Unit 3: Virginian Dynasty and Era of Good Feelings (Ch 11-12) Chapter 11 Election of 1800 Rise of...

Unit 3:Virginian Dynasty and Era of Good Feelings(Ch 11-12)

Chapter 11 Election of 1800 Rise of the Supreme Court Louisiana Purchase Trade issues (again)

The Revolution of 1800 Adams had become unpopular

Republicans disliked the Alien and Sedition Acts

Federalist disliked the peace with France

The Revolution of 1800 Because each state could choose its

own election day, voting lasted from April to October.

With the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans tied 65–65 in the Electoral College, the last state to vote, South Carolina, chose eight Democratic-Republicans, giving the election to Jefferson and Burr.

The Revolution of 1800 Under the United States Constitution,

each presidential elector cast two votes, without distinction as to which was for president or vice president. The recipient of a majority of votes was elected president, while the vice presidency went to the recipient of the second greatest number of votes.

The Revolution of 1800 The Democratic-Republicans had a plan

to have one of their electors cast a vote for another candidate instead of Burr, but failed to execute it. As a result, the Democratic-Republican electors each cast their two votes for Jefferson and Burr, giving each of them 73 votes.

A contingent election had to be held in the House of Representatives (the old House elected in 1798)

The Revolution of 1800 Thomas Jefferson defeats incumbent

John Adams to become the 3rd President of the United States

The Revolution of 1800 Election problem with the constitution still

exists Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron

Burr receive the same number of electoral votes

The decision of who became president fell to the House of Representatives Alexander Hamilton ultimately saw that

Jefferson, not Burr be elected The 12th Amendment would finally fix the

system

The Revolution of 1800 ‘Revolutionary’ peaceful transfer of

power The Federalist Party faded away!

The Two Jeffersons…

Federalists feared the ‘Revolutionary’ Jefferson. Considered to be too liberal Expected a significant change in the nation


Jefferson actually became more moderate Found that theory and practice were often different Kept many Federalist appointees in power

Un-did some of Adams blunderings Pardoned those serving sentences from the Alien and

Sedition Acts Removed the excise taxes


Jefferson’s overall restrain in leadership paved the way for the peaceful development of the two-party system.

The Supreme Court becomes Supreme… Judiciary Act of 1801

Adams and the Federalist Congress, in the closing days of his term appointed 16 federal judges (all federalists)

The Supreme Court becomes Supreme… Judiciary Act of 1801

Adams and the Federalist Congress, in the closing days of his term appointed 16 federal judges (all federalists)

1802 – The new Republican Congress repeals this act Jefferson orders Sec of State, James Madison to repeal all of

these judicial appointments One of the newly appointed Judges, William Marbury, sues for

his position (along with three others)

The Supreme Court becomes Supreme… Supreme Court Justice John Marshall denies

Marbury’s suit However, he denies it by explaining that it was

‘unconstitutional’ in the first place

The Supreme Court becomes Supreme… This decision developed and emboldened the idea of

judicial review and constitutional interpretation When Acts of Congress conflict with the Congress, they are

not law The courts must side with the constitution

The Supreme Court becomes Supreme… Jefferson, a proponent of states rights and state

review was furious



Discussed Tuesday!



Discussed Wednesday!


Chapter 11 Election of 1800 Rise of the Supreme Court

Louisiana Purchase Trade issues (again)

The French AGAIN??? 1800 – French dictator Napoleon

Bonaparte convinces Spain to cedes their territorial holdings in North America to France

The French AGAIN??? 1800 – French dictator Napoleon

Bonaparte convinces Spain to cedes their territorial holdings in North America to France Upon the transfer, France refused to

uphold old agreements between the US and Spain

Louisiana had become a key shipping a trade city – access was crucial

The French AGAIN??? Jefferson now had a ‘challenge’

If France retained control, the US had to form an alliance with Britain This would have almost certainly led to

war It was also against Jefferson’s principles

Land for Sale … Jefferson therefore

seeks to ‘Purchase’ the land from Napoleon peacefully.

Napoleon seeking to avoid another conflict with Britain and from repeated failure to develop the land – decides to sell.

Land for Sale … Napoleon seeking to

avoid another conflict with Britain and from repeated failure to develop the land – decides to sell.

Land for Sale … Jefferson therefore

seeks to ‘Purchase’ the land from Napoleon peacefully.

Napoleon seeking to avoid another conflict with Britain and from repeated failure to develop the land – decides to sell. The entire area of land was purchased for about 15 million dollars or about 3 cents an acre

Currently 22.3 % of the Modern United States

Mr. Lewis and Mr. Clark 1804 -- Meriwether Lewis and

William Clark Sent by Jefferson to explore the

northern part of the Louisiana Purchase

Aided by a young Indian woman, Sacajawea, Lewis and Clark successfully completed a 2.5 year journey to the Pacific Ocean

Mr. Lewis and Mr. Clark 1804 -- Meriwether Lewis and

William Clark The journey proved scientifically

monumental Specific attention given to observing

Indian tribes, plants, animals, climate and geography.

Returned successfully to St. Louis, Mo, 23 September 1806

Embargo A No Go … Tensions between France and Britain once again caused problems for the

US Both Britain and France refused to allow neutral nations to trade with their

respective enemies

Embargo A No Go … Tensions between France and Britain once again caused problems for the

US Both Britain and France refused to allow neutral nations to trade with their

respective enemies Britain issues the Orders of Council Both Britain and France begin stopping American ships Britain would board American Ships and take sailors (American Citizens) captive

Embargo A No Go … Embargo Act of 1807

Forbade the export of ALL goods from the US Designed to be temporary – lasted 15 months Did little to the Europeans, hurt the US more


Forbade the export of ALL goods from the US Designed to be temporary – lasted 15 months Did little to the Europeans, hurt the US more Eliminated 1 March 1809 – Replaced with the Non-Intercourse Act

Reopened trade with all countries, except Britain and France


Forbade the export of ALL goods from the US Designed to be temporary – lasted 15 months Did little to the Europeans, hurt the US more Eliminated 1 March 1809 – Replaced with the Non-Intercourse Act

Reopened trade with all countries, except Britain and France

Reasons it Failed: Overestimated the dependence on American Goods Good crop years in Europe Development of Latin America Not tightly enforced

James Madison Elected 1808 Political beliefs transform over time


Federalist Key author of the Federalist Papers Known as the ‘Father of the Constitution’ Chief author of the Bill of Rights Worked closely with Hamilton, Washington



Democrat Republican Worked with Jefferson to form the

Democrat-Republican party Became a states rights activist Following the War of 1812, pushes for a

stronger central government and large army



Democrat Republican Worked with Jefferson to form the

Democrat-Republican party Became a states rights activist Following the War of 1812, pushes for a

stronger central government and large army

Failed to avoid war in 1812 Fell to the pressure of the War Hawks

Elected to a second term

War of 1812: The Second War for American Independence Congress of 1811

Political faction known as the War Hawks Wanted war with Britain

Support of Native American raids???? Payback for Embargo, sailor imprisonment Opportunity to conquer and acquire Canada




18 June 1812 Congress Declares War on Britain Two days earlier, Britain suspended / revoked trade

restrictions and released American prisoners – The US Congress never got the news






The small, poorly organized American Army botched early opportunities while invading Canada Most early fighting 1812-1814 occurred in the north –

Canada, Lake Erie, New York, Michigan






The small, poorly organized American Army botched early opportunities while invading Canada Most early fighting 1812-1814 occurred in the north – Canada,

Lake Erie, New York, Michigan Aug 1814 – The British invade the Chesapeake Bay

Invade and burn Washington Attempted to Invade Baltimore – Failed

Basis for Francis Scott Key’s Lyrics to “The Star Spangled Banner”

End of the War Battle of New Orleans – Oh, could

they have used a cell! 5 January 1815

British Army launches a frontal assault ½ hour of fighting

Approx. 2000 British Dead Approx 70 Americans Dead

Useless Anyway The war had already ended two weeks

prior to the battle Established Andrew Jackson as a

National Hero

End of the War Battle of New Orleans – Oh, could

they have used a cell! 5 January 1815

British Army launches a frontal assault ½ hour of fighting

Approx. 2000 British Dead Approx 70 Americans Dead

Useless Anyway The war had already ended two weeks

prior to the battle Established Andrew Jackson as a

National Hero Treaty of Ghent

24 December 1814 Original American Objectives were not

met Did not expand much into Canada Issues with trade/shipping resolved

naturally

Rise of Nationalism Analysis of the War of 1812

Conflict was more about international respect ‘Second War for American Independence’

Economically Diplomatically




Helped develop stronger feelings of Nationalism Defined: Nationalism refers to patriotism and

loyalty to a person's own country or nation.




Helped develop stronger feelings of Nationalism Defined: Nationalism refers to patriotism and loyalty to a person's own

country or nation.

Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun and “The American System” Economic system that stressed:

High Protectionist Tariffs Strong Banking System Development of New Transportation Infrastructure

Erie Canal Connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic

Ocean, via the Hudson River

Monroe and ‘The Era of Good Feeling’ James Monroe

5th President of the US Elected 1816, Re-Elected 1820



Ushered in an ‘Era of Good Feelings’ Period of One-Party Rule Tied with Nationalism Non-Partisan Pragmatic



Ushered in an ‘Era of Good Feelings’ Period of One-Party Rule Tied with Nationalism Non-Partisan Pragmatic

Development of ‘Sectionalism’ Political philosophy that favored

the needs and outlook of one's section of the country

Evident with the issue of Slavery

Slavery and Sectionalism North - 1820

Slavery still legal, not practiced Strong population growth since 1790

Stronger representation in the House



Stronger representation in the House South – 1820

Slavery still a HUGE industry / resource Weak population growth since 1790

Weaker representation in the House





Weaker representation in the House As land from the Louisiana Purchase began to develop, pro-slavery groups

fought to ensure the expansion of slavery into new territories This effort was countered by anti-slavery groups





Weaker representation in the House As land from the Louisiana Purchase began to develop, pro-slavery groups fought to ensure the

expansion of slavery into new territories This effort was countered by anti-slavery groups

Missouri, populated mainly by Southerners, applied for statehood in 1819 Northerners did not want to upset the 11 to 11 balance it the

senate Missouri Compromise

Missouri enters as a slave state Maine enters as a free state All territory above Missouri would be free

Monroe Doctrine WHAT IS IT?

The Monroe Doctrine was articulated in President James Monroe's seventh annual message to Congress on December 2, 1823.

The European powers, according to Monroe, were obligated to respect the Western Hemisphere as the United States' sphere of interest.

All guests are welcome but they cannot bring their guns…

Monroe Doctrine As issues of European involvement in the Americas’

became increasingly complex, American Foreign Policy needed to be re-asserted.

2 December 1823 Statement of the policy of President Monroe

Primary author: John Quincy Adams




Primary author: John Quincy Adams1. No colonization

America is closed – European powers should no longer attempt to colonize North, Central or South America

Any effort to extend European political influence into the New World would be considered by the United States "as dangerous to our peace and safety







2. No Intervention US planned to stay neutral in wars between European powers and in

wars between a European power and its colonies. The US would only become involved in European affairs if America’s

Rights are disturbed







2. No Intervention US planned to stay neutral in wars between European powers and in

wars between a European power and its colonies. The US would only become involved in European affairs if America’s

Rights are disturbed Defining moment in the history of US Foreign Policy Little contemporary significance, big long term

significance Referenced still today

Designed to protect the United States by controlling what occurred around it. (Central & South America)

Isolationist in nature

John Quincy Adams

John Quincy Adams Son of President John Adams

Elected 1824 – Challenges once again Ran against Andrew Jackson,

Henry Clay and William Crawford No one gets a majority amount of votes Crawford becomes ill, Clay is dropped

House of Representatives chooses Adams over Jackson

Seen as corrupt Clay becomes the Sec. Of State

Strong nationalist, as public opinion was becoming more sectionalist

Attempted more positive Indian relations Lost re-election in 1828, won the same states

his father did in 1800

Jacksonian Democracy and Manifest Destiny

Objectives: Identify the presidency of John Q. Adams Identify and discuss the concept of Jacksonian Democracy Discuss various topics of Jackson’s Presidency

Nullification Sectional Issues Banks

Discuss the Indian Relocation Act Identify and discuss the concept of Manifest Destiny Identify the changing United States and the development of the

west Identify and discuss the Resurgence of the Two Party system Identify the Mexican War Identify various issues that were building toward Civil War

The Rise of Jacksonian Democracy By the 1820s, the last vestiges of aristocracy in America

were dying out. Politicians were becoming more controlled by the voters More ‘common men’ elected to office

Example: Davy Crockett Elected to congress based on his ability to use a rifle “Be always sure you are right, then go ahead.”

Idea that governing should be done directly by the people Universal white male suffrage Sectional Issues drove political interest

Economics Tariffs

Slavery Development of the West

Andrew Jackson Elected 1828, Re-elected 1832

Significant Politically High voter turnout Strong support in the south and west

Elected in a time of no political parties His polarizing style ushered in the re-birth of the two party system Early beginnings of the modern Democratic Party

Rise of the ‘common man’ Unlike his predecessors Not from Virginia, not named Adams

Development of the ‘Spoils System’ or patronage Public services are replaced by Party Service Removed many from the government and installed political

supporters Dirty Deals Done Cheap – Bribery, corruption, greed

Moved away from nationalism, more towards states’ rights

Jackson vs. Jefferson 1800 saw the birth of Jeffersonian Democracy

Jefferson believed in: Upper and Middle class educated property owners Limited government

Jefferson was well educated and a premier thinker / statesmen of the day

1828 saw the dawn of Jacksonian Democracy Jackson believed in:

Universal manhood suffrage A strong executive branch able to challenge the

supreme court and congress Jackson was an uneducated, unrefined, war hero

that captivated public interest Unlike Jeffersonian Democracy, Jackson did not

have a clear, well-established vision of how government should operate and exist

Loosing the ties that bind… Sectional issues continue to dominate politics

Tariff of 1828 or Tariff of Abominations Caused major sectionalist issues, especially in the south A movement to nullify the tariff occurred

“The South Carolina Exposition” -- 1828 Written in secret by then Vice-President, John C. Calhoun Supported the idea first developed in the Kentucky and Virginia

Resolutions, that states could and should nullify laws they did not agree with

South Carolina did adopt some type of nullification doctrine – and began developing an army

Eventually a compromise was reached Resurgence of the idea that states could ‘Nullify’ or refuse laws

that did not fit their interest Nullification remained an issue until the Civil War

Indian Relocation 1828- Five ‘Civilized’ Indian Tribes still existed east of

the Mississippi1. Cherokee2. Creeks3. Choctaws4. Chickasaws5. Seminoles

Most notably, the Cherokee Nation in Georgia had become well-established and assimilated into white society

Nevertheless, the Georgia legislature declared its presence illegal and sought to remove the tribes

Seen as a security risk Greed for the land Discovery of gold

Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia The Cherokees fought the ruling, not violently, but in court. John Marshall and the Supreme Court Ruled in favor of

the Cherokees Jackson simply ignored the ruling and supported Indian

‘relocation’, but did NOT force it

Give an inch, take a mile… 1830 -- Indian Removal Act

Gave the President the power to negotiate land exchange treaties with the various tribes

Indian Tribes would then be ‘Relocated’ to Indian Territory in the western US, specifically Oklahoma

Designed to be ‘Permanently’ free of white encroachment

Largely corrupt and exploited by politicians seeking to remove the Indians

1838 -- Trail of Tears Forced relocation of the remaining

Cherokee Nation from Georgia to Oklahoma

4,000 died on the journey Based on the illegal Treaty of New Echota Widely unpopular in white America Poorly managed by the government

Don’t Fence Me In… Manifest Destiny

Term first used by columnist John L. O’Sullivan in 1845

Belief that the United States had a mission and duty to expand its form of democracy and freedom

Became the basis for unchecked western expansion during the middle of the 18th century Annexation of Texas Acquisition of the Oregon Territory Re-Conquering of ‘Permanent Indian Settlements’

Joined the greed for land with a noble cause Made American expansion into new territories a

moral issue Supporters of Manifest Destiny stressed:

The virtue of the American people and their institutions

The mission to spread these institutions The destiny under God to accomplish this work

An idea, not a policy

Manifest Destiny: High Ideals The idea or concept was long in development 1630 - John Winthrop’s “City Upon a Hill”

Call for a virtuous society as an example for the Old World

1776 – Thomas Paine’s Common Sense The American Revolution could create a new

and better society An Experiment in freedom and democracy

unlike anything in human history Abraham Lincoln –

Described the US as “the last, best hope for Earth”

The Gettysburg Address Western Migration as a means of national

defense Move into and establish yourself in the land,

so no one else does Monroe Doctrine Corollary

Manifest Destiny: 2006..?? Modern References

“The survival of liberty in our land increasingly depends on the success of liberty in other lands. The best hope for peace in our world is the expansion of freedom in all the world…So it is the policy of the United States to seek and support the growth of democratic movements and institutions in every nation and culture, with the ultimate goal of ending tyranny in our world.” President George W. Bush 20 January 2005

The United States as world police Feeling of duty or responsibility to extend

and promote the ideals of America where it does not exist

Two Parties are Better than One… In direct opposition to the strong executive power of Jackson, the Whig party develops.

The Whigs were poorly organized Held together by a hatred of Jackson Eventually encompassed everyone that fell victim to

Jacksonian Democracy Henry Clay’s now defunct American System supporters Supporters of nullification (John C. Calhoun)

Were not powerful or popular enough to take the 1836 Presidential election Martin Van Buren – Jackson’s chosen successor wins

becomes the 8th US President His term of office is plagued with economic hardship

1840 – The Whigs win 9th US President William Henry Harrison

Issueless and enemy less The Two Party system was back to stay

Both parties now had a well-defined place in American Politics

Messing With Texas… 1821 Spain looses Texas to Mexico

Mexico wanted to populate the newly acquired Texas Territory Mexican government reaching an agreement with Stephen Austin to help

bring US settlers into the area Ironically the Mexican government became worried about too much

American Immigration Relations between Texas settlers and the Mexican government deteriorate

Slavery and economics become un-resolved challenges

1836 – Texas Declares it Independence Mexican dictator, Santa Anna leads more than 6,000 troops into Texas Famous battle at the Alamo in San Antonio

The Texan Rebels were defeated Despite the loss, the battle became the turning point of the war 1000 Mexicans dead vs. 250 Texas Rebels

Texas emerges victorious, goes on to form the Republic of Texas Sam Houston, a war hero for Texas, becomes the President of the

Republic Texas drifts towards union with the US, but acceptance is delayed

because of the slavery debate 1845 – US Congress Passes the Annexation of Texas

Becomes the 28th state Another victory for Manifest Destiny

South of the Border… Mexico never really accepted the succession of Texas

in 1836 Becomes really problematic when Texas joins the US in

1845 Border disputes and issues over the Mexican held

California, Arizona and New Mexico territories led the US and Mexico to war in 1846

US Congress formally declared war on with the Mexican government. Strongly supported by the Democrats, opposed by the

Whigs Fighting occurred in various parts of modern California

and Northern Mexico February 2, 1848 -Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Ended the war U.S obtained undisputed control of Texas, California,

Nevada, Utah, and parts of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Wyoming.

Mexico received US$18,250,000 Mexicans living in the conquered lands could choose to

return to Mexico or stay and become American citizens Seen as yet another victory for Manifest Destiny

Cold Hard Cash Issues over the National Bank once again

surfaced and became sectionalist debates Specie Circular

Jackson ended the practice of buying land on credit

‘Hard Cash’ such as gold or silver was preferred Was a poor economic policy that eventually

collapsed Money shortages became problematic

Jackson vetoed legislation for the Second Bank of the US Believed the bank favored the East at the

expense of the West Once again causing sectional ‘challenges’ The bank was an Eastern US Establishment Managed by the elite and wealthy

Again Jackson went against the ruling of the Supreme Court

Unit 3: Virginian Dynasty and Era of Good Feelings (Ch 11-12) Chapter 11 Election of 1800 Rise of...

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