The term homeostasis refers to the body’s attempt _______

__________________________________________

Your body systems must ____________________to

maintain a stable internal environment - _________________

The body is trying to maintain ______________________

_______________, through a series of monitored

adjustments.

Unit 4 Homeostasis

This system of active balance requires constant

_____________________________about body

conditions.

Conditions included :

All homeostatic control systems have

three functional components:

______________(monitors) located in _______ signal a

________________once homeostasis is disrupted. The

coordinating centre sends a ________ signal to the

appropriate __________, which restores balance.

Example

When exercising ____________increase in the blood.

______________(monitor) in the _________are

stimulated

The _________ (coordinating centre) signals ________

(regulator) to increase the ______________of breathing.

Feedback Systems

Mechanisms that make adjustments to _____________

______________________ are referred to as ________

______________ systems.

This type of control circuit is called _____________

feedback because the response ____________ the

original stimulus.

Think body temperature!

__________ feedback mechanisms prevent _______

changes from becoming too _______.

Most mechanisms in ________ operate on this way.

There are also ___________ feedback loops:

In _________, the response ______________

_________________ the original stimulus.

Think labour contractions.

A decrease in ________________ (pregnancy

hormone) initiates small _______________ of

the uterus

The contractions ________________(hormone),

which causes _________________________

As the baby moves along there is a greater

release of _____________. This continues.

Thermoregulation

Mammals and birds are ______________; they maintain a

_______________________regardless of their surroundings.

During ____________ harmful products are

produced and must be _____________________.

The Urinary System

Example:

Excess ___________ in the diet is often converted into _________.

The _____________in protein must be removed (_____________

in liver) and discarded by the body.

The byproduct of this process is a ________, water-soluble gas:

_______________

The liver therefore ____________________________into the less

toxic substance ________

Urinary System Anatomy

Blood flows into the kidneys via the ______________

Wastes are filtered and sent to the __________________________.

From the bladder urine travels through the ________________ into

the ____________

An outer layer of

connective tissue, the

_______ encircles the

kidney.An inner layer,

the _______, is found

beneath the cortex. A

hollow chamber, the

__________, joins the

kidney with the ______.

Nephrons

The functional units of the kidneys ___________.

The ___________, branches into _________________

and eventually to capillaries which reside in the ______________.

The capillaries leave the __________________ within ____________________(not

venules)

Next blood flows into a net of _______________________

The glomerulus is surrounded by a _________________.

Fluids to become urine leave the blood and enter the Bowman’s

capsule.

The fluid moves from here into the ____________________, down to

the ______________, and into the __________________, finally

emptying into the ______________________.

Urine formation depends on three functions.

1. ____________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________

3. _____________________________________________

1. Filtration

As blood moves through the ___________________into the

___________ it's ____________________from about 25 mm Hg to 65

mm Hg

Because materials move from ____________________, solutes in the

blood pass from the ________________________________________.

Some molecules are ______________________________________and

therefore remain in the blood.

2. Reabsorption

If not for ________________, you would form ________of urine each minute!

In reality only ______of urine is formed for every __________of fluids filtered into

the ____________

________________________occurs by both active (________________) and

_____________transport (no ___________required).

___________________ occurs until the _______________________of a

substance is reached. Ex. Excess ______________________________________.

3. Secretion

Secretion is the __________________________

_______________________________________.

Nitrogen-containing wastes, excess _________

___________________________________

Like reabsorption, ___________________occurs

by ___________________.

The body adjusts for:

______________________by increasing ____ output.

- ___________________or decreased water intake by

______________output.

The process also requires the __________________

__________________________________

Fluid Balance

Regulating ADH

______________________ (ADH)—helps regulate the

_______________of body fluids

ADH causes the ____________ to increase water ____________.

More ADH, more _____________________________

ADH, is produced in the __________________ and

stored in the ___________________.

_______________ releases ADH into the ________.

____________________ in the hypothalamus detect changes

in _____________________.

When you ___________ water intake or ___________ water

loss — blood solutes become _____________________.

This increases the __________________________(think

pulling pressure or blood _____________.).

Water moves into the ____________, causing the cells of the

________________________________

Message sent _________________- _________________

Kidneys now _________________,(more concentrated urine),

___________________________can't increase any further.

The shrinking of the cells of the hypothalamus also _________________

_____________________________________

As you drink fluid and ____________________(concentration of solutes

decreases) fluids move from the __________________________.

The cells _________, and the pituitary slows ______________________,

causing _______________to be reabsorbed from the _____________.

Strange but True: Drinking Too Much Water Can Kill

In a hydration-obsessed culture, people can and do drink themselves to death.

Hyponatremia - means having a blood sodium concentration below 135 millimoles per liter.

Severe cases of hyponatremia can lead to water intoxication.

When a person drinks too much water in a short period of time, the kidneys cannot flush it out fast

enough. Drawn to regions where the concentration of salt and other dissolved substances is higher,

excess water leaves the blood and ultimately enters the cells, which swell like balloons to accommodate

it.

Most cells have room to stretch because they are embedded in flexible tissues such as fat and muscle,

but this is not the case for neurons. Brain cells are tightly packaged inside a rigid boney cage, the skull,

and they have to share this space with blood and cerebrospinal fluid.

Almost all water is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule.

Most of the rest of the nephron is impermeable to water

ADH makes the upper part of the distal tubule and collecting duct

permeable to water, allowing greater reabsorption, and a more

concentrated urine.

Kidneys and Blood Pressure

The kidneys help regulate blood pressure by

______________________________.

The hormone __________________ (from

________________ glands) acts on the

_________ to increase _________________,

causing high __________________outside of the

nephron so ________________moves out.

pH Balance

The kidneys also help maintain pH balance.

the pH of the body _______________.

Most foods as well as cellular respiration, produce ______

that _________ to produce _________. This will ________

_______________ is maintained by _______________that

absorb ____________________or ions that act as bases.

The buffer system of the blood ______________________ions; however,

the buffer must be _______________. This is where the kidneys come in.

They _____________________.

The integration of body functions depends ____________

These are ____________________ produced by cells in

_____________of the body that affect cells in _________

____________ body.

Hormones produced in _________ and secreted directly

into the ________ are referred to as ________________.

The Endocrine System

The _______________________system together provide control of

______________________.

The _________________ system is designed to ______________over

a _________ duration. (____________________________hormones

sustain development for years)

Hormones (about __) can be classified according to their _____________.

______________________________- They affect many cells.

a. _____________________________________-regulates the

development of the _______________.

b. ___________ - regulates ________________

c. ___________________________ is produced in times of ________.

___________________

a. _________________________- regulates _________ levels in the body

b. _________ - stimulates ______________cells to produce __________

enzymes.

Hormones do not ______________. Cells may have ______________for

one __________________________.

The number of receptors found on ______________________________

Two main groups of hormones, which differ in _____________________

_______________________

The first group, _________________________, are made from

_________________ and includes ____________________and _______

The second group, ________________________, includes _________

____________________________

_____________________enter cells and combine with ___________

____________ located in the ____________.

______________________________then moves into the _________

and attaches to ___________, activating a _______ that sends a

message to the _____________, to begin producing a specific

_________.

_________________combine with _______________ on the

cell __________________.

The _________________form a ______________________

that activates the production of an enzyme called _________

_______________. The enzyme converts _____________

which activates enzymes in the ___________ to carry out

their normal functions

The Pituitary Gland

The ______________________________controls many other _________________.

It is connected to the ______________________ (homeostasis).

_____________________produces and stores _______________.

The _________________ stimulates the release of ____________ by the

___________________.

Composed of the _________________________ lobe.

The ____________ lobe of the ___________ stores and

releases hormones, like _________________, produced by

the ________________________.

The _____________produces its own ___________ but is

still regulated by the ___________________

adrenocorticotropic

hormone

Some hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and

are ___________________ which control the

____________________from the _________ lobe of

the pituitary.

The releasing factor, called ______________, inhibits

the secretion of ___________________ a pituitary

hormone that _________________________in women

who have given birth.

Other Glands...

Thyroid gland

Thyroid hormones ________________________.

Major hormones are __________________________________

The thyroid hormones contain _______________

____________ deficiency can lead to a disorder called _______

Pancreas

Two functions.

1. ___________________________into the small

intestine.

2. ______________________secrete __________

______________ to regulate the _____________level.

Adrenal Glands

These sit on top of ____________.

The medulla secretes ___________________and _______________

_______________

The cortex secretes __________________________________. (anti-inflammatory - suppress the immune system)

Gonads

The secretion of __________________by the gonads

is controlled by pituitary gland hormones such as

____________________________________________

While both _______ make some of _______ of the

hormones, typically ____________secrete primarily

______________ including testosterone. Female

_____________ make ___________________ in

varying amounts

Pineal gland

This gland is located near the ________________and

secretes ___________________.

Melatonin promotes _____________________It also affects

______________ functions by depressing the activity of the

______, and affects ________________________functions.

The pancreas contains two types of cells, one of which produces hormones.

These cells are part of structures called the ____________________________

The islets contain _______________________________.

___________ cells produce __________________- released when __________

_____________________

________ causes cells to become _______________________________.

Hormones and Glucose

________ cells produce _________ - released when blood sugar

__________________.

Glucagon promotes conversion of ________________________.

Diabetes

Caused by insufficient production ______________.

Left untreated, can cause ____________________________, nerve damage.

Without enough _________________________________(hyperglycemia).

- The kidneys are unable to _____________________________________

- High [glucose] in the ____________________________________of the plasma

- Experience ________________levels.

- Cells look for other sources of __________ like ______________________

- ___________, (product of excessive _____________________), can be produced

There are three main types of ______________________.

- Type 1 diabetes occurs when the _________________________(10% of people)

- Type 2 diabetes - ________________________or _____________of the insulin

that the body does

  can be controlled with ______________________________ ( 90% of people)

- _____________________, is a temporary condition that occurs in 2% to 4% of

pregnancies

Canadian _____________________and assistant, ___________

who was a graduate student in biochemistry, isolated the hormone

from the pancreas that when _____________________that had

their _________________________, stopped diabetes symptoms

In 1923, _________ was awarded the Nobel Prize for __________

_________________________.

Recall that the adrenal glands produce

__________________________________.

In a stress situation,

____________________________________are released

from the ____________ into the blood.

They cause ________________levels to rises.

(__________________________)

Increased ___________level ensures that a __________

___________will be available for the ________________.

These hormones also increase ______________________

______________________________________________.

Recall the adrenal cortex produces a type of hormone called

glucocorticoids (blood glucose levels).

Cortisol, increases the level of amino acids in the blood to help the body

recover from stress.

The amino acids are converted into glucose by the liver, raising the level

of blood sugar.

Increased glucose levels provides energy for cell recovery.

Any of the amino acids not converted can be used to repair damaged

cells.

When the brain identifies stressful situations.

Hormones and Metabolism

3 endocrine glands that affect metabolism:

1.

2.

3.

1. The thyroid gland produces two important thyroid hormones:

- _____________________________________________________

- they regulate _________________________________and differentiation

of tissues.

Individuals who secrete ______________________do not ___________

nutrients as quickly

Excess ______________is eventually converted into _________________.

Any left over _____________ is converted into ___________.

These people experience ___________________________________________

This is known as _____________________.

Control of thyroid hormones is through ______________________________________

Nerve cells secrete _____________________________________ which stimulates the

pituitary to release ____________________________________

__________________________________is carried by the blood to the _____________,

which, in turn, _______________________.

Thyroxine raises _______________________

Thyroxine inhibits ________________________from the hypothalamus, thus turning off

the production of _______________________.

The thyroid gland also ___________, a hormone that acts on ____________

to lower the level of _______________________________.

2. Four small _________________________within thyroid gland

respond to _______________________in the blood and stimulate the

release _____________________________________

A rise in PTH levels causes the _______________________________.

PTH causes _________________________while promoting calcium

release from __________.

Once PTH levels have _________________________, the release of PTH

________________.

Calcium levels signal both the __________________________________.

Very high levels of PTH can cause problems like the ________________

_______________________________________________________.

3. The effects of ________________are evident when too much or

too little is produced.

Low secretion can _______________________

High secretions can ______________________.

Growth hormone affects ________________________, but _____

________________ are affected most.

In soft tissues and bone ______________________________________

__________________________________________________________

It does this by ___________________________while inhibiting ________

___________________________

Growth hormone also stimulates ________________________________.

As you ages, growth hormone production begins to __________________

________________________________________________________.