Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes
-
Upload
iroquois-central-high-school -
Category
Education
-
view
2.280 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes
![Page 1: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
3:00
![Page 2: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Physical (AKA – Mechanical) –
Abrasion –
Frost Wedging –
Plants –
Exfoliation -
Chemical –
Carbonation –
Oxidation –
Hydration –
Plant Acids –
Acid Rain -
=
the breaking of rock into smaller particles called sediment.
![Page 3: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Types of WeatheringTypes of Weathering
Physical –causes a rock to crack or break into pieces without changing it chemically
![Page 4: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Physical (AKA – Mechanical) –causes a rock to crack or break into pieces without changing it
chemically
Abrasion –
Frost Wedging –
Plants –
Exfoliation -
Chemical –
Carbonation –
Oxidation –
Hydration –
Plant Acids –
Acid Rain -
=
the breaking of rock into smaller particles called sediment.
![Page 5: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Physical Weathering
Abrasion sediments carried by streams and wind blown
sand cause particles to collide into each other and the surrounding rock.
![Page 6: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Physical (AKA – Mechanical) –causes a rock to crack or break into pieces without changing it
chemically
Abrasion – Bump & Grind (streams/wind) smooth rounded particlesFrost Wedging –
Plants –
Exfoliation -
Chemical –
Carbonation –
Oxidation –
Hydration –
Plant Acids –
Acid Rain -
=
the breaking of rock into smaller particles called sediment.
![Page 7: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Physical WeatheringFrost wedging
water seeps into the cracks in a rock and freezes causing the ice to expand.
![Page 8: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
![Page 9: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Physical (AKA – Mechanical) –causes a rock to crack or break into pieces without changing it chemically
Abrasion – Bump & Grind (streams/wind)Smooth, rounded particles
Frost Wedging – water seeps into the cracks in a rock and freezes causing the ice to expand
Plants –
Exfoliation -
Chemical –
Carbonation –
Oxidation –
Hydration –
Plant Acids –
Acid Rain -
=
the breaking of rock into smaller particles called sediment.
![Page 10: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Physical Weathering
Plants Trees and shrubs can
grow through cracks in rocks.
Their roots wedge into crevices.
![Page 11: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Physical (AKA – Mechanical) –causes a rock to crack or break into pieces without changing it chemically
Abrasion – Bump & Grind (streams/wind)
Frost Wedging – water seeps into the cracks in a rock and freezes causing the ice to expand
Plants – roots wedge into rock and grow (expand)
Exfoliation -
Chemical –
Carbonation –
Oxidation –
Hydration –
Plant Acids –
Acid Rain -
=
the breaking of rock into smaller particles called sediment.
![Page 12: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Physical Weathering
Exfoliation –cycle of heating and cooling causes the rock to expand & contract so it breaks off in slabs or layers.
![Page 13: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
![Page 14: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Physical (AKA – Mechanical) –causes a rock to crack or break into pieces without changing it chemically
Abrasion – Bump & Grind (streams/wind)
Frost Wedging – water seeps into the cracks in a rock and freezes causing the ice to expand
Plants – roots wedge into rock and grow (expand)
Exfoliation – Freeze & Thaw causes rock to “peel”
Chemical –
Carbonation –
Oxidation –
Hydration –
Plant Acids –
Acid Rain -
=
the breaking of rock into smaller particles called sediment.
![Page 15: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Chemical – Any process that causes rocks to breakdown by chemical action and results in a change in the minerals (chemical composition).
Types of Weathering
![Page 16: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Physical (AKA – Mechanical) –causes a rock to crack or break into pieces without changing it
chemically
Abrasion –
Frost Wedging –
Plants –
Exfoliation -
Chemical – involves water + it changes the rocks chemical composition
Carbonation –
Oxidation –
Hydration –
Plant Acids –
Acid Rain -
=
the breaking of rock into smaller particles called sediment.
![Page 17: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Chemical Weathering
Carbonation – carbon dioxide in the atmosphere dissolves in the droplets of water that make-up clouds.
This forms a weak carbonic acid.
Carbonic acid reacts with certain rocks and minerals which include: calcite, limestone, marble and chalk.
![Page 18: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Physical (AKA – Mechanical) –causes a rock to crack or break into pieces without changing it
chemically
Abrasion –
Frost Wedging –
Plants –
Exfoliation -
Chemical – involves water + it changes the rocks chemical composition
Carbonation – CO2 + H2O form weak acid that dissolves limestoneOxidation –
Hydration –
Plant Acids –
Acid Rain -
=the breaking of rock into smaller particles called sediment.
![Page 19: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Chemical Weathering
Oxidation - Water + Oxygen = Rust
![Page 20: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Chemical Weathering
Hydration
![Page 21: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Physical (AKA – Mechanical) –causes a rock to crack or break into pieces without changing it
chemically
Abrasion –
Frost Wedging –
Plants –
Exfoliation -
Chemical – involves water + it changes the rocks chemical composition
Carbonation – CO2 + H2O form weak acid that dissolves limestoneOxidation – RustHydration – Water dissolves mineral to clayPlant Acids –
Acid Rain -
=
the breaking of rock into smaller particles called sediment.
![Page 22: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Chemical Weathering
Plant Acids – Plants produce weak acids that dissolve minerals in a rock, weakening the rock.
![Page 23: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Chemical Weathering
Acid Rain – Gases produced by humans can dissolve in the water droplets of a cloud to produce acid rain. These acids include:
H2SO4 – sulfuric acid
HNO3 – nitric acid
![Page 24: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Physical (AKA – Mechanical) –causes a rock to crack or break into pieces without changing it
chemically
Abrasion –
Frost Wedging –
Plants –
Exfoliation -
Chemical – involves water + it changes the rocks chemical composition
Carbonation – CO2 + H2O form weak acid that dissolves limestoneOxidation – RustHydration – Water dissolves mineral to clayPlant Acids – plants produce weak acid that dissolves rocks.Acid Rain – man-made!
=
the breaking of rock into smaller particles called sediment.
![Page 25: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Results in:Sediments (ESRT pg 6)Dissolved MineralsSoil (pg 6 & 7 )Erosion (pg 8 )
Weathering
4 things that help:
My Definition of Weathering
Water
Physic
al
Physic
al
Chemical
Chemical
Caves/Caves/KarstKarst
ClayClay
Dissolved Dissolved minerals minerals
(hard (hard water)water)
Abrasion – Abrasion – smooth & smooth & roundedrounded
The The WEDGEWEDGE
ExfoliationExfoliation
Climate
Rock TypeExposure
Particle SizeTime
![Page 26: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Rates of Weathering
FAST SLOW
ClimateTemp & Temp & MoistureMoisture
Cold/Warm & DryCold/Warm & DryWarm & WetWarm & Wet
Rock TypeRock Type Igneous & MetamorphicSedimentary
Shale/siltstone – conglomerate - limestone
Sandstone Dolostone
![Page 27: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Rates of Weathering
Climate is the major factor that affects the rate of weathering
![Page 28: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Due to climate and different weathering processes, landscapes develop differently.
Arid Climate – angular,
sharp edges, little
vegetation
Rates of Weathering
![Page 29: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Humid Climate – soft, rounded with
vegetation
Rates of Weathering
![Page 30: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Rock Types – cause softer, less resistant rocks to wear away, leaving harder, more resistant rocks behind.
Limestone (A) is most resistant
Shale (B) is least resistant
Rates of Weathering
![Page 31: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Carpenter Falls shows differential weathering.
Rates of Weathering
![Page 32: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Rates of Weathering
Niagara Falls
![Page 33: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Rates of Weatheri
ngFAST SLOW
ExposureAnd And TIMETIME
Underground/Underground/lesstimelesstime
Above GroundAbove Ground
Particle Size Or Surface
Area
Large size or less surface area
Small size or more surface area
![Page 34: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Rates of WeatheringParticle Size – As a rock breaks into smaller pieces, the surface area increases, and therefore the rate of weathering increases.
![Page 35: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Products of Weathering
Solid Sediments
Colloids • very small solid particles, too small to be seen with an ordinary microscope, and too light to settle in water.
• Even in calm water, they remain suspended within the water.
Size by name and number is in ESRT pg 6
![Page 36: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Products of Weathering
In western New York that may mean calcium and lime deposits on your shower or if you have a well, sulfur and rust stains in the sink.
Dissolved Minerals – cause the “hardness” in groundwater (and surface water).
![Page 37: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Chemical Weathering
Carbonation – carbon dioxide in the atmosphere dissolves in the droplets of water that make-up clouds.
This forms a weak carbonic acid.
Carbonic acid reacts with certain rocks and minerals which include: calcite, limestone, marble and chalk.
![Page 38: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Carlsbad Cavern, New Mexico
![Page 39: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Sinkhole - Florida
![Page 40: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
![Page 41: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Formation of Caverns – pg 5 in pg 5 in notesnotes
Label your diagram and explain how caves form in limestone!
Use a textbook – pg 310 - 311Use a textbook – pg 310 - 311
![Page 42: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Products of Weathering - Soil
Read pg 7 and Read pg 7 and complete the complete the “Etch-a-Sketch” on “Etch-a-Sketch” on pg 6 of the notespg 6 of the notes
• You may need You may need to use a text to use a text book for picture book for picture ideas.ideas.
![Page 43: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Residual Vs. Transported
• If the soil does not match the parent rock is transported
• if the sediments match the parent rock the soil is residual.
• NYS has mostly NYS has mostly transported transported sediments because of sediments because of glaciation!glaciation! Slide 49
![Page 44: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Created by L. ZimmermanAhead to 6:25
![Page 45: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Definition: - Transporting or moving weathered sediments
Driving Force: GRAVITYGRAVITY
GLACIERSGLACIERS•Unsorted & loose
•Scratched•Polished•U- shape valleys
WATERWATER•#1 agent•Well sorted•Smooth •Rounded
GRAVITYGRAVITY•Unsorted•Mass wasting•Creep •Slump•Talus
HumansHumans•Farming•Mining•Deforestation
Transported Sediment =
Click here
Residual Sediment =
WAVESWAVES•Beaches•Longshore current•Jetties & Groins
WINDWIND•Arid Deserts•Dunes•Pitted/frosted
![Page 46: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Erosion by Gravity
MUDSLIDEMUDSLIDE
![Page 47: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Erosion by Gravity
SlumpSlump
Talus SlopeTalus Slope
![Page 48: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Erosion by wind
![Page 49: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Deposition
Factors affecting Factors affecting DepositionDeposition: :
SIZE SIZE VelocityVelocity
ShapeShape Gradient GradientDensityDensity Discharge Discharge
Water Deposits•Well Sorted•Rounded
•Smooth•Abrasion
Vertical Sorting - Horizontal Sorting
The settling or dropping of particles after being picked up by an agent of erosion
![Page 50: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Wind DepositsWind Deposits
•Similar to water
•Loss of velocity will result in deposition by size
•Well sorted
•Graded bedding
Velocity = FAST - ErosionVelocity = FAST - Erosion
Velocity = Slow - DepositionVelocity = Slow - DepositionSkip to 60
![Page 51: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
DepositionSizeSize – As the size of sediment increases, the rate of
deposition increases.
Page 6 ESRT
![Page 52: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Deposition
DensityDensity – As the density of sediment increases, the rate of deposition increases.
ShapeShape – The flatter the particle the slower the deposition.
![Page 53: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
As Velocity goes upup – Erosion goes upup and Deposition goes downdown
As Gradient gets steepersteeper – Erosion goes upup and Deposition goes downdown
As Discharge increasesincreases – Erosion goes upup.
Deposition
![Page 54: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Deposition Particle Size vs. Stream Velocity
Page 6 of ESRT
![Page 55: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Deposition
When a stream enters a body of water, its speed will decrease, and therefore the deposition of sediments occurs.A deposit at the mouth of
a stream where it enters a large body of water is called a delta.
![Page 56: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
The Mississippi Delta
![Page 57: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
A delta is an example of the horizontal deposition of sediments in the water.
Clay
Boulders Cobbles
PebblesEvidence of Sorted Sediment
Deposition
![Page 58: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Deposition
![Page 59: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Deposition
Factors affecting Deposition:
SIZE SIZE VelocityVelocity
ShapeShape Gradient GradientDensityDensity Discharge Discharge
Water DepositsWell sorted, round,
smooth, graded bedding
Vertical Sorting –mixed particles in order of big, medium, small due to changes in velocity
Horizontal Sorting – Occurs when a stream enters a large body of water &loses velocity
The settling or dropping of particles after being picked up by an agent of erosion
Back to 50
![Page 60: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Erosional/Depostional Systems
RIVERS
YOUNGYOUNG
OLDOLD
MATUREMATURE
V shaped valley
Fast
Steep
Straight
Rapids & Waterfalls
Medium slope
Slight curves
Medium speed
Narrow floodplain
Small rapids
Flat
Slow
Lots of meanders
Straight
Wide floodplain & Channel
![Page 61: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Erosional/Depositional Systems - Rivers
![Page 62: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
The bends in a stream’s channel are called meanders
Erosional/Depositional Systems - Rivers
![Page 63: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Erosional/Depositional Systems - Rivers
Arial Map View of a stream Channel
![Page 64: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
At the outside of the curve, the stream velocity increases, therefore erosion occurs.
At the inside of the curve, the stream velocity decreases, therefore deposition occurs.
Erosional/Depositional Systems - Rivers
![Page 65: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
DepositionDeposition
ErosionErosion
Erosional/Depositional Systems - Rivers
![Page 66: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Formation of Oxbow Lake – the work of erosion and deposition
Erosional/Depositional Systems - Rivers
Oxbow Formation Oxbow Formation
Part 1
Part 2 – Why?
![Page 67: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
![Page 68: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Erosional/Depositional Systems - Glaciers Glaciers can really
move a lot of materialmove a lot of material, dramatically changing the surface of the earth.
2 Types:2 Types:
Continental – covered NYS over 10,000 years ago and is the cause cause of our “till” deposits, of our “till” deposits, finger lakes and finger lakes and transported soils!transported soils!
Alpine – in mountains Create U-ShapedU-Shaped valleys
![Page 69: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Erosional/Depositional Systems - Glaciers
![Page 70: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Erosional/Depositional Systems - GlaciersContinental GlacierContinental Glacier
GLACIERSFeatures:
Alpine GlacierAlpine Glacier
Unsorted, loose depositsGround up rock flour or glacial tillMorainesU-shape ValleysKettle lakes, drumlins, outwash plainsErratics – large boulders that don’t match the natural bedrock
Moved from the north (pole) to the south
Move downhill!
![Page 71: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Erosional/Depositional Systems - Glaciers Glacial Features
A. Terminal Moraine
B. Lateral Moraine
C. Glacial stream
D. Outwash plains
E. Braided streams
F. U- Shaped Valleys
![Page 72: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Erosional/Depositional Systems - Glaciers
During Glaciation
Post - Glaciation
Holy Goodness – it’s a U Holy Goodness – it’s a U shape valley!shape valley!
![Page 73: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
The Work of WavesThe most important agent shaping coastal landforms is wave action.
And WHY do you need to know this? – because Long Island is in NYS!
![Page 74: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
As wind moves over the ocean, it As wind moves over the ocean, it produces waves and currents that erode produces waves and currents that erode the bordering land.the bordering land.
Waves can also be produced by underwater earthquakes and the effect of the moon in producing tides.
![Page 75: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
The height of a wind created wave depends on the length of time the wind blows and the Fetch.
Fetch is the length of open water over Fetch is the length of open water over which the wind blows.which the wind blows.
Normal winds rarely produce ocean waves higher than 15m.
![Page 76: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Each particle moves in place in a circular motion.
This motion occurs below the surface as well, in smaller and smaller circles.
![Page 77: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
SURF
When waves enter shallow water near the shore, they drag against the bottom.
The waves then become unstable and water rushes toward the shore as breaking waves or surf.
![Page 78: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Wave movement toward the shore often builds Wave movement toward the shore often builds up a strip of sediment at the coastline called a up a strip of sediment at the coastline called a beach.beach.
Beaches are composed of whatever sediment is Beaches are composed of whatever sediment is available, but most beaches are composed of available, but most beaches are composed of sand.sand.
![Page 79: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Waves moving at an angle to the shoreline push water along the shore creating a longshore current.
A longshore current is a movement of water parallel to and near the shoreline.
Longshore currents transport sand in a direction parallel to the shoreline.
![Page 80: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Sand moving along a relatively straight shore keeps moving until the shoreline changes direction.
This happens at bays and headlands.
Here the longshore current slows and sand is deposited at the near end of the headland.
A long narrow deposit of sand connected at one end to the shore is called a spit.
![Page 81: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
SPIT
![Page 82: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Long Point, Lake Erie, Canada
Long Shore Current
Long Shore Current
![Page 83: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Rip Currents
![Page 84: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Oregon Inlet – Nags Head, NC
![Page 85: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
During storms waves can be much During storms waves can be much more powerful than normal.more powerful than normal.
![Page 86: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
During these times the beach During these times the beach tends to erode more and the tends to erode more and the sand is carried back into the sand is carried back into the ocean.ocean.There it is usually deposited There it is usually deposited as underwater bars parallel as underwater bars parallel to the shore.to the shore.
![Page 87: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
If these sand bars rise above the average sea If these sand bars rise above the average sea level winds will help to pile up sediment.level winds will help to pile up sediment.
When vegetation begins to grow and stabilize the When vegetation begins to grow and stabilize the offshore sediment pile, a barrier island is created.offshore sediment pile, a barrier island is created.
![Page 88: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Outer Banks, NC – Barrier Islands
![Page 89: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Hatteras – Ocracoke Island, NC
Pamlico Sound (Land Side)
Atlantic Ocean – Sea Side
Barrier Island
![Page 90: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Man-Made structures – Help or Hindrance? Groins and jetties are
built perpendicular to the shoreline.
Groins extend like fingers away from the shore.
Jetties are built where a river empties into ocean.
![Page 91: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
The Problem????
![Page 92: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Landscape Development
How is the Earth’s surface shaped by weathering, erosion and deposition?
![Page 93: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Landscape Development
Landscape: A region on the Earth’s surface in which physical features, such as hills, valleys, and streams are related by a common origin (it simply means “scenery”)
Three (3) main types: Mountains, Plains and PlateausMountains, Plains and Plateaus
![Page 94: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Landscape Development
MountainsMountains
Greatest relief between their peaks and valleys
Created by tectonic forces (igneous and metamorphic rocks)
![Page 95: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Landscape Development
MountainsMountains
Steep mountain slopes have fast erosive streams acting on them, creating deep valleys and waterfalls
![Page 96: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Landscape Region
MOUNTAINS:
Elevation:
HIGHSlope:
STEEP
Common Rock Type:
IGNEOUS/Metamorphic
Unique Features:
Rapids/waterfalls, steep gorges
![Page 97: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Landscape Development
Plateaus
Low relief (flat)
High elevation
Horizontal rock formations
![Page 98: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Landscape Development
PlateausPlateaus
Streams can cut steep valleys into plateaus and dissect them
Ex: Grand Canyon Catskills, NY
![Page 99: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Landscape Development
And our own Grand Canyon of the East
Letchworth State ParkLetchworth State Park
Located on the Allegheny Plateau of New York State
![Page 100: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Landscape Region
PLATEAU:
Elevation: Slope: Common Unique Rock Type: Features:
HIGH Elevation Flat Sedimentary CanyonsLOW relief
![Page 101: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Landscape Development
Plains (lowlands)Plains (lowlands)
Have the least relief
Generally flat and low elevations
Underlain by flat layers of sedimentary rock
![Page 102: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Landscape Region
LOWLANDS (PLAINS):
Elevation:
LOW
Slope:
FLAT
Common Rock Type:
Sedimentary
Unique Features:
Found along lakes/shorelines and rivers
![Page 103: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
HumansHumans
Tectonic ForcesTectonic Forces
ClimateClimate
TimeTime
Crustal MaterialsCrustal Materials
Humid
LANDSCAPELANDSCAPE
DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT
ARIDARID
97
![Page 104: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Sharon Johnson http://GeoImages.Berkeley.EDU.
Tectonics
Tectonic activity is an “earth-building” activity
![Page 105: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Sharon Johnson http://GeoImages.Berkeley.EDU.
Folding and Faulting
![Page 106: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
http://www.geog.ouc.bc.ca/physgeog/contents/10l.html
Folding and Faulting
Folding is the process that bends and twists rocks, usually due to compression
Faulting is the process where rocks move past each other along a fracture
82
![Page 107: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
http://www4.vc-net.ne.jp/~klivo/gen/nmapeng.gif
Landscape Development
The Niagara escarpment is the exposed edge of a large scale syncline (geosyncline). = Limestone and Dolostone
![Page 108: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
http://www4.vc-net.ne.jp/~klivo/gen/geology.htm
Landscape Development
In Ontario, the Niagara Escarpment has been formed by differential erosion. = Limestone Hard!
![Page 109: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Landscape Development
Where rivers cross the escarpment, waterfalls may be formed by undercutting.
![Page 110: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Some QUITE Spectacular!
![Page 111: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Landscape Development
Due to different rock types in the same area, the harder rock (competent) will form hills and ridges
Erosion of the weaker rock (incompetent) will make major valleys
Streams tend to follow areas of weaker rock
![Page 112: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Landscape Development
How does landscape affect stream drainage patterns? Landscape determines how a river will flow and
what it will erode!
![Page 113: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Landscape Development
Stream Drainage Patterns
![Page 114: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Landscape Development
CLIMATE is most influential in determining the rate of landscape development.
![Page 115: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Arid Climate
Less water erosion More steep and angular
slopes. Shows fewer signs of
erosion
![Page 116: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Humid Climate
More weathering More erosion More deposition Rounded hills Less steep slopes Promotes lush
vegetation
82
![Page 117: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Landscape Development
Humans effect on landscape has been profound
Farming, mining and construction can cause severe erosion
84
![Page 118: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Landscape Development
The stage of development of a landscape is determined by the duration of time it has been acted upon
Older landscapes show more effects of weathering and erosion
84
![Page 119: Unit 4 surface processes and landscapes](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/5408f4328d7f7263058b45d6/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Created by L. Zimmerman
Landscape Development
Landscapes of New York State (page 2 in reference table)
Most NYS soils are unsorted sediments deposited by the most recent continental glacier
Rock types and structures found in NYS were Rock types and structures found in NYS were determined prior to glaciation, however glaciers determined prior to glaciation, however glaciers modified the landscape.modified the landscape.