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Unit 5, Part 2Unit 5, Part 2

UNIT 5, Part 2Rescuing and Conquering

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Unit 5, Part 2Unit 5, Part 2Unit 5, Part 2Unit 5, Part 2 MAIN MENUMAIN MENU

Rescuing and Conquering (pages 1035–1063)

Click a selection title to go to the corresponding selection menu.

Unit 5, Part 2Unit 5, Part 2 SELECTION MENUSELECTION MENU

Before You Read

Reading the Selection

After You Read

Selection Menu (pages 1038–1042)

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Unit 5, Part 2Unit 5, Part 2 BEFORE YOU READBEFORE YOU READ

Meet Jenny Leading Cloud

Click the picture to learn about the author.



“Coyote, Iktome, and the Rock” is a White River Sioux legend that teaches a lesson about generosity. Before you read, think about the following questions:

• Have you ever given something away and later wanted it back?

• Do you believe that when something is given, it should be given forever?

Connecting to the Story



For many years, American Indian groups recorded little

cultural information. Instead, storytellers were charged with

remembering stories, songs, and poems, which were passed

orally from generation to generation. “Coyote, Iktome, and the

Rock” is a story from the oral tradition of the White River

Sioux. Jenny Leading Cloud told this version in 1967 on the

Rosebud Indian Reservation in South Dakota. Leading

Cloud’s tale includes techniques commonly found in American

Indian myth, such as the use of animals and objects as

characters.

Building Background



Before you read “Coyote, Iktome, and the Rock,” predict which character will do the rescuing and which one will do the conquering. As you read, note whether your predictions were correct.

Setting Purposes for Reading

Rescuing and Conquering




BEFORE YOU READBEFORE YOU READ

Some types of characters frequently appear in literature across many cultures. Character archetypes include noble heroes, evil-hearted villains, and wily tricksters. As you read, examine the characters in “Coyote, Iktome, and the Rock” and determine which ones are archetypes.

Character Archetype



Analyzing Structure

Analyzing structure means examining the order or the pattern that a writer uses to present his or her ideas. Legends and other stories are often organized chronologically, or according to the sequence of events in the plot.



Analyzing Structure

Writers also use structural techniques, such as repetition, to help the reader follow the action. While reading “Coyote, Iktome, and the Rock,” ask yourself why the storyteller chose to shape the story the way she did.



Analyzing Structure

Reading Tip: Sequencing It may be helpful to pay attention to the sequence of events as you read. Create a graphic organizer like the one on the next slide to keep track of the story’s events and to note any ideas the author emphasizes through repetition.



Rescuing and Conquering As you read, think about the following question: How could a rock conquer a living animal?

READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: A rock is older and harder to destroy than a living animal. The rock symbolically conquers the animals by outliving them.



Character Archetype Read the text highlighted in purple on page 1040. What are some personality traits associated with Iya, the rock?

Literary Element


Answer: Iya is powerful, wise, special, old, and strong.



Character Archetype Why would Native Americans choose a rock to represent these characteristics?

Literary Element


Answer: Rocks are old and hard to break, so they would be associated with wisdom, strength, and power.



Rescuing and Conquering Read the text highlighted in tan on page 1041. Why does the rock make this statement? What do you think will happen next?




Answer: Iya says, “By no means the end,” because he does not consider the blanket incident over. He is probably already planning what he will do next. Students may speculate that the rock will get the blanket back and seek revenge for Coyote’s poor treatment.




Analyzing Structure Read the text highlighted in blue on page 1041. How many times has Iktome called Coyote “friend”? Why does Iktome repeat this word?

Reading Strategy




Answer: Iktome calls Coyote “friend” seven times. He repeats this word to emphasize the friendship between himself and Coyote, and to emphasize his attempt to help Coyote. In the end, however, Iktome abandons his friend, showing that actions speak louder than words. Ironically, the last time Iktome calls Coyote “friend” is just before he disappears and Iya rolls over Coyote.

Reading Strategy



Unit 5, Part 2Unit 5, Part 2 AFTER YOU READAFTER YOU READ

Answer: Answers will vary.

Responding and Thinking CriticallyRespond

1. (a) Do you agree or disagree with Coyote’s behavior? (b) How would you have acted in similar circumstances?



Answer: (a) Iya refuses to give Coyote his blanket. (b) He is selfish and ill-tempered.

Responding and Thinking CriticallyRecall and Interpret

2. (a) What is the main conflict in the story? (b) What does Coyote’s behavior reveal about his character?



Answer: (a) They sun themselves, have a snack, and smoke. (b) They’re not worried about the rock.


3. (a) What do Coyote and Iktome do after the rain and hail stop? (b) What does their behavior suggest?



Answer: (a) Into the river and into the timber (b) The rock has many powers and abilities.


4. (a) Where do Coyote and Iktome go to escape Iya? (b) What does Iya’s pursuit of Coyote and Iktome convey about the rock?



Answer: (a) Coyote mentions it once, but Iktome refers to it often. (b) Iktome seems to warn Coyote with his comments.

Responding and Thinking CriticallyAnalyze and Evaluate

5. (a) Compare the way Coyote and Iktome respond to the rock’s power. (b) Which character has a better understanding of Iya’s true nature? Explain.



Answer: (a) Coyote is not dependable. (b) Yes, although he has no right to it.


6. (a)What kind of friend is Coyote? (b)Does he have good reasons for taking his blanket back from Iya?



Answer: The storyteller prepares the audience for the next part of the story, when Iktome turns into a spider and disappears.


7. Why does the storyteller reveal Iktome’s identity as Spider Man near the end of the story?



Responding and Thinking CriticallyConnect

8. Coyote tries to be the conqueror in this story by reclaiming the blanket. Does his strategy work? Why or why not?

Answer: Coyote’s strategy backfires. Iya, the rock, is the true conqueror in this story.




In “Coyote, Iktome, and the Rock,” the storyteller uses three different character archetypes—the trickster, the wise and powerful figure, and the foolish human.

Character Archetype



Tricksters, a common character archetype in American Indian myth, generate comic relief and conflict in a story. Tricksters sometimes function as heroes when their antics bring about positive changes or teach important lessons.

Character Archetype



Answer: Coyote and Iktome are both tricksters; Iya, the wise and powerful figure; the rancher, the foolish human.

1. Match each character archetype with the appropriate character in the story.

Character Archetype



Answer: Coyote and Iktome both stir up trouble. Iya’s actions relate to his role as wise and powerful figure. The rancher’s mistaking Coyote for a rug shows humans as foolish.

2. Explain how these archetypes relate to each character’s function in the story.

Character Archetype



In a small group, dramatize “Coyote, Iktome, and the Rock” or another trickster story. Create a script based on the story or improvise dialogue based on the characters and plot.

Performing



Practice your performance, paying attention to volume, pitch, pacing, enunciation, and gestures in order to share your story as effectively as possible with your audience. Perform your skit for the class.

Performing



Using chronological, or time, order, the storyteller presents events in the order in which they occur. “Coyote, Iktome, and the Rock” comes from an oral tradition that uses repetition both to help the listener follow the story and to create a rhythm that helps the storyteller to remember details.

Analyzing Structure



Analyzing Structure

Answer: Primarily chronological, with two examples of the storyteller directly addressing the audience

1. What is the main structure of “Coyote, Iktome, and the Rock”? Where does the structure vary?



Analyzing Structure

Answer: Possible answers include the repetition of the word “friend” and the thundering of the rock as it rolls after Coyote.

2. List two examples of repetition from the story.



Academic Vocabulary

These words will help you think, write, and talk about the selection.

alternative n. a choice between things; one of the things to be selected

demonstrate v. to explain or make clear by using examples



Academic VocabularyPractice and Apply

Answer: Coyote could have shared the blanket with Iya.

1. Did Coyote have an alternative to taking the blanket back from Iya? Explain.




Answer: Generosity means putting others’ needs before one’s own.

2. What lesson about generosity did the story demonstrate?



Before You Read


After You Read


Vocabulary Workshop


Meet Brian Branston



The following myth relates the story of the theft of Thor’s hammer and the gods’ plan to recover it. Before you read the story, think about the following questions:

• How far would you go to recover something important to you?

• Is physical strength or cunning more important in resolving a conflict? Explain.

Connecting to the Myth


Norse mythology is filled with gods, giants, dwarfs, and elves.

The Norse god Thor is the protagonist of the story you are

about to read. In Viking mythology, Thor is known as the

strongest of the gods but far from the smartest. He is armed

with the hammer Mjollnir, which was crafted by dwarfs in the

underworld. Thor uses Mjollnir to defend the gods against

their enemies, the frost giants. When Thor throws his

hammer, it creates lightning and then returns to his hand.

Many Vikings wore hammer amulets, perhaps as protection

from storms at sea.

Building Background


As you read this myth, notice the importance the characters place upon retrieving Thor’s hammer.






Plot pattern archetypes are story elements and themes common to a wide variety of cultures and stories. These archetypes are plotlines or story elements that appear throughout the history of literature, from ancient stories to contemporary movies.

Plot Pattern Archetypes




An example of a plot pattern archetype is characters fooling dangerous and powerful enemies. As you read, look for possible plot pattern archetypes in the story.



Making Inferences About Characters

Making inferences about characters means making reasonable assumptions about characters based on how they act and how they are described.



Reading Tip: Creating a Web Use a web like the one shown to record the inferencesyou draw about one of the main characters in this myth.


guile n. cunning (p. 1046) The spy used guile to outsmart the guards.

disdainful adj. scornful; mocking (p.1045) The senator held a disdainful view of the opposing candidate.

aggrieved adj. disturbed; upset (p. 1045) The aggrieved customer got a refund.

Click a vocabulary term to listen to the definition.


deliberation n. an official meeting or consultation (p.1048) The town leaders decided that deliberation was necessary.

jubilantly adv. Joyfully or happily (p. 1049) The bride and groom walked jubilantly down the aisle together.



Rescuing and Conquering Keep the following questions in mind as you read: In the story, what must be rescued? Why is this important?


Answer: The gods must rescue Thor’s hammer, which has been stolen by King Loki because it is a powerful artifact and Thor’s means of creating thunder.


Look at the illustration on page 1045. What does this illustration tell us about Thor’s relationship to his hammer?


Answer: That it is an extension of himself, connecting him to the earth—rocks—and to the heavens— weather/thunder.

Viewing the Art


Making Inferences About Characters Read the first text highlighted in blue on page 1046. From what you have read so far, what can you infer about Thor’s personality?

Reading Strategy



Reading Strategy


Answer: So far, Thor has acted on his emotions, jumping out of bed and throwing his wife to the floor and yelling when he discovers that his hammer is missing. He intends to take Loki to Jotunheim without thinking that both of them will probably be killed. He will most likely act recklessly and without much thought about the consequences throughout the rest of the story.


Making Inferences About Characters Read the first text highlighted in blue on page 1046. What do Thor’s actions tell you about the importance of the hammer?

Reading Strategy


Answer: He considers it a very important personal possession that must be recovered at any cost.


Making Inferences About Characters Read the second text highlighted in blue on page 1046. What qualities does King Loki possess? What will it likely take to trick him?

Reading Strategy


Answer: King Loki possesses intelligence and cunning. He stole Thor’s hammer in secret and hid it so it could not be reclaimed. However, he is also boastful and arrogant.


Look at the painting on page 1047. What qualities of Thor are reflected in the painting?


Answer: Strength, determination, and steadfastness of purpose

Viewing the Art


Plot Pattern Archetypes Read the text highlighted in purple on page 1048. What plot elements do you recognize so far in this story?

Literary Element


Answer: Answers will vary. You may say that you have heard stories in which powerful figures have gone to great lengths to marry women who did not want to marry them.


Rescuing and Conquering Read the text highlighted in tan on page 1048. Why might the gods decide against attacking King Loki to reclaim the hammer?


Unit 5, Part 2Unit 5, Part 2 READING THE SELECTIONREADING THE SELECTION

Answer: While some want to try a direct attack, Loki reminds them that such an assault might hurt the giants but will not achieve the desired result: retrieving the hammer, which will remain buried. At this, the wise god Heimdall suggests deception rather than force.


Plot Pattern Archetypes Read the text highlighted in purple on page 1049. Based on stories you have read or heard before, what might happen next between the fake bride and the eager groom?

Literary Element



Literary Element


Answer: The eager groom notices several strange things about his bride-to-be; Thor makes himself known somehow without meaning to; Loki must keep Thor from revealing himself too soon.


Rescuing and Conquering Read the text highlighted in tan on page 1049. Why do you think Thor’s confidence returns when he grasps his hammer?



Answer: He is forced to dress as a woman and enter enemy territory without his weapon. He is vulnerable and has little reason to feel confident. Once he reclaims his hammer, he can play to his strengths again.



1. (a) What is your view of Norse heroes and villains after reading this myth? (b) How did the events of the story influence your view?


Answer: (a) The gods act impulsively; cunning characters have advantages over impulsive characters; humor plays a role. (b) Scenes of Thor accidentally throwing his wife from bed, throttling Loki, barging into Freya’s rooms, and dressing as a bride are comical.



Answer: (a) Loki (b) He has played tricks before.


2. (a) Who does Thor initially suspect of stealing his hammer? (b) What does this suspicion indicate about their relationship?



3. (a) What course of action do Tyr and Niord suggest? (b) If their suggestions had been followed, how would this story have changed?


Answer: (a) Tyr suggests an armed invasion, and Niord suggests an attack by sea, land, and air. (b) It would be violent, with less humor and less focus on cunning.




4. (a) What excuses does Loki give for the behavior and appearance of the “bride”? (b) Which of these do you think is the most humorous? Explain.



Answer: (a) She looks and acts strangely because she has not eaten, drunk, or slept for a week. (b) Loki’s gulp before lying or the narrator’s description of King Loki’s awed response to his bride’s drinking mead



5. (a) How would you summarize the role of females in this story? (b) How does this role pertain to Thor dressing up as a bride?



Answer: (a) Females are used in many of the jokes in the story, but they do not play a main role. Thor does not understand them or know how to act like a woman. (b) Thor finally realizes that the only way to get his hammer back is to adopt the cunning of Loki and the other, smarter gods.



6. (a) Explain Loki’s role in this story. (b) What does the prominence of such a character in a heroic myth suggest?



Answer: (a) Loki says that stealth and guile, rather than force, are needed to retrieve Thor’s hammer. (b) That the Norse people knew that might and brawn were not always the way to win and that intelligence and humor should be valued


Answer: He wants Freya and knows the gods are powerless against him while he has Thor’s hammer.


7. Why do you think King Loki would risk war or invasion over Thor’s hammer?



8. (a) Thor went to extreme measures to retrieve his hammer. Why does this myth cast the thunder god in such a role? (b) What does Thor’s story suggest about the gods and about the importance placed on recovering stolen items?




Answer: (a) To mock the image of the masculine, headstrong hero (b) The gods are fallible and even funny. In Norse culture private property was very important.




The plot of a story that seems familiar may incorporate plot pattern archetypes. Two common plot pattern archetypes are listed below:

• A valuable item is stolen or sought.

• Characters venture into dangerous territory and discover the item.



1. List the major plot points from this myth.



Answer: Thor’s hammer is stolen; he accuses Loki; Loki finds the true culprit, an old adversary of Thor; the gods meet to discuss the issue; Loki and Thor dress as females to fool King Loki; Loki covers up Thor’s poor acting; King Loki’s pride and lust for Freya have him handing the precious hammer back to Thor.



2. What other stories have similar plot patterns?



Answer: Stories and movies such as Raiders of the Lost Ark or Troy, in which precious items (or people) are stolen. Bugs Bunny cartoons often involve Bugs dressing as a woman, as do movies like Mrs. Doubtfire.



Answer: Most people can relate to losing something precious and doing almost anything to reclaim it.

3. Why do you think the idea of stolen artifacts being recovered is an archetype that is used so often?


As you learned on pages 1036–1037, a myth is a traditional story that uses gods and supernatural forces to explain a belief, a custom, a force of nature, or some aspect of human behavior.

Review: Myth


The gods in myths have established roles and use emblems or tools that help them perform their symbolic duties. For example, ancient Norse cultures believed that lightning was caused by Thor’s hammer.

Review: Myth


Partner Activity Pair up with a classmate and discuss the mythic ideas and characters in this story. Working with your partner, create a chart like the one on the next slide showing how the characteristics of “The Stealing of Thor’s Hammer” define it as myth.

Review: Myth


Review: Myth


A story does not always state explicitly what a character is like or what a character is feeling or thinking. Readers infer these character traits by using a combination of their own experience and evidence from the text.




1. Using what you know about human behavior and what you know about Thor, infer what he might be thinking or feeling during the wedding feast.



Answer: He curses having to dress as a female, but he does it, knowing he may get his hammer back. Yet he does not try to act like a woman. Perhaps he is too vengeful or stupid to act like a woman.



Answer: He thinks he is getting something he wants and he is distracted from the facts before his eyes.

2. What parts from the story help you infer that King Loki might easily be tricked?


Practice

Practice with Analogies Complete each analogy with the best vocabulary word from the answer column. Use a dictionary, thesaurus, or the story “The Stealing of Thor’s Hammer” if you need help.


Practice

1. genuine : false :: content :

A. deliberation

B. disdainful

C. jubilantly

D. aggrieved

E. guile


Practice

2. happy : joyful :: scornful :

A. deliberation

B. disdainful

C. jubilantly

D. aggrieved

E. guile


Practice

3. Thor : action :: Loki :

A. deliberation

B. disdainful

C. jubilantly

D. aggrieved

E. guile


Practice

4. Thor : impulse :: Odin’s council :

A. deliberation

B. disdainful

C. jubilantly

D. aggrieved

E. guile


Practice

5. accurately : sloppily :: unhappily :

A. deliberation

B. disdainful

C. jubilantly

D. aggrieved

E. guile


Academic Vocabulary

These words will help you think, write, and talk about the selection.

assess v. to evaluate

consequent adj. following as a direct result



Answer: With a council

1. How did the Asgardian gods assess their options for rescuing Thor’s hammer?



Answer: Attack King Loki

2. After Thor’s hammer was stolen, what did his consequent anger make him want to do?


Writing About Literature

Analyze Character In Norse mythology, Loki is the trickster god of fire. In “The Stealing of Thor’s Hammer,” he is referred to as the “Mischief Maker.” In mythology the trickster normally uses cunning and deception rather than facing conflict directly.



In a short essay, explain how Loki fits the description of the trickster and explain what role the trickster plays in “The Stealing of Thor’s Hammer.”



Before you begin drafting, take notes on specific passages from the story that focus on Loki’s comments or actions. Follow the writing path shown on the next slide to help you organize your essay and ideas.


Present your main idea andorganize what you plan to sayabout it.

Develop your main idea here,supporting it with evidencefrom the text.

Summarize your main idea andoffer any last insights.



After you complete your draft, meet with a peer reviewer to read and respond to each other’s work. Revise your essay based on your peer reviewer’s suggestions. Be sure to proofread and edit your revised draft for errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation.


Literature Groups

“The Stealing of Thor’s Hammer” is a humorous look at the way the gods respond to a crisis. What effect does humor have on the subject, characters, and tone of the story? Why are many myths told using a humorous tone? Meet with a small group of your classmates to discuss how humor is used in this and other myths and stories.


Before You Read


After You Read



Meet Edith Hamilton



The following narrative is an account of courage, love, loss, and democracy. Edith Hamilton’s retelling of “Theseus” captures the great hero’s life in a series of inspirational and sometimes tragic events.



Before you read the story, think about the following questions:

• How do you handle difficult decisions?

• Have you ever advocated for, or supported, another’s rights?



The body of stories that tell of the gods, heroes, and ceremonies of the ancient Greeks is commonly known as Greek mythology. The philosopher Plato identified elements of fiction in these narratives during the fifth and fourth centuries SC. However, until that time, Greeks viewed these tales as factual.

Building Background


Western views of the myths generally regard the stories as inventive and fascinating. For this reason, the mythology of the Greeks remains unrivaled as a source of inspiration for contemporary writers. “Theseus,” as retold by Hamilton, illustrates the appeal and imaginativeness typical of ancient Greek mythology.

Building Background


As you read this excerpt from “Theseus,” note how the opposing themes of rescuing and conquering emerge, often side by side.






Image archetypes are images that recur throughout literature across cultures. These images are believed to have universal meaning. The stone in Greek mythology, for example, is symbolic of an obstacle in life’s path. A cup is symbolic of one’s fate or destiny. As you read, try to identify archetypical images in “Theseus.”

Image Archetype


Identifying Sequence

Identifying sequence in a story means recognizing the logical order of events or ideas. Events in fiction usually occur in chronological order, or the order in which they happen in time. Signal words such as first, there, following, during, and before can indicate shifts in time, place, or incident.



Reading Tip: Annotating When you read, annotate, or take note of, time and placesequences. Watch for transitional and signal words. Write critical notes that comment on the sequences.


confinement n. the state of being restricted or confined (p. 1057) Confinement was the most dreaded punishment for the teenager.

contemptible adj. worthy of contempt; loathsome (p.1055) The bank robbery was a contemptible act that endangered lives.

endear v. to cause to adore or admire (p. 1057) Writing a letter to show gratitude would endear the child to his parent’s friend.



Image Archetype Read the text highlighted in purple on page 1055. What might lifting a great stone typically represent?

Literary Element


Answer: The lifting of the stone is symbolic of overcoming a great life obstacle now or in the future.


Look at the painting on page 1055. Describe the setting of Theseus’s childhood based on the details in the painting.


Answer: You might note the peaceful atmosphere, with humans and animals sharing the land in harmony. You might also note the classical architecture and the beautiful natural scenery. Overall, the scene has the feeling of a fairy tale.

Viewing the Art


Rescuing and Conquering Read the text highlighted in tan on page 1056. How does this method of justice exhibit the ideas of rescuing and conquering?


Answer: Theseus’s punishment of the bandits rescues the victims by ridding them of the treacherous men, while simultaneously conquering the bandits themselves through defeat.


Image Archetype Read the first text highlighted in purple on page 1057. A sword in Greek mythology often represents legacy. Explain the importance of Theseus establishing his legacy at this point in the story.

Literary Element



Answer: Had Theseus not drawn his sword, his father would not have recognized him, and he would have consumed the poison and died.

Literary Element



Identifying Sequence Read the text highlighted in blue on page 1057. What does the signal word “then” indicate?

Reading Strategy


Answer: The word then is a clue that one event took place and the other will follow. This reflects the sequence of events.


Image Archetype Read the second text highlighted in purple on page 1057. What image archetype do you think the Minotaur symbolizes?

Literary Element


Answer: The minotaur symbolizes evil within human nature.


Rescuing and Conquering Read the text highlighted in tan on page 1058. How does the ball of thread reflect the idea of rescuing and conquering?


Answer: The yarn may be a rescue aid. With it, Minotaur can be conquered.


Rescuing and Conquering Read the text highlighted in tan on page 1058. Make predictions based on Ariadne’s decision to give Thesus the life-savng clue about the ball of thread.

Answer: Ariadne and Thesus will probably fall in love.


Identifying Sequence Read the text highlighted in blue on page 1058. How does this sentence help you understand the sequence of events?

Reading Strategy


Answer: It explains that the following events happened at a specific, different place (Naxos), after the adventure in the labyrinth.


Read the last paragraph in the first column on page 1058. What do the similarities between Theseus and Ariadne’s love story and Romeo and Juliet’s story say about the power of image archetypes?

Literary History


Answer: Image archetypes resonate with people as evidenced in this particular archetype’s common use.


Look at the painting on page 1059. What do the characters’ poses add to the mood of the painting?


Answer: The characters’ intimate yet carefree poses add a whimsical or sensuous element to the mood of the painting.

Viewing the Art


Rescuing and Conquering Read the text highlighted in tan on page 1060. Explain how Theseus’s actions employ both ideas of rescuing and conquering.


Answer: Theseus rescues the vanquished from the Thebans’ refusal to bury their dead. He conquers Thebes so that the victims may be vindicated.


Look at the illustration on page 1060. How is Connolly’s knowledge of Ancient Greece evident in the details he chooses to include in this illustration?


Answer: Examples to point out are the clothing or the ship with banks of rowers.

Viewing the Art


Answer: You should ndicate either approval or disapproval of Theseus, and cite examples of his heroism or his self-serving behavior.


1. From this retelling, what are your impressions of Theseus’s character?



2. (a) According to Hamilton, why did the saying “Nothing without Theseus” develop? (b) What does this saying reflect about the main character?



Answer: (a) The saying developed because of Theseus’s many adventures and enterprises. (b) It reflects his determination, greatness, or reputation with the people.


Answer: (a) To seek his father by water would be too easy. (b) Theseus endures many difficult situations because of his decision to travel by land.


3. (a) Why does Theseus refuse to seek his father by water? (b) How does Theseus’s willingness to forego the voyage by water affect the myth’s plot?


Answer: (a) With the poisoned cup provided by Medea, who knows Theseus’s true identity (b) The image archetype of the cup is fate or destiny.


4. (a) How does Aegeus intend to kill Theseus? (b) What image archetype does this represent?



5. (a) How does the author reveal a lack of certainty in the myth’s legacy? (b) Does this uncertainty diminish the myth’s credibility? Explain.


Answer: (a) The author reveals uncertainty by giving varying accounts of Theseus and Adriadne’s separation. (b) You should support your ideas with examples from the text.



Answer: The conveyance of a large volume of ideas and circumstances in a short period of time without much confusion shows a good use of transitions.


6. How well does the author transition between places and time frames? Explain.



7. (a) How has Theseus changed by the story’s conclusion? (b) What events have led to this change, and why are they significant?



Answer: (a) He is not interested in conquering, rather in establishing a commonwealth. His behavior is not merely self-serving, but benefits others. (b) Theseus has been humbled by the loss of his lover and father and by his battles and struggles.



8. Greek mythology encompasses many acts of rescuing and conquering. Which do you think is more prevalent in “Theseus”—rescuing, or conquering? Support your opinion.




Answer: Those impressed by his acts of heroism may state that more rescuing occurred. Those influenced by the violence in the story will say that more conquering occurred.



Image Archetype

The use of image archetypes in works of mythology can help an author communicate with his or her readers. Since the meanings and importance of a work’s images have already been established, the author does not have to work to make readers understand the significance of the images.


Image Archetype

Answer: Answers will vary, but should be supported with reasons.

1. Which image archetypes stand out the most in “Theseus”? Select one that you think is true to life. Explain your choice.


Image Archetype

Answer: Yes. The archetypes deepen the meaning of the work, but are not required for a general reading of the text.

2. Can a reader who is unfamiliar with the image archetypes of Greek literature understand and enjoy “Theseus”? Explain.


Image Archetype

Answer: The universal meanings of image archetypes tie them to a long history of myths and literary works; they make the story more complex and heighten its meaning.

3. How does the use of image archetypes in “Theseus” strengthen or weaken the plot?


As you learned on page 1044, plot pattern archetype is a recurring plot arrangement found across cultures in literary works.

Review: Plot Pattern Archetype


Partner Activity Meet with a classmate to discuss the plot pattern archetypes of “Theseus.” Work with your partner to create a two-column chart like the one on the next slide. Fill in the left-hand column with examples of plot pattern archetypes. Use the right-hand column to list examples of each archetype from “Theseus.”



A story’s sequence plays an important role in the author’s method of conveying thoughts, ideas, and events. If an author fails to alert his or her readers to significant changes in place and time, he or she risks losing the reader’s understanding and interest. Much of this communication lies in the author’s use of transitional and signal words.




1. How well do you think the author communicated the plot sequences in “Theseus”? Explain.



Answer: Some may approve the author’s handling of the story’s sequences, judging that the author gives ample transitions and signals to indicate changes in place and time. Those disapproving of the story’s sequences may indicate transitions that are too quick or weak.



2. Support your opinion with several examples from the text.

Answer: Answers will vary.


Practice

Practice with Context Clues Use context clues to determine the meaning of the boldfaced vocabulary words in each sentence below.


Practice

1. The man’s contemptible behavior left him with few friends. He was often judgmental, impolite, and vulgar.

A. loathsome

B. delightful


Practice

2. The dog’s gentle nudges endeared him to her even though the thought of an early-morning walk was uninspiring.

A. To cause to become beloved

B. To cause disapproval


Practice

3. The prison’s confinement nearly drove the inmate wild.

A. freedom

B. The state of being restricted


Academic Vocabulary

Here is a word that will help you think, write, and talk about the selection.

criteria n. measures on which judgments or decisions are based



Answer: Theseus had to be strong enough to roll away the large stone and retrieve the sword and shoes before he could seek his father.

What criteria did Aegeus set forth before Theseus could seek him?



Evaluate Author’s Craft Author Edith Hamilton’s task of retelling the myth of Theseus is complicated by the story’s pre-existence.



Because the text has been told time and again by numerous writers, the author faces a long history of established creativity. Hamilton’s retelling of Theseus must therefore offer the reader something more than other versions. In a one- or two-page analysis, evaluate how Hamilton brings new life to this old tale.



Before you begin drafting, note the story’s stylistic strengths and weaknesses in a chart like the one shown.



Be sure to include details from the story that illustrate your assertions. Record any impressions or ideas that strike you as relevant. Once you have completed the chart, begin drafting.



After your draft is complete, have a peer reviewer evaluate your work and suggest revisions. Following the review, proofread and edit your draft for errors in spelling, grammar, and punctuation.


Interdisciplinary Activity: Social Studies

The modern concept of a hero derives from mythical hero archetypes. Research the hero archetypes of three or four other cultures and compare and contrast your findings to the mythical hero archetypes. Create a poster that shows the similarities and differences among them.


Using Participles Participles are words that can function as both verbs and adjectives. There are two forms of participles: present and past. Present participles typically end in “–ing” while past participles typically end in “–ed.” Edith Hamilton’s use of participles shapes her language and style.

Hamilton’s Language and Style


Note how her use of participles affects her communication of events:


• “But as she handed him the poisoned cup Theseus, wishing to make himself known at once to his father, drew his sword.”

• “Once inside, one would go endlessly along its twisting paths without ever finding the exit.”


Activity Create your own chart, similar to the one on the next slide, and record additional participles in “Theseus.” Reword each phrase or sentence containing a participle so that the word serves a different function or is eliminated altogether. Determine the effect on the phrase or sentence with or without the original use of the participle.



The use of participles can strengthen your work. If a description seems ineffective, it may be appropriate to replace traditional adjectives with participles. With a partner, review your evaluation of Edith Hamilton’s craft and note places that could benefit from the use of participles. Revise your draft as necessary.

Revising Check: Participles


Examining Words from Norse Myths

Word Origins

Connecting to Literature The angry, noisy Thor was the Norse god of thunder. The familiar English word Thursday (“Thor’s day”) comes from his name. Tracing the word origins, or etymology, of this word explains how this Norse name entered our language.

VOCABULARY WORKSHOPVOCABULARY WORKSHOP



Connecting to Literature Modern English has its roots in the language of the Anglo-Saxons who lived in England in the early Middle Ages. Viking peoples from Denmark and other Scandinavian countries later invaded and settled in England. As a result, terms from the Vikings’ Old Norse language and mythology, like Thor, were assimilated into English.


Word Origins



Connecting to Literature “The Stealing of Thor’s Hammer” offers other examples of terms from Norse myths that have entered the English language. In the attempt to retrieve his hammer, Thor disguises himself as the beautiful goddess Freya. What day of the week takes its name from hers?


Word Origins



Connecting to Literature Below is a chart of English words and their definitions, and the Old Norse words, including definitions, from which the English words were derived.


Word Origins



ExerciseMatch the English words below with the meanings of the words from their Norse origins. Use a dictionary if you need help.


a. wind eye

b. Odin’s day

c. householder

d. bear shirt

1. Wednesday

2. berserk

3. husband

4. window

___

___

___

___

b.

d.

c.

a.

Word Origins



Vocabulary Terms

Word origins, or etymology, is the study of the history and development of words.


Word Origins



Test-Taking Tip

To determine the meaning of an unfamiliar word in a reading passage, break the word into its parts—root, prefix, and suffix. If you recognize the root, you can probably figure out what the word means.


Word Origins


What are the qualities of a generous person?

Unit 5, Part 2Unit 5, Part 2 BELLRINGERBELLRINGER


Creation Myths


What myths fit these categories? What are some modern-day myths?

Explanatory MythsHeroic Myths


What is your definition of a hero?


Have you ever witnessed a hero in action? How did you feel after observing this act of heroism?


0%

0%

0%

0%A. the ability to fly

B. the gift to turn invisible

C. the possession of power

D. the ability to transform itself into a human

What unique quality did Iya possess?

CHECKPOINT QUESTIONSCHECKPOINT QUESTIONS


0%

0%

0%

0%A. Coyote took back the blanket that he

gave to Iya.B. Coyote did not share food with Iya.

C. Coyote and Iktome did not stay and talk with Iya.

D. Coyote insulted Iya.

What made Iya so angry?



0%

0%

0%

0%A. He turned himself into a rug and hid on

the ground.B. He turned himself into a spider and went

into a mouse hole.C. He turned himself into a rock and swam

across the river.D. He turned himself into a horse and

galloped away.

How did Iktome escape from Iya?



0%

0%

0%

0%A. Freya

B. Elves

C. Giants

D. Sif

Who does Loki say is responsible for stealing Thor’s hammer?



0%

0%

0%

0%A. King Loki must be allowed to become

part of the Aesir.B. Thor must bring him the goddess

Freya to be his wife.C. Thor must bring him great wealth as

ransom.D. Thor must agree never to use his

hammer again.

On what condition will King Loki of Outgard return Thor’s hammer?



0%

0%

0%

0%A. to have Freya marry King Loki of

OutgardB. to cast a spell on King Loki

C. to attack King Loki with force

D. to trick King Loki into producing the hammer

According to Loki, what is the only way to get the hammer back?



0%

0%

0%

0%A. her necklace

B. her soft skin

C. her huge appetite

D. her Voice

What did King Loki find unusual about his “bride” at the wedding feast?



0%

0%

0%

0%A. an acorn and a ball of string

B. a ring and a book

C. a sword and a pair of shoes

D. a crown and a pen

What did Aegeus place under a stone to be used by Theseus?



0%

0%

0%

0%A. Hercules

B. Aegeus

C. his mother

D. Sinis

Who does Hamilton say, was always in Theseus’ mind?



0%

0%

0%

0%A. from Aegeus

B. from the mayor of Theseus’shometown in the north

C. through sorcery

D. through her friendship with Theseus’s mother

How did Medea know Theseus’s true identity?



0%

0%

0%

0%A. to get away from his father

B. to prove that he could escape the Labyrinth

C. to impress Athenians

D. to kill the Minotaur

Why did Theseus volunteer to be one of the victims sent to Crete?



0%

0%

0%

0%A. He was afraid that Minos was

approaching to seek revenge.B. He believed that Theseus had died.

C. He was sad about the death of Ariadne.D. He had lost his mind because of illness.

Why did Aegeus throw himself into the sea?



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