Unit 4(G):Unit 4(G):Perceptual OrganizationPerceptual Organization

and Interpretationand InterpretationMr. McCormickMr. McCormick

A.P. PsychologyA.P. Psychology

Do-NowDo-Now(In Journal)(In Journal)

What is an What is an illusionillusion??

How can How can illusionsillusions influence influence and and misleadmislead our our perceptionperception of a of a stimulusstimulus??

Provide an Provide an exampleexample of a of a perceptual perceptual illusionillusion that you have experienced.that you have experienced.

Perceptual OrganizationPerceptual Organization

What do you What do you perceiveperceive when you observe this image? when you observe this image? Why do you think you perceive Why do you think you perceive twotwo facial images? facial images?

Perceptual OrganizationPerceptual Organization

Gestalt:Gestalt: An organized wholeAn organized whole Tendency to integrate pieces of information into Tendency to integrate pieces of information into

meaningful wholesmeaningful wholes

Form PerceptionForm Perception

Figure-ground:Figure-ground: The organization of the visual field into objects (the The organization of the visual field into objects (the

figuresfigures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ) that stand out from their surroundings (the groundground))

Form PerceptionForm Perception

Look at the images on Look at the images on Hand-Out 6-13Hand-Out 6-13::

How How does Figure 1 does Figure 1 illustrate the concept of illustrate the concept of gestaltgestalt??

What do you see when you look at What do you see when you look at Figure 2Figure 2? What ? What does this does this suggest suggest about our about our perceptionperception??

How does How does Figure 3 Figure 3 create a create a conflict conflict of of figure-figure-groundground??

What What ambiguous figures ambiguous figures does your mind does your mind organizeorganize and and reorganizereorganize in in Figure 4Figure 4??

GroupingGrouping

After distinguishing the figure from the ground, our After distinguishing the figure from the ground, our perception needs to organize the figure into a meaningful perception needs to organize the figure into a meaningful form using grouping rulesform using grouping rules

Grouping and RealityGrouping and Reality

Although grouping principles usually help us construct Although grouping principles usually help us construct reality, they may occasionally lead us astray.reality, they may occasionally lead us astray.

Depth PerceptionDepth Perception

Depth Perception:Depth Perception: Ability to see objects in three dimensions Ability to see objects in three dimensions

although the images that strike the retina are although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensionaltwo-dimensional

Allows us to perceive distanceAllows us to perceive distance

Depth Perception:Depth Perception:Binocular CuesBinocular Cues

Why is itWhy is it difficult difficult to bring the tips of to bring the tips of two pens together with two pens together with one eye one eye closedclosed??

How does the brain use How does the brain use retinal retinal disparitydisparity toto perceive perceive distancedistance??

How do How do 3-D movies 3-D movies apply apply principles principles of of binocular cuesbinocular cues??

Depth Perception:Depth Perception:Binocular CuesBinocular Cues

Visual Cliff

Depth perception enables us to judge distances. Depth perception enables us to judge distances. Gibson and Walk (1960) suggested that human Gibson and Walk (1960) suggested that human

infants (crawling age) have depth perception. Even infants (crawling age) have depth perception. Even newborn animals show depth perception.newborn animals show depth perception.

Depth Perception:Depth Perception:Binocular Cues:Binocular Cues:

Try looking at your two index fingers when pointing them Try looking at your two index fingers when pointing them towards each other half an inch apart and about 5 inches towards each other half an inch apart and about 5 inches

directly in front of your eyes. What do you see?directly in front of your eyes. What do you see?

Depth PerceptionDepth Perception

Binocular Cues:Binocular Cues: ConvergenceConvergence Retinal DisparityRetinal Disparity

Monocular Cues:Monocular Cues: Relative HeightRelative Height InterpositionInterposition Light/ShadowsLight/Shadows Texture/DetailTexture/Detail Motion ParallaxMotion Parallax Linear PerspectiveLinear Perspective Relative MotionRelative Motion

Perceptual ConstancyPerceptual Constancy

Perceptual Constancy:Perceptual Constancy: Perceiving objects as unchanging (having Perceiving objects as unchanging (having

consistent shapes, size, lightness, and color) consistent shapes, size, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images even as illumination and retinal images changechange

Perceptual Set:Perceptual Set: A mental predisposition to perceive one thing A mental predisposition to perceive one thing

and not anotherand not another

Perceptual Constancy:Perceptual Constancy:Shape ConstancyShape Constancy

Perceptual Constancy:Perceptual Constancy:Color ConstancyColor Constancy

Perceptual Constancy:Perceptual Constancy:Light ConstancyLight Constancy

The color and brightness of square A and B are the same.

Size-Distance RelationshipSize-Distance Relationship

The distant monster (below, left) and the top red The distant monster (below, left) and the top red bar (below, right) appear bigger because of bar (below, right) appear bigger because of

distance cues.distance cues.

Size-Distance Relationship:Size-Distance Relationship:Ames RoomAmes Room

Both girls in the room are of similar height.

However, we perceive them to be of different heights as they stand in the two corners of the room.

Size-Distance Relationship:Size-Distance Relationship:Ames RoomAmes Room

The Ames room is designed to demonstrate the size-distance illusion.

3-D Sidewalk Illusions3-D Sidewalk Illusions

3-D Sidewalk Illusions3-D Sidewalk Illusions

3-D Sidewalk Illusions3-D Sidewalk Illusions

3-D Sidewalk Illusions3-D Sidewalk Illusions

3-D Sidewalk Illusions3-D Sidewalk Illusions

Perceptual SetPerceptual Set

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. What you see in the center and not another. What you see in the center picture is influenced by mixing both pictures.picture is influenced by mixing both pictures.

Perceptual SetPerceptual Set

(a) Loch Ness monster or a tree trunk; (b) Flying saucers or

clouds?

Other examples of perceptual set.

Influences of PerceptionInfluences of Perception

ReviewReview

How do How do gestaltsgestalts influenceinfluence our our perceptionperception??

How do we use How do we use retinal disparity retinal disparity to to understandunderstand depthdepth??

What does What does perceptual set perceptual set suggestsuggest about about our abilities to our abilities to perceiveperceive??

How do How do biologicalbiological, , psychologicalpsychological, and , and social-culturalsocial-cultural influences influences affect affect our our perceptionperception??

HomeworkHomework

Unit 4 Test:Unit 4 Test: “Sensation and Perception”“Sensation and Perception”

Chapter 5 Outline:Chapter 5 Outline: “States of “States of Consciousness”Consciousness”