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Unit 5: Age of Revolutions (1750-1914)

Global History II Review

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Scientific Revolution

• New Ideas about the Universe– Scientific Revolution- period of change– Heliocentric theory said sun is center of

universe. (Copernicus and Galileo)– Newton proved gravity and natural laws

• New ways of thinking– Scientific Method- experimentation and

observation to prove theories– Human Reason was valued

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Enlightenment

• Science and the Enlightenment– Natural Laws govern human behavior– Enlightenment rejected traditional beliefs

• Leading Thinkers/ Thoughts– Locke: Natural Rights- life, liberty, & property– Montesquieu: Separation of powers– Voltaire: Religious toleration– Rousseau: Social Contract, give up freedoms

for the common good of all

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Enlightenment

• Impact of the Enlightenment– Promoted change in many governments– Inspired democracy and revolutions– Enlightened rulers made changes in their

countries (also able to keep power)– Key principles for the foundation of American

Revolution, United States government and the French Revolution

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Political Revolutions

• American Revolution (1776)– Influenced by Magna Carta, English Bill of

Rights and ideas of the Enlightenment– Symbol of freedom in Europe and Latin Amer.

• French Revolution (1789)– Causes: Absolute Monarchy, social inequality,

economic hardships, Enlightenment ideas, American Revolution and English laws

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Political Revolutions

• French Revolutions Stages– Creation of the National Assembly– Seizure of the Bastille– Declaration of the Rights of Man– Creation of a limited monarchy– Radicals come to power and Reign of Terror– Napoleon comes to power

• Napoleonic Code- laws made by Napoleon• Napoleon is a stabilizing force

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Political Revolutions

• Effects of the French Revolution– Democratic ideals spread through Europe– Nationalism emerges in Europe (France)

• Latin American Independence (1790s)– Toussaint L’Ouverture (former slave) breaks Haiti free

from French rule– Simon Bolivar a Creole gains independence from

Spain for much of South America– Jose de San Martin defeats the Spanish for

independence in Argentina and Chile

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Reaction Against Revolution

• Congress of Vienna (1815)– Attempt to put Europe back the way it was

before the conquests of Napoleon

• Revolutions of 1830s and 1848– Liberals (revolutionaries) revolt against

conservatives (monarchy)– Rebellions were not successful in the long

term but the ideas remained

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Reaction Against Revolution

• Absolutism in Czarist Russia– Russian Czars maintained power in Russia– Feudal society continued in Russia with serfs– Russification- policy to make groups act Russian

within Russian borders

• Instability in Latin America– Social injustice even with democracy– Military rulers lead many nations– Economies grow slowly– Mexican Revolution due to unequal distribution of

wealth

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Global Nationalism

• Nationalism: Love for one’s country– Revolutions in Greece, Poland, Belgium, and

across Latin America

• Unification Movements– Italy: Cavour and Garibaldi worked to unite all

of Italy as one nation– Germany: Bismarck used war and politics to

unite the German and Prussian Empires

• Zionism: Desire for a Jewish homeland

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Global Nationalism

• Nationalism in Asia– India: called for self-rule and independence

from the British colonizers• Indian National Congress and Muslim League

worked to achieve independence

– Turkey: Young Turks took control of Ottoman government

• Armenian Massacre: Turks turned against Christians living in the Ottoman Empire

• Nationalism and conflict in the Balkans

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Economic Revolution

• Agrarian Revolution (1750)– Increased food production through changes in farming

techniques– Enclosures forced small farmers off lands– Better food created a population explosion

• Industrial Revolution (1750-1900)– Means of production of goods shifted from hand tools

to complex machines– Caused by increased work force, improved

technology, and new capital for investment

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Economic Revolutions

• Effects of the Industrial Revolution– Laissez-faire economics means the government does

not interfere in production– Free Market or Capitalism develops– Big businesses emerge– Middle class and lower classes struggle– Urbanization- growth of cities– Poor working conditions for workers– Improved transportation (steam engine)– Great Britain, France, Germany and the United States

are the most industrialized nations

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Social Revolutions

• Inspired by the hardships of the Ind. Rev.• Social Darwinism- survival of the fittest• Socialism- concentrated on interests of society

– Wanted businesses and farms to belong to all the people and not just individuals

• Marxist Socialism (Communism)– Karl Marx called for a revolution by the workers

against the capitalists– The people should control all means of production

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Social Revolutions

• Education: Public schools were developed• Reforms

– Slavery is abolished nearly everywhere– Suffrage is expanded– More rights for workers– Improvements in universal education

• Impact of Industrialization– Migration to industrialized nations

• Famine in Ireland forced Irish to leave

– Development of a global economy (interdependency)

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Japanese/ Meiji Restoration

• Opening of Japan (1853)– Japan was isolated for 200yrs. (Tokugawa)– US Commodore Perry forces Japan to open– Treaty of Kanagawa gave America trading

rights with Japan

• Modernization and Industrialization– Emperor Meiji worked to modernize Japan– Japan borrowed from the West the best ideas

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Imperialism

• Imperialism: – The domination by one country of the political,

economic, or cultural life of another country (Bullying)

• Causes– Nationalism and belief in social Darwinism– Militarism- need to be stronger than others– Need for raw materials and natural resources– “White Man’s Burden”

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Imperialism

• British in India– Sepoy Mutiny- Indians refused to fight for G.B.

• Scramble for Africa– European nations carved up Africa for colonies– Africans resisted fought (Boer War)

• Imperialism in China– Opium War with Britain– Spheres of Influence created– Boxer Rebellion- Chinese Boxers wanted to get rid of

foreigners in China