2 What are different steps to change an account?

Q-3 What is the process for Windows to automatically log on a user account during the startup

process?

Q-4 What are different steps to add or remove the hardware?

Q-5 What are different steps to conduct an effective file search?

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Unit -6

Computer Networking

6.7 OSI Model

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is used to describe networks and network

application. It defines seven network layers. OSI Model defines a networking framework for

implementing protocols in seven layers. Control is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the

application layer in one station, proceeding to the bottom layer, over the channel to the next station

and back up the hierarchy.

7) Application Layer: The application layer provider different services to the application. Examples

of services provided by this layer are file transfer, electronic messaging e-mail, virtual terminal

access and network management.

6) Presentation Layer: The Presentation layer is responsible for protocol conversion, date

encryption/decryption, Expanding graphics command and the date compression. This layer makes

the communications between two hosts possible.

5) Session Layer: This layer is responsible for establishing the process-to-process communication

between the host in the network. This layer is responsible for establishing and ending the sessions

across the network. The interactive login is an example of services provided by this layer in which

the connective are re-connected in care of any interruption.

4) Transport Layer: This layer is responsible for end-to-end delivers of messages between the

networked hosts. It first divides the streams of data into chunks or packets before transmission and

then the receiving computer re-assembles the packets. It also guarantee error free data delivery

without loss or duplications.

3) Network Layer: This layer is responsible for translating the logical network address and names

into their physical address ( MAC address). This layer is also responsible for addressing,

determining routes for sending and managing network problems such as packet switching, data

congestion and routines.

2) Data Link Layer: Data link layer is responsible for controlling the error between adjacent nodes

and transfer the frames to other computer via physical layer. Data link layer is used by hubs and

switches for their operation.

1) Physical Layer: Physical Layer is responsible for transmitting row bit stream over the physical

cable. The physical layer defines the hardware items such as cables, cards, voltages etc.

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6.8.Wireless networks

Wireless network refers to any type of computer network that is not connected by cables of any

kind. It is a method by which homes, telecommunications networks and enterprise (business)

installations avoid the costly process of introducing cables into a building, or as a connection

between various equipment locations. A wireless local-area network (LAN) uses radio waves to

connect devices such as laptops to the Internet and to your business network and its applications.

When you connect a laptop to a WiFi hotspot at a cafe, hotel, airport lounge, or other public place,

you're connecting to that business's wireless network. A wired network connects devices to the

Internet or other network using cables. The most common wired networks use cables connected to

Ethernet ports on the network router on one end and to a computer or other device on the cable's

opposite end. In the past, some believed wired networks were faster and more secure than wireless

networks. But continual enhancements to wireless networking standards and technologies have

eroded those speed and security differences.

Fig:- wireless networks

6.8.1 Types of Wireless networks

6.8.1.1.Wide Area Networks

Wide Area Networks include the networks provided by the cell phone carriers such as Bell Mobility,

Telus Mobility and Rogers Wireless. Originally providing cellular voice services, the carriers added

data services as well, at first by overlaying digital data services on top of the early analogue voice

services, and later by building out brand new generation voice-plus-data networks. Suffice it to say,

wireless data services are available just about everywhere you can use a voice cell phone (Another

article describes the types of service that are available).

The carriers determine where to provide coverage based on their business strategy, and they also

control Quality of Service (QoS). If you are a very large, powerful organization, the carriers may add

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additional network resources in your corporate tower, especially if you buy a large number of cell

phones from them.

Where would you use WANs? You would use WANs when reach is the most important aspect of

your solution, and speed is less important. Reach is important if you are providing wireless solutions

to the public at large, for example, or you want to give your employees wireless access to your

corporate data, whether they are in the office, across town, out of town, or (in some cases) in other

countries.

You can't get too far in your study of wireless without running into technical terms. Here are some to

start with:

• GSM/GPRS - the voice plus data network technology offered by Rogers Wireless, updated

to EDGE in 2004.

• 1XRTT (usually called 1X) - the latest voice plus data network technology offered by Bell

Mobility and Telus Mobility.

Both of these networks are completely incompatible with one another.

6.8.1 .2. Wireless Local Area Networks

Wireless LANs are networks are set up to provide wireless connectivity within a finite coverage

area. Typical coverage areas might be a hospital (for patient care systems), a university, the airport,

or a gas plant. They usually have a well-known audience in mind, for example health care providers,

students, or field maintenance staff. You would use WLANS when high data-transfer rate is the

most important aspect of your solution, and reach is restricted. For example, in a hospital setting,

you would require a high data rate to send patient X-rays wirelessly to a doctor, provided he is on

the hospital premises.

Wireless LANS work in an unregulated part of the spectrum, so anyone can create their own

wireless LAN, say in their home or office. Wireless LANs have their own share of terminology,

including:

• 802.11 - this is the network technology used in wireless LANs. In fact, it is a family of

technologies such as 802.11a. 802.11b, etc., differing in speed and other attributes

• WiFi - a common name for the early 802.11b standard.

In addition to creating your own private WLAN, some organizations (Starbucks) and some carriers

(Telus Mobility) are providing high speed WLAN internet access to the public at certain locations.

These locations are called hotspots, and for a price you can browse the internet at speeds about 20

times greater than you could get over your cell phone

6.8.1 .3. Personal Area Networks

These are networks that provide wireless connectivity over distances of up to 10m or so. At first this

seems ridiculously small, but this range allows a computer to be connected wirelessly to a nearby

printer, or a cell phone's hands-free headset to be connected wirelessly to the cell phone. The most

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talked about (and most hyped) technology is called Bluetooth.

Personal Area Networks are a bit different than WANs and WLANs in one important respect. In the

WAN and WLAN cases, networks are set up first, which devices then use. In the Personal Area

Network case, there is no independent pre-existing network. The participating devices establish an

ad-hoc network when they are within range, and the network is dissolved when the devices pass out

of range. If you ever use Infrared (IR) to exchange data between laptops, you will be doing

something similar. This idea of wireless devices discovering each other is a very important one, and

appears in many guises in the evolving wireless world.

PAN technologies add value to other wireless technologies, although they wouldn't be the primary

driver for a wireless business solution. For example, a wireless LAN in a hospital may allow a doctor

to see a patient's chart on a handheld device. If the doctor's handheld was also Bluetooth enabled,

he could walk to within range of the nearest Bluetooth enabled printer and print the chart.

6.8.2 Wireless Networks usage

As we know that Wireless network is usually related with a telecommunications that works between

nodes and executed without the use of wires. The usage of wireless networking increasing day by

day because it has influenced significant impact on the world therefore its uses have appreciably

grown-up.

• Radio frequency signals used in a wireless network therefore you can move about and get

admittance to the network while you are working an outdoor location.

• Through Wireless Networks you can send information over the world using satellites and

other signals.

• Now days wireless networks used in emergency services like police department where

wireless network utilize to commune significant information speedily.

• The growth of wireless network increasing both in people and businesses to send and share

data swiftly It doesn’t matter be in a small office or across the world.

• Another vital exercise for wireless networks is as a cheap and fast way to be linked to the

Internet in regions especially where telecom transportation is meager and no source for

communication.

• To make use of Wireless Networks you can get access to other network resources like

Library Online System because to move your laptop anywhere is not enough difficult now.

Wireless networks make easy of file sharing, the use of printer and other documents with

high security.

6.9 Switching Techniques

In large networks there might be multiple paths linking sender and receiver. Information may be

switched as it travels through various communication channels. There are three typical switching

techniques available for digital traffic.

6.9.1. Circuit Switching.

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6.9.2. Message Switching.

6.9.3. Packet Switching.

6.9.1. Circuit Switching

• Circuit switching is a technique that directly connects the sender and the receiver in an

unbroken path.

• Telephone switching equipment, for example, establishes a path that connects the caller's

telephone to the receiver's telephone by making a physical connection.

• With this type of switching technique, once a connection is established, a dedicated path

exists between both ends until the connection is terminated.

• Routing decisions must be made when the circuit is first established, but there are no

decisions made after that time.

• Circuit switching in a network operates almost the same way as the telephone system

works.

• A complete end-to-end path must exist before communication can take place.

• The computer initiating the data transfer must ask for a connection to the destination.

• Once the connection has been initiated and completed to the destination device, the

tdestination device must acknowledge that it is ready and willing to carry on a transfer.

6.9.2.Message Switching

• With message switching there is no need to establish a dedicated path between two

stations.

• When a station sends a message, the destination address is appended to the message.

• The message is then transmitted through the network, in its entirety, from node to node.

• Each node receives the entire message, stores it in its entirety on disk, and then transmits

the message to the next node.

This type of network is called a store-and-forward network

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A message-switching node is typically a general-purpose computer. The device needs sufficient

secondary-storage capacity to store the incoming messages, which could be long. A time delay is

introduced using this type of scheme due to store- and-forward time, plus the time required to find

the next node in the transmission path.

Advantages:

1. Channel efficiency can be greater compared to circuit- switched systems, because more devices

are sharing the channel.

2. Traffic congestion can be reduced, because messages may be temporarily stored in route.

3. Message priorities can be established due to store-and-forward technique.

4. Message broadcasting can be achieved with the use of broadcast address appended in the

message.

6.9.3. Packet Switching

• In both packet switching methods, a message is broken into small parts, called packets.

• Each packet is tagged with appropriate source and destination addresses.

• Since packets have a strictly defined maximum length, they can be stored in main

memory instead of disk, therefore access delay and cost are minimized.

• Also the transmission speeds, between nodes, are optimized.

With current technology, packets are generally accepted onto the network on a first-

come, first-served basis. If the network becomes overloaded, packets are delayed or

discarded (``dropped'').

• The size of the packet can vary from 180 bits, the size for the Datakit® virtual circuit switch

designed by Bell Labs for communications and business applications; to 1,024 or 2,048 bits

for the 1PSS® switch, also designed by Bell Labs for public data networking; to 53 bytes for

ATM switching, such as Lucent Technologies' packet switches.

Summary

OSI Model defines a networking framework for implementing protocols in seven layers. Seven

layers are as follows Application Layer, Presentation Layer, Session Layer, Transport Layer,

Network Layer, Data Link Layer, Physical Layer. Wireless network refers to any type of computer

network that is not connected by cables of any kind. WAN, LAN, PAN are types of wireless

networks. The usage of wireless networking increasing day by day because it has influenced

significant impact on the world therefore its uses have appreciably grown-up. There are three

typical switching techniques available for digital traffic Circuit Switching, Message Switching, Packet

Switching.

Questions

Q-1 Describe OSI Model in deep .

Q-2 Explain concept of wireless Network.

Q-3 Discuss usage of wireless network.

Q-4 What are different switching techniques. Discuss.

Q-5 Explain concept of circuit switching

Q-6 Explain concept of Packet switching

Q-7 Explain concept of message switching with its advantages.

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UNIT 7

INTERNET

7.18 Emerging Technologies:

The Internet has enabled entirely new forms of social interaction, activities, and organizing, thanks

to its basic features such as widespread usability and access. Social networking websites such as

Facebook, Twitter and MySpace have created new ways to socialize and interact. Users of these

sites are able to add a wide variety of information to pages, to pursue common interests, and to

connect with others. It is also possible to find existing acquaintances, to allow communication

among existing groups of people. Sites like LinkedIn foster commercial and business connections.

YouTube and Flickr specialize in users' videos and photographs.

The Internet has achieved new relevance as a political tool, leading to Internet censorship by some

states. Many political groups use the Internet to achieve a new method of organizing in order to

carry out their mission, having given rise to Internet activism, most notably practiced by rebels in the

Arab Spring. Some governments, such as those of Iran, North Korea, Burma, the People's Republic

of China, and Saudi Arabia, restrict what people in their countries can access on the Internet,

especially political and religious content. This is accomplished through software that filters domains

and content so that they may not be easily accessed or obtained without elaborate circumvention.

The Internet has been a major outlet for leisure activity since its inception, with entertaining social

experiments being conducted on university servers, and humor-related Usenet groups receiving

much traffic. Today, many Internet forums have sections devoted to games and funny videos; short

cartoons in the form of Flash movies are also popular. Over 6 million people use blogs or message

boards as a means of communication and for the sharing of ideas.

One main area of leisure activity on the Internet is multiplayer gaming. This form of recreation

creates communities, where people of all ages and origins enjoy the fast-paced world of multiplayer

games. These range from first-person shooters, to role-playing video games to online gambling.

While online gaming has been around since the 1970s, modern modes of online gaming began with

subscription services such as GameSpy and MPlayer. Non-subscribers were limited to certain types

of game play or certain games.

Many people use the Internet to access and download music, movies and other works for their

enjoyment and relaxation. Free and fee-based services exist for all of these activities, using

centralized servers and distributed peer-to-peer technologies. Some of these sources exercise more

care with respect to the original artists' copyrights than others.

Many people use the World Wide Web to access news, weather and sports reports, to plan and

book vacations and to find out more about their interests. People use chat, messaging and email to

make and stay in touch with friends worldwide. The Internet has seen a growing number of Web

desktops, where users can access their files and settings via the Internet.

Cyber sectarianism is a new organizational form which involves: "highly dispersed small groups of

practitioners that may remain largely anonymous within the larger social context and operate in

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relative secrecy, while still linked remotely to a larger network of believers who share a set of

practices and texts, and often a common devotion to a particular leader. Overseas supporters

provide funding and support; domestic practitioners distribute tracts, participate in acts of resistance,

and share information on the internal situation with outsiders. Collectively, members and

practitioners of such sects construct viable virtual communities of faith, exchanging personal

testimonies and engaging in collective study via email, on-line chat rooms and web-based message

boards."

As technologies, markets and social conventions have evolved over years, it is critical to calibrate

new approaches for stimulating innovation, enriching lives, building smarter cities, and making the

world better. Citizens and businesses rely on infrastructure systems for their activities and well

being. Improvements or disruptions in transportation, communications and utility systems can have

dramatic impact on the daily activities of citizens and businesses.

A new generation of solutions that capitalizes on instrumented, interconnected and intelligent

capabilities can be applied against virtually any of core systems. Faced with major challenges, these

systems can be improved and optimized through the application of smart IT solutions.

Instrumentation enables cities to gather more high quality data in a timely fashion than ever before.

For example, utility meters and sensors that monitor the capacity of the power generation network

can be used to continually gather data on supply and demand of electricity. The pervasiveness and

low cost of existing devices and sensors, like gas, electricity and water meters, offer the ability to

measure, sense and understand the exact condition of virtually anything. Add to that new sensors

and devices that offer further data gatherings possibilities, such as RFID tags. These existing and

new sensors and devices can now be embedded across key city systems as a first step in

addressing and solving many of the challenges cities face, ranging from improving library services

to maintaining sewerage systems.

Besides interconnection creates links among data, systems and people in ways not previously

possible. For example, billions of people use the internet. Soon, the world will be populated by more

than a trillion connected and intelligent things, such as cars, appliances, cameras, roadways and

pipelines, collectively creating an ‘Internet of Things’. This interconnection enables communication

and coordination among objects, people and systems across the city framework, opening up new

ways to gather and share information.

Tackling Convergence:

Life in a big city, where we live and/or work can be struggle everyday. It can seem like we are

spending just as much of our free time on road. As soon as we get away from our jobs, find our self

stuck in the traffic. There’s no way we can plan an evening out. Finally get home late, and grab our

self a quick dinner and head out onto the road once more- maybe we need to fetch something for

next morning and find our self again voluntarily heading into stress and traffic once again. So the

system like GPS will work and help in advance to find out the shortest clear routes so that we could

reach early or at least can avoid the routes with problems leading to severe traffic jams.

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Global Positioning System (GPS):

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides

location and time information in all weather, anywhere on or near the Earth, where there is an

unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is maintained by the United States

government and is freely accessible by anyone with a GPS receiver. GPS is the backbone for

modernizing the global air traffic system.

Technology in Building the City:

A unique concept in urban living aims at raising the bar in modern urbanism with a planned and

integrated approach to modern living. Its design is at a core of the vision that aims to improve the

quality of life for the urbanite, allowing him the space to live, work, play and dream. The role of

technology in this space certainly cannot be avoided.

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First of its kind in India, Bhartiya Group is developing a city within the busy city of Bengaluru, a 125

acre integrated township, an urban life spaces of 20 mn sq.ft covering commercial, residential, retail

and hospitality, and also a school and a hospital. This Urban City will have a rich layered grain,

comprising a series of clustered communities with public parks and wide streets that fuse

seamlessly with an efficient transport and road network extending across the site. A self contained

city has offices, stadia, sports facilities, a concert hall, health facilities, hotel, shopping mall and

other amenities serving the community.

At heart of its master plan is the ‘Business District’- an economic zone that has been designed for

the thriving IT Industry and high rise towers as offices for the financial, banking, and knowledge

driven business sector.

An established intelligent and flexible plug-and-play urban system which resonates with the vision of

future proof, modern and technology driven living and efficient design and facilities management.

The township will be based on ‘Smart Grid’ technology, an electricity networking using Digital

Technology. This would enable digital communication between consumers and their appliances in

order to save energy reduce costs and increase reliability, making use of smart meters and a better

integration of renewable energy systems within the grid.

Functions like water-re-use, waste processing and energy consumption (using renewable sources

like solar energy), generally governed by city corporation will be controlled by Bhartiya City’s

facilities management division using a centralized computer, making it a smart municipality concept.

The best building and site security measures, better data management in the form of cloud

computing, information security management, business continuity advisory, and fraud risk

management are integrated into the design.

The integrated approach of the ‘Urban City’ includes automated Building Management Systems

(BMS).

Yahoo!:

“India is an Innovation Hub for Yahoo! globally”, says Mr. Prabhaker Raghavan, Head, Yahoo!Labs.

The Yahoo India R&D is involved in developing some of the biggest advertisement products with

lots of co-development happening.

There are 3 major challenges when it comes to search in India. The first challenge is content. The

fact that lot of quality local content is yet to be digitized, poses challenge to all Internet search

engines in terms of content availability. The second challenge is language . India is a diverse

country with language preferences. While significant number of users would want to see the content

in their local languages, it is not so readily available. The third challenge lies around availability of

multimedia content. A large population of India is not able to read, and for them video and audio

content will be extremely useful.

On the content and language side, Yahoo! is committed to having partnerships with local content

providers. Their highly successful partnership with Jagran is an example in this direction.

They have launched a new initiative called ‘Search Direct’. The rationale behind ‘Search Direct’ is

that searchers don’t usually care about thousands of results out of every search query. They are

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looking at relevant user-specific queries and not generic ones. ‘Search Direct’ is the next step in

offering specific answers to the user’s search queries.

The Bengaluru teams have created significant value. It is now providing intelligent options for the

digital advertising for maximized recall. The technologies developed are providing real-time data to

advertisers globally, who appropriately position their services to the right target audience that is

most relevant to them.

With examples like this, at Yahoo! Our mission is to make it the world’s premier digital media

company. They are not just talking about search – it has to be meaningful search and beyond.

Social Media:

• The biggest example of the reaching the society through internet or through social media

was the win of Mr. Barack Obama, 44th President of United States. Being from a very low profile

background, he could penetrate through large number of people expressing his views and

portraying the picture of new horizons of the country in his campaigns, which made his victory.

Obama emphasized the issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasing energy independence,

and providing universal health care, in a campaign that projected themes of “hope” and “change”.

• Can we imagine our life without chatting, sharing pictures, music, videos with our friends?

India is one of the first countries where number of mobile phones far exceeds the number of PC’s.

• There are different ways in which organizations are using Social media. One of the most

commonly talked about usage is in ‘marketing’, where the usage ranges from building communities

to gathering insights and co-creating products along with the customers.

• On the organization or enterprise side, social media usage is increasingly growing to engage

with prospective employees and connecting with several different stakeholders, as well as creating

collaboration and communication mechanism internally, setting up expert groups, reach out to

peers, colleagues and associates, and the usage can go on as per the potential and opportunities

are concerned.

• Internet the Battleground:

In the recent campaign against corruption, the middle class segment in India brought their drawing

room discussions on to an Internet platform like Facebook,Tetc. Probably this was the first time in

India when technology like social media played a role in shaping up public opinion. Indian middle

class has never spoken on national and social issues in a collective manner. It is the silence of

theirs that allowed politicians and bureaucrats to play with the system in their own way for decades.

This time it was little different. Not because suddenly the middle class became aware of its duties

and responsibilities or they found an iconic leader like never before. But because, now there is an

easy way to expand the drawing room discussions to include little more participants-a couple of

lakhs at last count.

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It is called social networking by the journalists and analysts; it is called Facebook or twitter by the

common people.

Anna Hazare and Lokpal bill may well be the symbolisms. But the real difference this time has been

this back end machine- the extremely familiar Internet. You can be in the drawing room, bed room,

office or moving in a car. You can still join India Against Corruption on Facebook or tweet, or send

SMS or even send mails to multiples about the Kalmadis and RajasT etc. “Through technology,

today we can hear the voices of 1billionn people and more”, remarks Dr. Kiran Bedi.

• Bollywood’s New mantra:

Bollywood has now moved to social media for its promotion. Advertisers and production houses are

taking this medium very seriously as people are more available on the social media.

The latest trend calls for bollywood stars to have an account on Facebook, twitter, Orkut, or any

other social media site. Social networking sites are more interactive and the feedback is real as it

comes directly from the masses. There has been a paradigm shift in terms of seeking popularity. In

the past, people used to run after stars to fetch their autograph, but now the stars are spotting out

areas where they could gain visibility among the masses.

Going by the FICCI-KPMG Indian Media and Entertainment Industry report 2011, which was

released on March 23, 2012, ‘India emerged as the 7th largest global market for social media

consumption and as a consequence, saw greater focus from companies to identify more relevant

and personal ways of reaching out and engaging with their target audience.’ The report states that

in India, Social media reaches 84% of the online user base.

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Watching it Live:

The cricket World Cup craze in 2003 could have been less than 2011 when India faced Australia in

Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg on March 23. If you were not in Johannesburg to watch it ‘Live’,

the only other option was to feel the heat on your television screens. That was 8 years ago and

technology has surely improved a lot since then. During this World Cup, a huge section of the

corporate world who couldn’t manage a half-day leave, watched the big match ‘Live Online’. “When

we decided to live stream IPL season 3 on YouTube, we did not estimate the kind of traffic we will

get in India, but we ended up with over 55 million users from around the world with the highest

number of users from India”, says Kiran Mani, vertical sales head, Google India.

The trend is becoming popular in seasonal sports especially cricket, followed by entertainment,

news and seasonal events. Cricketnirvana.com, ESPNSTAR.com, dailymotion.com, IBNLive.com

and NDTV.com are leaders in viewers live streaming initiatives. These were some of the big topers

were as the new and small others are aplenty.

Upcoming Mobile phones and internet technologies:

2011 was the most critical yet exciting year for the Indian Telecom space. In a country with an over

600 million mobile base but only 9 million broadband base, telecom operators are finding newer

ways to retain their subscribers. To see mass communication adoption of data services/ consumer

applications, many complex issues like content ecosystem, last mile connectivity, device readiness,

affordable plans, etc, will be addressed.

Here are some of the interesting trends:

• Operators’ Launch of 3G:

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With close to Rs.70,000 Crore having been paid by telecom companies for the 3G licenses, the

telecom operators will like to monetize by giving great value packages to their mobile devices.

Mobile VAS will continue to be the brand differentiator. Getting consumers profitably and enhancing

usage/adoption will be the marketing mantra.

• Mobile Data/Device Application Ecosystem:

Next 2 years will be critical for maturing of the ecosystem of application developer/ platform

developers/ device and content ecosystem. With the application ecosystem maturing, consumers

will show higher adoption of smart phones and Smartphone applications. New handheld devices like

the Apple iPad tablet will kick in and will influence the adoption positively. Higher consumer adoption

will give birth to entrepreneurship and small start-ups.

• Broadband Penetration will see New Heights:

The broadband market will start showing the reverse hockey stick growth with favorable support and

participation of the government, and with BWA licensed operators launching innovative products we

may see higher adoption of net books and tablet PCs bundled with broadband plans. While high

speed plans (more than 1Mbps) will show demand, majority of consumers will show adoption of 256

Kbps and 512 Kbps.

• Small Office and Home Office:

With the economy pegged at 9% growth, Small Office and Home Office is one segment which will

see a high adoption of broadband and broadband products. This segment not only needs

uninterrupted connection for their business but also needs business enhancing tools/applications at

affordable price which will get them ready for global business. For example, applications like voice

over broadband will add value to their business by reducing their international calling bills.

• Broadband Application:

Along with simple Internet applications like email/ IM/ social networking, broadband applications like

Voice over broadband, Internet radio, Live streaming will see higher consumer adoption. Along with

bandwidth hungry applications like movie downloads, You Tube, consumers and small enterprises

will adopt light yet utility applications like VoIP, e-education, e-governance, etc.

• VoIP(Voice over Internet Protocol) in India:

In simple terms, VoIP is a technology which uses Internet Protocol for transmission. This technology

platform takes advantage of Internet Protocols by using packet networks to transmit voice data.

VoIP enables users of broadband Internet to make phone calls to other VoIP users and regular

phones. VoIP can also be used for voice mail and fax mail applications, reducing the need to print

documents or to have access to email applications. Bringing in the Indian perspective, Voice over

broadband enables consumers to make international calls to any PC, landline and mobile number

outside India. The consumer uses the Internet to make the call and has to be connected to the

Internet (wired, wireless).

Analyzing the Indian market, there are almost 25 million Indians staying abroad (NRIs and PIOs).

There are almost 3 lakh students travelling every year and there are about 9 million SOHOs who are

increasingly going global to make their business competitive and profitable.

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Overall, VoIP technology will change the way consumers communicate and will make International

communication more affordable and of the highest quality. Globally, the VoIP market is growing at a

rate of about 1000% and is expected to reach $3.3 billion by the end of 2010. India is no different

story. With 1 million broadband consumers getting added every month, with the launch of 3G

services and upcoming BWA, high maturity applications and device ecosystem, VoIP is expected to

become the next big thing!

Video is the future:

Video has almost completely re-shaped the Internet and its use as the driving force behind the total

transformation of user experience. Video is today’s VoIP (Voice over an IP network), moving from a

standalone service to an application filling ang IP network. According to the study, video will account

for nearly 90% of all consumer internet traffic by 2013, and 60% of all online video will be consumer

video. Growth of video on the internet had a corresponding impact on the world of business, with

meetings, presentations, security monitoring, training sessions, customer service, and other

activities increasingly including video. Businesses are using video to transform key processes to

create competitive advantage, lower costs and reduce environmental impact by avoiding the need

for travel. Video delivery over IP presents multiple business and service opportunity; Service

providers must accelerate their infrastructure upgrade plans in response to the growing network

needs.

Summary :

The only way to achieve and thrive in today’s increasingly challenging environment is by innovating-

innovating in technologies, innovating in strategies, and innovating in business models. Indeed,

today, what matters most is the value that arises from a creation and not just technology for its sake.

There is an intense need to ‘think collaboratively’ and in a multifaceted manner. By far, the key pre-

condition for real change now exists: there is a growing hunger for fundamentally new approaches.

The world will continue to become smaller, flatterT.and smarter. We are moving into the age of the

globally integrated and intelligent economy, society and planet. And the future holds enormous

promise.

Self Study Questions :

1. What are different new technologies emerged through internet?

2. How are the mobile phones and internet technologies related?

3. Explain the role of networking and technology in building a society.

4. Our day to day life is highly influenced and dependent on internet. Explain.

5. What is Social Media? Explain its applications in detail.

6. What are the new advancements introduced by Yahoo?

7. Explain Briefly: a. VoIP b. Global Positioning System (GPS)

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UNIT 8

E-COMMERCE

8.13 E-Commerce New Edge:

In 1999-2000, India was witnessing 2 big waves. One was a global phenomenon that had spread to

India: the dotcom craze. The other was a new model that was being experimented. This was the

offshore BPO/Call center wave. It was fundamentally changing businesses across the world. It was

changing the collective psyche of Indian youth in a positive way, creating thousands of jobs.

As we entered a new decade, there is similar optimism around a new area: Online Retailing.

Through the research it is found out that, almost 200 odd companies that have come up. And more

than 80% of them have started in either 2009or 2010. From fashion apparels to perfumes, laptops to

cars, spa deals to holiday packages, tattoos to personalized T’s, lingerie to jewelry-even wedding

gowns to puja items- Indians today are getting to buy everything online. And many are actually

doing their shopping the virtual way. If you have a credit card or an online banking account, it helps;

but if some don’t, many sellers are too willing to take cash on delivery. In 1999, the total Internet

population in India was 3 million, and the numbers of people involved in online shopping were just

few thousands. Today the Internet users in India have grown to 70 million making the market ready.

Internet banking and rise in online consumption behavior are surely the factors helping e-commerce

to come back with a bang. The share of electronic transactions has increased from 80.4% in 2007-

08 to 88.3% in 2009-10.

E-Commerce market in India has grown from Rs.8,145 crore in 2007 to Rs. 20,653 crore in 2009. It

is expected to continue to grow rapidly-to over Rs.55,000 crore in 2011. Travel alone accounted for

more than $4 billion in revenue last year; and according to a latest report, out of the $9000 crore

transacted in e-commerce in India, Rs.5,500 crore was spent on buying travel tickets alone. The

travel segment of e-commerce always enjoys an upper hand with easy to deliver products and

instant gratification for buyers. An eBay India Census 2010 report announced recently found that

diamond rings are among India’s favorite online purchase items. The report also claims that out of

their 2.5 million users, in the last one year, nearly a third came from rural locations. Most of these

rural users buy entry level phones online followed by desktops and apparels. Delhi is the number

one e-commerce city, followed by Mumbai and Jaipur, while Maharashtra is the number one state.

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Online travel which includes booking rail and air tickets, hotel accommodation and tour packages

was 70% of the whole. E-tailing, which includes durable products such as electronic items, home

and kitchen appliances as well as personal items such as apparels and jewelry, was 13%.

Transactions for financial services such as insurance payments and renewals and trading accounts

amounted to 9%. And downloading mobile and digital content was 2% of the overall share. Other

online services such as classifieds (jobs, matrimonial, cars, real estate, and others), online food

delivery and buying movie tickets and DVD rentals made 6% of the overall market.

Apart from the booking of online tickets, the findings of the report shows that Indian consumers

aren’t zealously shopping online. Large number of surfers use internet to look for information about

the product or service they want to buy, and then visit the shops to physically buy it. Undoubtedly,

Internet is an excellent medium to search for information related to anything you desire.

Overall, even though it looks some segments are yet to take off beyond pockets, e-commerce in

India is definitely on the right track.

8.13.1 Mobile-Commerce:

Today, most cell phones can easily access the actual websites through the phone and there is no

need for a special site (like apps) for mobile phones. A mobile site is specially designed to work on a

mobile phone. Not only the screen optimized for a mobile screen, the information architecture too is

based on user’s behavior on the go. ICICI direct, one of the India’s largest trading sites offers its

users a detailed company and vertical wise research on its website. Its mobile low band-width site

offers quotes and trading that are time dependant. While travel and financial services lead, the new

generation e-commerce companies are also preferring this option. But direct commerce is just one

of the drivers of the mobile sites. Many others are building mobile sites just to connect well with the

users, or give information to users when the information is very sensitive.

For example, Penguin India has one if the nicest looking, simple to use mobile sites-

mobile.penguinbooksindia.com, but it is not commerce enabled and no one is complaining. It has 5

sections- Just published, Bestsellers, Coming Soon, What is making news and stay connected. The

first 3 gives the list if books in respective categories with a brief description and pricing along with

the book cover. So it gives and overall view of what is happening as far as books are concerned at

one of India’s most respected publishers. While there is a book news section that talks of awards,

book fairs, launch news, etc. the last section simply links to Penguin India presence in Facebook,

Twitter, and YouTube.

Idea Cellular whose advertising campaigns are amongst the most creative in Indian media, is a

smart marketer and has felt the need for a mobile site. Accessible at m.ideacellular.com, it gives the

users all the information that he/she needs about an idea connection and tariffs across all its circles.

National Stock Exchange (NSE), provides its users with timely information, on-the-go. Most of the

hot areas on the internet- Matrimony, job search and property search. In matrimony, Shaadi

(m.shaadi.com) and Bharat Matrimony (wap.bharatimatrimony.com) have their mobile sites. Among

Property sites MagicBricks (www.magicbricks.com) and 99acres

(www.99acres.com/do/99mobile/home) and Job sites, Naukri (www.naukri.com), Monster India

(www.mosterindia.com) and Times Jobs (www.timesjobs.com) are the leaders.

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8.13.2 Gaming going Global:

The Indian game development market is certainly on the move with some key trends being

witnessed in the past few years. According to a report , there has been a increase in the popularity

of social networking sites such as Facebook for gaming ( game developers being Zynga who have

tied up with Facebook). Zynga, the creators of Farmville, set up their first and largest base outside

US in Bengaluru in 2010. In 2011, the same company came up with Studio I, a facility for game

development in Bengaluru. Another key trend that is being witnessed in this sector is that consumer

is willing to pay for content by subscription. With competition within this industry rising from other

parts from the world on the outsourced model ( mainly Singapore, Taiwan, and South Korea), India

is gearing up for the next level- this time developing locally and exporting globally.

The Indian gaming market is segmented into mobile, PC, online and console. According to reports,

the Indian gaming Industry is projected to grow from an estimated size of Rs. 5.3 billion on 2009 to

an estimated Rs. 19.4 billion by 2014; translating into a cumulative growth of 29.4% over next 5

years. Mobile gaming will dominate the segment with 67% share, driven by the growth in the high-

end segment of the mobile users, new content by mobile operators, and the availability of 3G

spectrums that enables ease of play. Online gaming will be the next highest contributor followed by

console gaming. This will be fueled by the growth of internet users and especially the growth of the

target segment of users aged between 15-34 years.

The global gaming industry which is currently pegged at $40 billion is expected to grow at 10% p.a

to reach $59 billion by 2013. Major markets for gaming are US, Europe and Japan. However, China

is the fastest growing market for gaming, primarily due to the rapid growth of online gaming. Most of

the animation and gaming intellectual properties originate from these countries. While the content

development and pre-production activities are generally done in the originating country itself, its

labor-intensive activities are outsourced to other countries.

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Indian game developers need to realize the potential of the outsourcing model as well as the

opportunities that exist for the domestic market as well. Gaming developers such as Indiagames,

Dhruva Interactive, Gameshastra and trine Entertainment have ample of opportunities to increase

their revenues both in the International and domestic market.

Gaming: Market Segmentation and Revenue Generation model

PC Gaming Mobile gaming Console Gaming Online Gaming

Revenues from the

gaming software sold

through CDs(including

legitimate, grey and

pirated markets)

Software revenues

through mobile

downloads

Revenues from sale

of hardware such as

gaming consoles

(legitimate and grey

markets)

Advertising and

subscription revenues

from online games

8.13.3 Media and Entertainment Industry: (table)

After the 2009 slowdown hitting all the industry sectors globally as well as India, 2010 was the year

of resurgence and complete action for the media and entertainment sector. The year 2010 saw

some key landmarks in terms of highest grossing Indian films, growth of DTH platforms, onset of 3G

and the regulatory push by the government towards digitization. Other factors such as the potential

for penetration of different mediums, greater segmentation of audiences and catering to individual

niches, growth expected from regional markets, increasing mobile and broadband penetration, and

consolidation are pointing towards a very promising future for the whole industry.

Overall Size of Media and Entertainment Industry (in billion Rs.):

Industry 2007 2010 CAGR

(2007-10)

2011P 2015P CAGR

(2010-15)

Television 211 297 12% 341 630 16%

Print 160 193 6% 211 310 10%

Film 93 83 3% 91 132 10%

Radio 7 10 11% 12 25 20%

Music 7 9 5% 9 19 17%

Out of Home 14 17 6% 19 30 12%

Animation & VFX 14 24 18% 28 56 19%

Gaming 4 10 32% 13 38 31%

Digital Advertising 4 10 39% 13 36 28%

TOTAL 516 652 8% 738 1275 14%

CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate)

By 2015, television is expected to account for almost half of the Indian Media and entertainment

industry revenues, and more than twice the size of print-the second largest media sector. For the M

and E industry in India, it was also a year that witnessed a shift in favor of digital technologies as

DTH touched 28 million subscribers, 75% growth over its subscriber base of 2009 and digital music

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sales surpassed that of physical formats.

The year 2010 was challenging year for the film Industry. The Digital Entertainment Content

Ecosystem (DECE), a cross-industry consortium dedicated to creating a consumer friendly open

market for digital content distribution, indicated the launch of Ultra Violet by the middle of 2011 in

USA. UltraViolet allowed consumers to purchase digital copies of movies that can be stored online

or transferred between devices without added cost.

Industry revenue growth for radio was driven largely by volumes(volumes accounted for over 70-

80% of the growth). Utilization levels are now in the 60-80% range in the top 8 metros, and in the

40-60% range in key non-metros, leaving room for volume growth.

While there were approximately & Indian animated movies that were expected to be ready for

release in 2010, less than half made it to the silver screen. In 2010, the animation, VFX and post-

production industry witnessed a growth of 17.5% over 2009 to reach Rs.23.6 billion. The overall

industry growth was led by the increase in the number of projects and scale of work undertaken by

the Indian studios.

The second decade of the millennium presents tremendous opportunity for the Media and

Entertainment sector. While at one end, new technologies enable performance enhancement,

operational optimization, and revolutionize content delivery mechanisms, on the other end changing

media consumption habits and market forces compel them to act fast before they are obligated to

change themselves.

8.13.4 Hybrid Outsourcing:

The IT managed services market in India is expected to reach $3.8 billion in 2013 from 41.6 billion

in 2009 growing at a CAGR (Compounded Annual Growth Rate) of 22.8%, higher than the growth

rate of overall IT services market. The research further noted that although managed infrastructure

services dominated the market in 2010, the highest growth will be recorded by managed application

services with a CAGR of 26.2% from 2009 to 2013. With the adoption of new technologies and

devices demanding 24X7 access, most Heads agree that it makes sense to go for managed

services outsourcing in order to ensure maximum value, offering easy access and skill access from

your service provider.

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Managed services outsourcing has come a long way from being managed in-house to being

outsourced to either single or multiple vendors to its present day model-the hybrid model. Under this

model, the BAU (Behavioral Analysis Unit) activities can be fully outsourced while strategic

initiatives and business critical activities are managed in-house.

8.13.5 Domestic Outsourcing:

The government was quite late in investing in IT. It is only after the aggressive drive from the central

government to implement NeGP (National eGovernance Plan) with clear measurable targets and

incentives that many state governments and central government departments woke up. And since

they were at very initial and raw stage for a highly populous country like India, the sizes of the

projects were large even for the basic infrastructure. Out of 29 large deals signed in Financial Year

11, as many as 15 deals were government contracts. The deal sizes were fairly substantial,

somewhere around $100-200 million. The size of the deals are almost proportional to the size of the

states in case of most state contracts such as State Wide Area Networks (SWAN), Restructured

Accelerated Power Development Program(R-APDRP) and even State Data Centers(SDC). The R-

APDRP has a total outlay of Rs. 51,577 Crore. The government has been spending for last three

years, but 2011 was the year in which government became the predominant spender on IT and that

had its impact on the IT services market too.

The 2010 saw few deals by State Electricity boards of Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Karnataka,

Rajasthan and Gujarat, in 2011 Punjab, Uttarakhand and Himachal going for these contracts,

totaling more than Rs.500 Crore. This year Jharkhand State Electricity Board joined the bandwagon

by placing order worth Rs. 138 Crores on HCL Infosystem.

Wipro, after winning the contract to FINnet-a project that is expected to significantly enhance the

capabilities of the Ministry of Finance’s Financial Intelligence Unit to collect financial information

from various reporting entities, analyze those and disseminate actionable information to various law

enforcement and intelligence agencies-won another interesting project from the Home Ministry, the

Crime and Criminal Tracking Networks & Systems (CCTNS) and a Mission Mode Project under the

National e-Governance Plan(NeGP). The project aims to digitally integrate 14,000 police stations

and 6,000 headquarters and thus help in more effective tracking of crime and criminals.

Notable other contracts were an Indian Air Force contract to HCL for building a W-CDMA based

digital radio networks, a SAP implementation contract Wipro won from Indian Navy, Central

Vigilance Commission (CVC) contract to TCS for automating workflow and Census of India contract

to HCL for digitizing data.

h

8.13.6 Social Media:

As discussed in the earlier chapter, no longer is social networking considered to be medium just to

chat and make friends. Today, companies are using social networking to gain credibility, foster

employee relationships, build a forum for communication with customers, and boost sales. In

addition to social networking sites, there are other ways to accomplish social media marketing

through blogging , instant messaging, widgets and many moreT

The result of a report derived by hosting a detailed online questionnaire to collect responses from

the desired audience-brands/ organizations and agencies/ consulting firms. Research analysis was

done with a sample of respondents coming from 3 segments- I) from brands/organizations, II) from

agencies/consultants (agencies) and III) from others (primarily students). 73% of the respondents

from brand /organizations state that they have been directly involved in managing their social media

program and the other 18% are indirectly involved.

When asked about social media initiatives, 90% said that their brands and organizations have

engaged in social media initiatives in comparison to 54% in 2009. As many as 74%

brands/organizations have engaged in social media initiatives only in the past 2 years.

Collaborations are allowing easy access to customers and stakeholders, creating knowledge pools

and evangelists. The survey brought out that 42% brands/organizations spend more than 10 hours

per week on their social media programs. Nearly 80% of social media programs are led by the

marketing department of brands/organizations, where the usage ranges from building communities

to gathering insights and co-creating products along with the customers, while the sales

departments are also seen to be taking a keen interest.

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While 78% of social media programs are B2C in orientation, followed by B2B adoption of 41%. The

marketing area is where the social media is being used the most, followed by online reputation

management/online PR. Lead generation happens to be the third category for which companies use

social media in India.

8.13.7 Financial Inclusion:

Given India’s size and population, there is no way of achieving financial inclusion without significant

use of technology. So getting the unbanked into the financial system offers a massive business

opportunity not only to banks but also to the technology providers.

While India’s GDP in general and the banking sector in particular has grown exponentially in the last

decade, the growth has barely reached vast segments of the population, especially the under-

privileged sections of the society. It is one of the top priorities for the government today, which it is

trying to achieve by leveraging technology. 50 % of India’s population does not still have bank

i

accounts; 90% no access to credit or life insurance cover; 95% no general insurance; and 98% no

participation in the capital market. Only 13% of Indians have debit cards.

Large banks from both private and public sector have efficient technology but have little reach in

rural areas. On the other hand, co-operatives and rural banks have a reach but lack infrastructure.

With this in mind the government and RBI have largely laid their focus on empowering co-

operatives. For this purpose, the government in its last budget has set up 2 separate funds- the

Financial Inclusion Fund, worth Rs. 850 Crore and the Financial Inclusion Technology Fund, worth

Rs. 1,000 Crore.

National Federation of Urban Co-operative Banks and Credit Societies (NAFCUB), in association

with RBI has embarked on technology revolution in the urban co-operative banking sector

interlinking through the Application Service Provider System (ASP) for Central Banking System

(CBS).

CBS is now within reach of all urban co-operative banks-even the smallest. CBS is compliant with

updated RBI regulations. It allows for any branch and any time banking connectivity and offers ATM

networking compatibility.

Now many people from rural areas or poor underprivileged people hesitate and would not dare to

enter the banks. So the bank has to employ 2 categories of intermediaries viz, business

correspondents and business facilitators (BF) who could approach the masses and carry out

transactions on behalf of the banks as agents. Some banks have also enrolled Post Offices as BF’s

to offer several financial services to the post offices’ existing clients. They can refer clients,

proposals and facilitate the bank to carry out its transactions, but finally the responsibility of putting

through transactions rests with the bank staff. Their activities also include collection and preliminary

processing of loan applications, creating awareness about savings and other products like advice on

managing money and debt counseling, processing and submission of applications to banks.

hese new guidelines have opened up avenues for even technology companies to engage with

banks as business correspondents. TCS is engaged on the business correspondent level with

certain banks and is taking active part in filed management platform. Business correspondents

appointed by institutions like FINO, SBI, and EKO, etc have widely used a variety of customer

k

touched technologies such as biometrics and POS (point of sale) devices. BC’s then have to walk to

the banks in order to update the transactions done on the Bank’s CBS.

It is a combination of solutions, from mobile operators, CBS providers to hardware manufacturers,

can create massive business space for themselves along with banks in the financial inclusion

mission.

8.13.8 Mobile Banking:

Mobile based technology is ubiquitous in India; where among more than 600 million mobile users

about 20% do not have bank accounts. Mobile banking will help achieve what credit cards and debit

cards achieved in the previous decade and hence implementation of mobile banking, in the right

way, will ensure that urban poor and rural populations would be able to realize their loan approvals

and other cash benefits from merchant establishments all over.

Mobile platform services such as receiving credit, payments and transfers, account opening and

receiving loan approvals, etc, can be offered on cheaper mobile phones over a period of time.

What makes mobile a potential tool to carry financial inclusion further is that mobiles have become

an integral part of rural social landscape. Mobile technology can foster real time connectivity with a

bank’s core banking system for real-time transactions.

Furthermore, extending their foot-prints into country’s financial inclusion initiative, cell phone

companies are also entering into tie-ups with banks. Bharati Airtel has formed a 49:51 joint venture

with State Bank of India to provide mobile-banking and other financial services, whereas Vodafone

Essar has also entered into a joint venture with ICICI Bank to offer similar services.

8.13.9 E- Agriculture:

Keeping in mind the grim scenario in India’s tribal regions, few like minded brains got together and

proposed to experiment an e-agriculture initiative in the hilly terrains of Northeast India. The

proposal was approved by the Technology Information Facilitation Program (TIFP) of the

Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) in 2007.

‘Arik’ means ‘Agriculture’ in the Adi tribal dialect of Arunachal Pradesh. So the project was rightfully

named ‘e-Arik’. It started during 2007 with funding from DSIR to facilitate agricultural advisory

services to the socio-economically disadvantaged tribal farmers, by using ICT’s in the backward

tribal villages of Arunachal Pradesh.

The project was initiated with 3 main objectives: First, to assess the information needs of the tribal

farmers. Second, to experiment ICT in agricultural extension services provision. Third, to assess the

impact of the project on behavioral change (knowledge, attitude, skill, acceptance, adoption of

agricultural innovations), socio-economic impact (income and empowerment0, clientele satisfaction

on agricultural information services.

E-arik was initiated in the Yagrang village of the East Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh, and

covered 12 remote tribal villages. Five hundred small and marginal tribal farmers were selected,

based on their willingness in receiving agricultural advisory services from the e-Arik project, who in

turn could educate fellow farmers with what they learnt. Along with farmers, tribal children, rural

youth, and schoolteachers also enrolled for computer education in the ‘e-arik Village Knowledge

Center’ at Yagrung village. Further, the project created an awareness on ICT potential in agricultural

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development among the scientists, farm and rural development administrators, policymakers, and

others in Northeast India. Apart from agriculture, e-Arik team also facilitated awareness programs

on Natural resource management, child care, nutrition, malaria eradication, and information related

to e-governance, rural development, education, etc. Since 2009, more than 300 village school going

tribal children, rural yout, and others are being imparted regular computer education at the e-Arik

village knowledge centre.

e-Arik project helped to create general agricultural and rural development awareness among the

tribal farmers, facilitated eco-friendly and sustainable farm technology , developed vocabulary

efficiency among farmers, formed farmers’ groups for self help, developed local knowledge

managers, facilitated use of local resources, helped to make timely decisions by the farmers

themselves, suggested alternative ways to solve farming and other rural problems, and facilitated e-

literacy among the villagers.

8.13.10 E-filing: Income Tax:

The biggest way technology can change the way nation lives is when it is applied effectively to

provide public services. It is not surprising that the governments across the world are now banking

on technology to fundamentally change the way they provide services to their citizens. India started

the journey a little late. But since then, some of the most innovative use of technology has been in

the area of government and citizen services.

The e-filing of Income Tax returns- that has managed to convince almost a fifth of Indian tax payers

who file those returns to do that electronically. In 2011, a staggering 91 lakh returns were filed

electronically, out of the total 4.4 crore returns. If one considers the low penetration of internet in

India that is an extremely credible feat.

Once again, it is only after the returns filed through the site, www.incometaxindia.gov.in, jumped to

reach a significant base in 2011-providing that it has finally succeeded in what it set out to achieve-

that it attracted the attention of the award jury panel, though the services began in 2006-07.

Though the services began in 2007, the first year saw only 3.63 lakh returns being filed. The next

year saw the services reaching a critical mass with as many as 21.7 users filing their tax returns

electronically. By 2009-10, the figure had reached 50.73 lakh, proving that the momentum has been

achieved. This year, it just stopped short of crossing the 1-crore mark.

It did not happen automatically. There were a few blocks that had to be removed. The initial system

required the returnees to either have electronic signature or file, send the printed copy of the return

and send it by post and wait for acknowledgement. There was still uncertainty even after filing. This

year, one just had to create an xml file, upload it, and get the receipt instantly with the barcode. One

could print it and that could serve as receipt. It is extremely convenient.

Prior to e-filing service, the refund of overdue taxes used to normally take 15-18 months due to the

bulk number of applications whose manual processing was a time consuming task. But now, the

department has set up what it calls the Centralized Processing Centre (CPC) in Bengaluru for bulk

processing of e-filed and paper returns, which has reduced refund time dramatically to merely less

than 90 days. The CPC has been set up in collaboration with Infosys Technologies that provides the

technology and runs the processing center including its call center services. Using CPC the Income

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Tax department is trying to bring everything related to the returns processing and tax refund,

including a banking service and a postal service under a single roof.

Under the National e-Governance Plan, the Income Tax Department of India started work on

implementing a plan for setting up a comprehensive service that enables citizen to transact all

businesses with the Department on an anywhere, anytime basis. In the first place, it had an

objective of having a single ITD application running over a single national database. As a result, a

single database was created by merging 36 regional databases. The All India Income Tax Network

(TAXNET) covers all the 710 offices distributed in 530 cities across India and more than 13,000

users on a single national database. Secondly, it provided PAN cards to citizens and improved

authentication for all major financial transactions. Today, PAN allotment in the country has touched

over 100 million. Then to enable all taxpayers to fulfill their statutory obligation of filing their income

tax return electronically using the internet was launched in 2006-07.

8.13.11 Automation of the Ticketing System of MSRTC:

Conveniently getting a bus ticket has always been an issue with travelers facing long queues,

frequent delays resulting in bad customer experience, and eventual loss of revenue for the

government. Taking this into consideration MSRTC (Maharashtra State Road Transport

Corporation) decided to take the help of electronic ticketing machines (ETM). In addition to

delivering swifter, simpler, safer travel to passengers, this solution enables efficient fleet

management and minimizes revenue leakage.

MSRTC is a leading passenger road transport organization in India with fleet of over 16,000 buses

and operating 90,000 scheduled bus trips daily on an average. It has deployed over 30,000

conductors for these buses. More than 60 lakh passengers on an average, use the MSRTC services

daily.

The project was designed to automate the existing ticketing system. The basic crux of the system

was to automate the existing ticketing system by electronic ticket issuing machine and online

reservation system (ORS) for web and advanced booking of tickets.

MSRTC’s e-ticketing facility was inaugurated to public on January 8, 2010. This is a secured and

robust solution that has been designed keeping fast booking and user-friendliness in mind. It is

expected to prove instrumental in assisting MSRTC’s operating distance of more than 178 crore per

year. The project was implemented by Trimax IT Infrastructure & Services on build operate transfer

(BOT) partnership with MSRTC for 5 years. The project revenue will go to the tune of Rs.200 crore

in % years. Conductors are trained using the ‘Train the Trainer’ methodology. After deployment of

ETM machines, ticketing times were reduced by approximately 15-30 minutes, and also conductors

could not do any cheating regarding sale of ticket. The management can now gather the revenue

figures as and when required, and also the MIS system has improved. This enables operators to

track revenue per bus and profitable routes.

8.13.12 E-Financial Era:

The accounting profession, of late has been focused on fundamental changes to accounting

standards, as India moves to align its standards with International Financial Reporting Standards

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(IFRS). However, less attention has been paid to the process by which companies share information

with different government agencies, regulatory bodies and exchanges. Currently there is a heavy

burden on companies to send information in different formats and structures which may include

PDFs spreadsheets, proprietary formats and even hard copies.

Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) has the potential to change this entirely, by

tagging financial information to a predefined legend (Called ‘Taxonomy’) that facilitates electronic

sharing of information in a more efficient manner. It is an open technology standard which makes it

possible to store business and financial information in a computer-readable format.

On April1, 2011, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) in India posted a circular on its website

mandating certain class of companies to file balance sheets and profit and loss accounts for the

year 2010-11 onwards by using XBRL. The financial required to be filled in XBRL format will be

based upon the Taxonomy on XBRL, developed for the existing schedule VI and non-converged

accounting standards notified under the Companies (Accounting Standards) Rules, 2006.

The introduction of XBRL in India will increase the ability of different regulatory bodies to use the

same electronic data set, without the need for manual re-keying of data or sending hard copies of

documents to different bodies. For example, the same financial data with XBRL tagging can be filed

with the Ministry of Corporate Affairs to meet the companies Act requirements, shared with SEBI

and the BSE/NSE to meet listing requirements, shared with the company’s lending institutions, and

uploaded to the company’s website so that shareholders can easily access it. Once the company

has put the taxonomy for these different bodies, the process to produce the information becomes

more efficient.

Summary :

Building a successful e-commerce site means investment of time and effort to make the transaction

process easy, to improve trust and to make ‘check out’ processes effective and efficient. It means

an investment in understanding user behavior through research, developing personas and

scenarios, creating user journeys, ecosystems and designing strategies to ensure that the users

enjoy a positive experience.

Recent research outlines the positive and negative forces that affect consumer behavior in the e-

commerce arena. The positive forces include increase in buyers and sellers, change in customer

attitudes, convenience and better bargains. Almost all aspect that influences behavior negatively are

driven by poor user experience. Mounting competitive pressures, credibility in payment system,

untimely delivery of products and to some extent, consumer bias- all of these barriers to growth can

be addressed through concentrated, research based ‘Experience Design’. Mobile commerce is all

set to increase. The market in India is growing and it’s important for e-commerce players to seize

the opportunity it provides.

In future, sites that have specific focus, such as “Books for Senior Citizens’ will probably be more

common in the Indian Internet scene. Innovative ideas, harnessing the potential of location based

services; mobile commerce and sophisticated persuasive design are set to be common place in the

next few years. As the market sees bigger numbers, the focus should be on ‘providing an

experience’ rather than just ‘buying an item’.

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References: Internet Dataquest-Magazine

Self Study Questions :

1. Explain in detail the new technologies emerged through E-Commerce.

2. Discuss the diverse avenues opened due to Mobile- Commerce.

3. How has the global gaming industry developed over the years?

4. How are the different sectors benefitted with development of the E-Commerce?

5. Describe Financial Inclusion in brief.

6. Explain Briefly : a) Mobile Banking b) E-Agriculture c) E-filing.

Unit -5 Windows Operating System

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