Griffith-GA Studies

Unit 5: Civil war

SS8H6

THE BIG IDEA

SS8H6: The student will analyze the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Georgia

Analyze- to divide a complex idea into parts or elements; dissect, break down

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SS8H6a - Antebellum

SS8H6a: Explain the importance of key issues and events that led to the Civil War:

Explain-to make understandable, spell out; illustrate, interpret

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Antebellum SS8H6a

Antebellum- “before the war”

What was life like in the South before the War?

In fact… only a small number of people lived in this way

Small amount of people with most of the wealth

Agricultural based economy b/c of warm climate and fertile topsoil

Agricultural, Independent lifestyle

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Slavery SS8H6a

Cotton was important to the South’s economy

Cheap labor was needed to grow and clean cotton Rapid growth after cotton gin

Slavery WAS the cheap labor

Slaves did resist: Running away

Working slow

Damage tools

Pretending sick

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Using the maps above, what conclusions can we draw about the relationship between slaves and cotton?

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Slave Market SS8H6a

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Argument for/against Slavery SS8H6a

Abolitionists- pushed to end slavery (Douglas, Tubman, Stowe, Garrison)

The more abolitionists pushed… the more southerners supported slavery

As abolitionists worked to end slavery or at least stop it from spreading, support for slavery grew in the south

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G.S.

The Underground Railroad

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The Underground Railroad

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North vs. South SS8H6a

Tensions grew between Northern states and Southern states

Tariffs

States’ rights

Expansion of slavery into western states

“Sectionalism”- Putting the interests of a particular section or region above those of the nation

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North vs. South SS8H6a

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States’ Rights SS8H6a

States’ Rights: The idea that the federal government (U.S.) only has those powers spelled out in the Constitution. The states therefore have rights that the U.S. Government cannot violate. How much power do the individual states have in relation to the

Federal Government?

The main right that most states were arguing for at this time was the right to have slavery

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Balance of Power SS8H6a

There was a great struggle at the national level to balance the number of slave states and free states

For the North/South to have equal power, there had to be an equal number of slave states and free states

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Nullification SS8H6a

Nullification- the theory that a state can “nullify” or invalidate a law that they see as unconstitutional. This disagreement came from an argument over tariffs. North

supported tariffs and South did not b/c it would hurt their cotton profits

Nullification was a slap in the face to the U.S. Government. SC threatened to nullify the tariff and secede

President Jackson threatened to attack SC if they tried to secede and they backed down

GA did not jump on the nullification bandwagon at 1st b/c they respected President Jackson for removing the Indians

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Missouri Compromise SS8H6a

AKA: Compromise of 1820

Would Missouri be free state or would

it be a slave state? Missouri came into union as a slave state

Maine would be admitted as a free state

Slavery would be prohibited North of 36°30’ latitude (Missouri’s Southern Border)

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Compromise of 1820- SS8H6a

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Compromise of 1850 SS8H6a

The compromise of held off the war for a few more years…

California is admitted as a free state

Fugitive slave law

New states have “popular sovereignty”

Upon admission, state would decide for themselves whether or not to have slavery

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Compromise of 1850

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North Gets

California admitted as a free state

Slave trade prohibited in Washington D.C.

Texas loses boundary dispute w/ New Mexico

South Gets

No slavery restrict. in Utah or New Mexico territories (Popular Sovereignty regarding slavery in New States)

Slaveholding permitted in Washington D.C.

Texas gets $10 million

Fugitive Slave Law

Georgia Platform SS8H6a

GA Platform- (1850) was a document that showed GA’s effort to preserve the Union (Led by Stephens and Toombs)

GA would remain in the Union as long as the North abided by the compromise of 1850 (Fugitive slave law), and stopped trying to block the entry of slave states

Howell Cobb

Robert Toombs

Alexander Stephens Griffith-GA Studies

Kansas-Nebraska Act SS8H6a

(1854) Would Kansas/Nebraska be free or slave states?

Kansas/Nebraska Act:

Voters in KA/NE would decide whether slavery would be permitted

Pro slavery and Abolitionists flew to Kansas to sway the vote… “Bleeding Kansas.”

Kansas became a free state

Nebraska came in as a free state after the war Griffith-GA Studies

Dred Scott v. Sanford SS8H6a

Dred Scott sued the state of Missouri to get his freedom after master moved to Illinois and Wisconsin and then back to Missouri

The Supreme court decision was 7-2 against him saying that he was not a citizen, and was not free

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Dred Scott Case Effects SS8H6a

Pro slavery advocates loved the decision

Court had decided that slaves and free blacks were not citizens

Northerners outraged at decision

Helped to doom the Compromise of 1850

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Election of 1860 SS8H6a

Republicans (new party) opposed slavery

Lincoln, Republican won election

Lincoln’s name was not even on the ballot in most Southern states

The election of 1860 sent a strong signal to the south that slavery days were coming to an end.

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1860 Candidates Democrats split, opened

door for Republicans

4 Candidates

Abraham Lincoln (Illinois)

Republican

Stephen Douglas (Illinois)

Northern Democrat

John Breckenridge (Kentucky)

Southern Democrat

John Bell (Tennessee)

Constitutional Union Party Primarily concerned with

avoiding secession

Lincoln

Breckenridge

Douglas

Bell Griffith-GA Studies

1860 Election Results

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Secession Debate SS8H6a

Secession was seen as an inherent right of the people to overthrow a bad government

Secession was seen as a way to address the problems with U.S. Government

Some Georgians wanted secession and others didn’t Many small farmers and North

Georgians against secession

When Lincoln was elected (anti slavery Republican party) Southerners felt it was time to secede from the union. Griffith-GA Studies

GA Ordinance of Secession SS8H6a

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How did Northerners view the South for wanting to secede?

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Confederate States of America

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States in CSA

Texas

Louisiana

Mississippi

Florida

Georgia

Alabama

South Carolina

Tennessee

North Carolina

Virginia

Arkansas

CSA claimed these border states also:

Kentucky

Missouri

Alexander Stephens SS8H6a

Slave owner Georgia Baker –Scott (1995) p.72

Lifelong bachelor, poured all of his time into politics

“Voice of reason” who pushed to pass GA Platform which kept GA in the union

Opposed secession up until the day GA seceeded and then supported GA and the Confederacy Wanted to wait and see what

Lincoln did before seceding

Became VP of CSA Griffith-GA Studies

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederacy

Senator from Mississippi

Member of President Pierce’s cabinet

Arrested and imprisoned after the Civil War

Later released and authored 2 books on history of the CSA

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Events leading to War SS8H6a

In your notebook:

Explain the importance of key issues and events that led to the Civil War

Explain- to make understandable, to spell out (illustrate, interpret)

Slavery

States’ rights

Nullification

Missouri Compromise

Compromise of 1850

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Dred Scott case

Election of 1860

Secession

What key events led

to the deepening

unrest and hostility in

antebellum America ?

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Explain the importance of key issues and events that led to the Civil War

Explain- to make understandable, to spell out; (illustrate, interpret)

Summary Discussion-SS8H6a

Can you answer the EQ now? (H6a) Conflict and Change

What key events contributed to deepening unrest and hostility in antebellum America?

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Geography/Economics: Transportation Systems

SS8G2: The student will explain how the railroad’s help drive the states economy

SS8E2b: Explain how the 4 transportation systems from SS8G2 contribute to Georgia’s role in world trade

Explain- to make understandable, to spell out; (illustrate, interpret)

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Railroads SS8G2, SS8E2b

By the 1840’s railroads began to replace steamboats as the primary way to transport cotton. Using Rail lines farmers could ship cotton well into the Piedmont region (rivers not navigable

in the Piedmont region)

Railroads become crucial to the Southern Economy

Railroads are one of the 4 main transportation systems even today Rail, Air, Water, Interstate

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G.S.

G.S.

Remember: THE BIG IDEA

SS8H6: The student will analyze the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Georgia

Analyze- to divide a complex idea into parts or elements (dissect, break down)

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SS8H6b – Civil War

SS8H6b: State the importance of key events of the Civil War:

State-to put into words or express with a systematic statement (say, express)

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The Civil War SS8H6b

1861-1865

“It was a rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight.”

Georgia was “heart of the Confederacy” because…

Strategic location

Network of railroads

Ability to supply food/equipment

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Joseph E. Brown SS8H6b

Governor of Georgia during the Civil War

Lawyer and businessman Born in SC, raised in North GA

Went to Yale law school

Secessionist Always showed concern for men in the

battle & their well being

Later became GA Senator

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Antietam SS8H6b

1st major battle of Civil War

Lee had string of victories and wanted to take war to the North

Single bloodiest day in American History

23,000 casualties

Southern loss may be due to the capture of “Special Order Number 191” which detailed Lee’s plans for movement

No clear victory

Lee withdrew to VA, Lincoln saw as victory for North

5 days later Lincoln announces Emancipation Proclamation

Griffith-GA Studies Lincoln @ Antietam after battle

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Emancipation Proclamation SS8H6b

Actual text This document (issued in Sept.

of 1862) declared that all slaves in the CONFEDERACY were free (as of Jan. 1863)

Only freed slaves in the CSA states Ex: If you were a slave in a slave

state that fought for the Union you were not free even if you were a Union soldier

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Gettysburg SS8H6b

Battle of Gettysburg (in Penn.) is “turning point” of the Civil War 3 day battle

50,000 soldiers killed

South retreated, never invaded the North again

Lincoln made famous “Gettysburg Address” dedicating battlefield and urging preservation of Union

Actual Address only a couple of minutes long

His speech redefines the purpose of the war

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Chickamauga SS8H6b

1863 Battle in NW GA where CSA army turned back Union soldiers After this defeat, Union recaptured

Chattanooga and used it as a launching point for the Atlanta Campaign

Biggest battle fought in GA Until this battle, GA was virtually

untouched

3 days, 34000 casualties

Confederates led by General Braxton Bragg

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Gen. Braxton Bragg

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Crawford Long

In 1842 Crawford Long used ether as an anesthetic

Before this discovery surgeries were painful and patients were asked to drink large amounts of alcohol to dull the pain

Doctors could take their time and not worry about the patient waking up.

Long didn’t publicize his findings and didn’t receive credit until 30 years later

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G.S.

Union Blockade SS8H6b

Union Navy closed ports and rivers to choke CSA imports and exports South exported cotton to England and France in

exchange for weapons

AKA “Anaconda Plan” North had superior Navy

Led by General Winfield Scott

Unsuccessful at first b/c of blockade runners, until the North destroyed Fort Pulaski and shut down port at Savannah

Effects: shortages on food and manufactured goods, higher prices

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G.S.

G.S.

Anaconda Plan Political Cartoon

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What is unique about Georgia as opposed to other Southern states in the picture?

William T. Sherman SS8H6b Union General during

Civil War

Good military strategy

His strategy brought a swift end to the war

Used uncivilized warfare tactics

Most hated figure in Georgia History

Currently resides in a very warm habitat

Destroyed GA during Atlanta Campaign and March to the Sea

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In Sherman’s own words…

“Every attempt to make war easy and safe will result in humiliation and disaster.”

“I intend to make Georgia howl.”

“I would make this war as severe as possible, and show no symptoms of tiring till the South begs for mercy.”

“If the people raise a great howl against my barbarity and cruelty, I will answer that war is war, and not popularity seeking.” Griffith-GA Studies

Atlanta Campaign SS8H6b

Series of battles during summer of 1864 between Chattanooga and Atlanta Sherman constantly outflanked

Johnston during the Campaign

Atlanta was the most important military target for Sherman because it was a center for industry and transportation

CSA economy was already in ruins and this campaign made the situation worse.

“It was a rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight.” The homes/resources of common

men are destroyed on path to Atlanta

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G.S.

Battles of the Atlanta Campaign Atlanta Campaign (1864)

Battle of Rocky Face Ridge (May 7-13) -- Union Victory

Battle of Resaca (May 13-15) -- No Clear Victor

Battle of Adairsville (May 17) -- Union Victory

Battle of New Hope Church (May 25-26) – Confederate Victory

Battle of Dallas (May 26-June 1) – Union Victory

Battle of Pickett’s Mill (May 27) – Confederate Victory

Battle of Marietta (June 9-July 3) – Union Victory

Battle of Kolb’s Farm (June 22) – Union Victory

Battle of Kennesaw Mountain (June 27) – Confederate Victory

Battle of Peachtree Creek (July 20) – Union Victory

Battle of Atlanta (July 22) – Union Victory

Battle of Ezra Church (July 28) – Union Victory

Battle of Utoy Creek (August 5-7) – Confederate Victory

Battle of Jonesboro (August 31- September 1) – Union Victory

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Atlanta Campaign

Map

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Close to Home: The Battle of New Hope Church

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Sherman/Hooker vs. Johnston Confederate victory

May 25-26 1864 Part of the Atlanta campaign

New Hope Church

Paulding County @ intersection of Dallas Acworth Hwy. and Bobo Rd. Griffith-GA Studies

Close to Home: Battle of Pickett’s Mill

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Tremendous Yankee losses

Sherman/Hooker vs. Johnston

May 27, 1864

Part of Atlanta campaign

Confederate victory

Pickett’s Mill

Located in Paulding County on Mt. Tabor Church Rd. just off Dallas/Acworth Hwy

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Close to Home: Battle of Kennesaw Mountain

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June 27, 1864

Part of Atlanta campaign

Confederate victory

Sherman vs. Johnston

Kennesaw Mountain

Located in Cobb County on Kennesaw Mtn. Dr. just off Barrett Parkway

Drive or hike up the mountain

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The Atlanta roundhouse after the conclusion of the Atlanta Campaign

March to the Sea SS8H6b

1864: Gen. William T. Sherman Allowed his soldiers to live off civilian

supplies and take anything of value

Started in Atlanta, ended in Savannah The path of destruction was 300

miles long and 60 miles wide

Purpose: destroy resources (esp. Railroads) and supplies

When reached Savannah he sent Lincoln telegraph saying… “I beg to present you as a

Christmas gift the city of Savannah.”

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G.S.

Ruins in Atlanta

March to the Sea Map

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March to Sea

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Sherman’s Men

Destroying Railroads

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Summary Discussion SS8H6b

Which type of war is most civilized? Why?

Be prepared to justify your position.

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Andersonville SS8H6b

Prison for Civil war “prisoners of war” Planned to hold 10K, held 30K at its peak

Andersonville operated by Confederacy and held Union Prisoners of War

Commanded by Henry Wirz Prisoners severly mistreated, >13K died

South was low on prisoner supplies due to the Union Blockade

Wirz was the only Confederate officer who was tried for crimes. Convicted and hanged on 11/10/1865

1996 Movie Andersonville

Wirz now lives with Sherman in a warmer climate

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Andersonville

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Burial at Andersonville

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Andersonville

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G.S.

The Hanging of Wirz

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Events of the Civil War SS8H6b

In your notebook:

Explain the key events that led to the outcome of the Civil War.

Explain: to make understandable, to spell out; illustrate interpret

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Union Blockade

Antietam

Emancipation Proclamation

Gettysburg

Chickamauga

Sherman’s Atlanta

Campaign

Sherman’s March

to the Sea

Andersonville

Explain the

key events

that led to the

outcome of

the Civil War.

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Explain the key events that led to the outcome of the Civil War Explain: to make understandable, to spell out; illustrate interpret

Remember: THE BIG IDEA

SS8H6: The student will analyze the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Georgia

Analyze- to divide a complex idea into parts or elements (dissect, break down)

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SS8H6c - Reconstruction

SS8H6c: Analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia and other southern states

Analyze- to divide a complex idea into parts or elements (dissect, break down)

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Reconstruction SS8H6c

1865-1872 During Reconstruction,

Georgia was occupied by U.S. military

GA controlled by Republican government

GA’s governor was Republican Rufus Bullock “Convinced” to resign by

the KKK in 1871

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Freedmen’s Bureau SS8H6c

U.S. agency that helped former slaves during Reconstruction Also helped some whites

who were affected by the war

Set up schools & churches (set stage for public

schools in GA)

Issued food & clothing Drew up labor

contracts

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Freedmen’s Bureau: Not without controversy

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Sharecropping/Tenant Farming SS8H6c

Sharecropping-landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced Example: landowner

gets 50% of the crop Sharecropper brings

very little to the table besides his own/his family’s labor.

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Tenant farming- a step up from sharecropping, the tenant uses the land and pays rent, whether in cash or crop Example: landowner gets

$50 or $50 worth of crop

Tenant brings more to the table than just labor (tools, fertilizer, etc.)

Sharecropping/Tenant Farming SS8H6c

Both Sharecropping and Tenant Farming kept many blacks (and even many poor whites) working in the fields after the end of slavery

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Sharecropping Cycle: SS8H6c G.S.

Reconstruction Plans SS8H6c

Different plans on how to handle Reconstruction

Lincoln’s Plan

Johnson’s Plan

Radical Republican Plan

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G.S.

Lincoln’s Plan SS8H6c

“Heal” the Nation Bring states back into

Union quickly

President appoints provisional Governors for each state

Southern states had to:

1-declare secession null and void

2-abolish slavery

3-cancel all war debts

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Johnson’s Plan SS8H6c

“Lenient”

Many Confederate officials/soldiers pardoned

Two high ranking CSA officials (Stephens included) were thereby elected to represent GA in the U.S. Senate which outraged Republicans

Followed Lincoln’s lenient policies for Reconstruction

Ratify 13th Amendment

Declared Reconstruction complete quickly

Took a lot of “heat” for this process which led to his impeachment

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Radical Republicans’ Plan SS8H6c

“Punish”

Wanted to “Punish” the South for the Civil War

South occupied by U.S. Military Divided into districts (GA,

FLA, and AL were 3rd district)

14th and 15th amendment ratified RR were upset about

“Black Codes”

14th/15th Attempting to force the South into more fair treatment for blacks

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13th Amendment SS8H6c

13th-“Freedom”

This amendment officially abolished slavery or involuntary servitude unless it is punishment for a crime.

1st of the Reconstruction amendments

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14th Amendment SS8H6c

14th “Citizenship”

Overruled Dred Scott case and provided a new definition of citizenship

Helped to enforce the 13th amendment

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15th Amendment SS8H6c

15th- Voting Rights

Prohibits taking away any person’s right to vote b/c of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Southerners would find a new way to take away voting rights…

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Black Legislators SS8H6c

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Black men participated in GA politics for the 1st time between (1867-1876) 32 Black legislators elected in 1867

Whites were outraged and used KKK to intimidate Most black legislators were

harassed constantly

One quarter of the black legislators were killed, threatened, beaten, or jailed. Soon… blacks were LEGALLY

disfranchised and would not have representation in General Assembly again until 1962

Tunis Campbell

Henry McNeal Turner SS8H6c

Henry McNeal Turner- Helped to organize GA Republican party

during Reconstruction Born free (1834), had worked for a law firm,

very intelligent

One of many black legislators expelled from General Assembly by whites The most prominent of the Black legislators

who were elected in 1867

Later became AME bishop Travelled throughout South preaching

revivals for AME church

Led a “Back to Africa” emigration movement (1895, 1896) but most came back to U.S.A. quickly

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Ku Klux Klan SS8H6c Secret oath-bound

organization using terroristic tactics to intimidate Kuklos- ”circle”, Clan- “family” Began in TN in 1867 mostly as a

social club for Confederate Veterans but progressively became more violent

Used beatings, lynching, intimidation, and scare tactics to establish social & political control over blacks Successful in their goal of bringing

Democrats back to power.

Watched ballots as they were cast at the polls Disbanded around 1871,

resurfaced again in 1915 with a ceremony atop Stone Mountain

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KKK Political Cartoon

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KKK Political Cartoon

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Intimidation SS8H6c

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Impact of Reconstruction SS8H6c

In your interactive notebook:

Analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia and other southern states

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Ku

Klux

Klan

Henry

McNeal

Turner

15th

Amendment

14th

Amendment

13th

Amendment

Reconstruction

Plans

Freedmen’s

Bureau

Sharecropping

Tenant

Farming

Analyze the impact of

Reconstruction on Georgia and other southern

states

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Summary Discussion-SS8H6c

Can you answer the EQ now? (H6c)

Essential Question:

How did Reconstruction efforts and policies impact Georgia and other southern states?

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Remember: THE BIG IDEA

SS8H6: The student will analyze the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Georgia

Analyze- to divide a complex idea into parts or elements (dissect, break down)

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