Unit 3. The nervous system controls your emotions, movements, thinking, and behavior Structurally,...
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Transcript of Unit 3. The nervous system controls your emotions, movements, thinking, and behavior Structurally,...
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Biological Bases of BehaviorUnit 3
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The Nervous System• The nervous system controls your emotions,
movements, thinking, and behavior• Structurally, the nervous system is divided into
two parts• Central Nervous System (CNS) – the brain and spinal cord• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – the smaller branches
of nerves that reach the other parts of the body• The nerves of the PNS conduct information from the
bodily organs to the CNS and back to the organs
• All parts of the nervous system are protected in some way • The bony protection of the spinal cord is vital as an injury
could prevent the transmittal of messages and could result in paralysis
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Neurons• Messages to and from the brain travel along the
nerves, which are strings of long, thin cells called neurons
• Transmission between neurons occurs whenever the cells are stimulated past a minimum point and emit a signal
• Neurons have four basic parts:• Dendrites – receive messages from other neurons and
send them to the cell body• Cell body – houses the nucleus• Axon – Carries the messages from the cell body toward
the axon terminal• Axon Terminals – release neurotransmitters to stimulate
dendrites of the next neuron
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• The intensity of activity in each neuron depends on how many other neurons are acting on it
• The actual destination of nerve impulses produced by an excited neuron is limited by what tract in the nervous system they are on• Ascending tracts carry sensory impulses to the brain• Descending tracts carry motor impulses from the brain
• There are different types of neurons• Afferent – sensory, relay messages from the sense organs
to the brain• Efferent – motor, send signals from the brain to the glands
& muscles• Interneurons – process signals, connect only to other
neurons
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Unit 3 Vocabulary• This is your homework for tonight and it will be
checked tomorrow (9/23)• Your quiz will be THIS Thursday (September 25th)
1. Corpus Callosum2. Neuron3. Nervous system4. Endocrine system5. Heredity6. Perception7. Selective Attention8. Neurotransmitter9. Hormone10.Trait
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Vocabulary Check
1. Corpus Callosum -
2. Neuron -
3. Nervous system -
4. Endocrine system -
5. Heredity -
6. Perception -
7. Selective Attention -
8. Neurotransmitter -
9. Hormone -
10.Trait -
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Voluntary & Involuntary Activities• Some of the actions that your body makes in
response to impulses from the nerves are either voluntary or involuntary acts
• Somatic Nervous System (SNS) – part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary activities
• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – part of the nervous system that controls involuntary activities (i.e. heartbeat, stomach activity, etc.)• The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for
dealing with emergencies or strenuous activity• The parasympathetic nervous system works to conserve
energy and to enhance the body’s ability to recover from strenuous activity
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Studying the Brain• The brain is composed of three parts• The hindbrain – located at the rear base of the skull,
involved in the most basic processes of life. Includes the cerebellum (controls posture, balance, and voluntary movements), medulla (controls breathing and heart rate), and pons (bridge between spinal cord and the brain)
• The midbrain – is a small part of the brain above the pons that arouses the brain, integrates sensory information, and relays it upward
• The forebrain – covers the brain’s central core, responsible for sensory and motor control and the processing of thinking and language
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How Psychologists Study the Brain• The methods they use to explore the brain are:• Recording – Scientists insert electrodes into the brain to record
electrical activity in the brain. The activity of whole areas of the brain can be recorded with an electroencephalograph (EEG), which is attached to the scalp. Observed that activity rises and falls rhythmically weather you’re awake, drowsy, or asleep• Stimulating – Electrodes are used to fire off neurons. Can be
used to find malfunctioning parts of the brain• Lesioning – Sometimes scientists create lesions in the brain to
see if an animal behaves differently. If so, they assume that the part of the brain thatwas destroyed was involved with that behavior• Imaging – different scans (CT, PET, MRI) can be used to capture
pictures of the brain to pinpoint parts of the brain that are being used or have been damaged
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Phineas Gage• Psychologists can also learn from the tragedies when people suffer
accidents• Phineas Gage was a respected railroad foreman who demonstrated
restraint, good judgment, and the ability to work well with others• His crew was about to explode some dynamite to clear a path for the
railroad as Gage was filling a hole with dynamite it went off• The tamping iron, which was 13 lbs and 3 ft long, shot up in the air
and entered into Gage’s head right below the left eye and exited through the top of his skull
• Gage survived the accident but his personalitychanged greatly (short-tempered, difficult to be around, said inappropriate things)
• Scientists later found that damage to the frontal lobes prevents censoring of thoughts and ideas.
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The Endocrine System• The nervous system is one of two communication
systems for sending information to and from the brain; the second is the endocrine system
• The endocrine system sends chemical messages, called hormones (which are produced in the endocrine glands and distributed by blood and other body fluids)• Though hormones circulate throughout the bloodstream,
they are only received at the particular organ that they influence• Hormones affect the growth of bodily structures such as
muscles and bones, metabolic processes, moods, and drives
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Glands of the Body• Pituitary Gland• Acts as the master gland• Located near the midbrain and the hypothalamus, it secretes a
large number of hormones (which the hypothalamus monitors and can correct imbalances)• Carry messages to organs involved in regulating and storing
nutrients; also controls growth and reproduction
• Thyroid Gland• Produces the hormone thyroxine, which stimulates certain
chemical reactions that are important for the tissues of the body• Too little thyroxine makes people feel lazy and lethargic
(hypothyroidism)• Too much thyroxine may cause people to lose weight, sleep,
and be overactive (hyperthyroidism)
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• Adrenal Glands• Become active when a person is angry or freightened• Release epinephrine and norepinephrine into the
bloodstream, which cause the heartbeat and breathing to increase• Can also heighten emotions, fear, and anxiety which help
a person generate extra energy to handle a difficult situation• Also secrete cortical steroids which help muscles develop
and cause the liver to release stored sugar for extra energy
• Sex Glands• Two types of sex glands: testes (males) and ovaries
(females)• Testes produce sperm and testosterone which is important
in the physical development of amles• Ovaries produce eggs, estrogen, and progesterone which
regulate the reproductive cycle of females
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Right Brain or Left Brain• Each hemisphere of the brain is responsible for
different functions
Left Hemisphere• Sends signals to the right arm and
leg• Responsible for many of the logical
and thinking process of the brain:• Using Facts• Analyzing• Working with numbers• Sequential thinking and details
• If you have a dominance in the left brain, then you are a verbal learner (do better reading or hearing information)
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Right Brain or Left Brain• Each hemisphere of the brain is responsible for
different functions
Right Hemisphere• Sends signals to the left arm and
leg• More creative half and is involved
in visual tasks like:• Visual imagery• Music, including rhyming• Creative writing, like drama and
poetry• Imagination
• If you have a dominance in the right brain, then you are a visual learner (do better with visual aids, drawings, or charts)
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Right Brain or Left Brain• Your task is to figure out which is your dominate
hemisphere• Go to:
http://capone.mtsu.edu/studskl/hd/hemispheric_dominance.html
• When you have finished the quiz, show me your score so I can add this participation to your grade
• To get full credit on this assignment, you need to write down 3 ways that you can incorporate your dominate side into your study/school work and hand these in
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Biological Bases of Behavior• Your tasks for today and tomorrow are to make
sure you understand the biological bases of behavior
• Go to http://education-portal.com/academy/topic/biological-bases-of-behavior.html• Chapter 2 (which is the chapter you’ll link to) has all of
this information broken down into groups• We’ve briefly discussed some of these groups, however,
there is a lot of new information that we did not discuss• You need to read through the chapter or watch the videos
included and take detailed notes over the sections• You WILL need to know this information on the test so
make sure you are working to get this information down