Unit 3 The Atom & Light
description
Transcript of Unit 3 The Atom & Light
Unit 3The Atom &
Light
Today…• Turn in:– Complete Unit 1 Goal Sheet
• Write 2 things you would do differently if you did not meet your goal
– When you turn in your Goal Sheet pick up a calendar & notebooklet
• Our Plan:– New Calendar– Symbols Video– Review – BINGO– Symbols Quiz #1– Build an Atom Online – due today– Begin Stop the Process Ch. 4 in your booklet– Wrap Up – Inside-Outside Circle
• Homework (Write in Planner):– Build an Atom Online due
Element Songhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFIvXVMbII0
Why can’t you remember the symbols if they can?
Why can’t you remember the symbols if they can?
Why can’t you remember the symbols if they can?
Review• BINGO
– Fill out a bingo card with the symbols of any of the elements that you were to memorize (use the handout you were given last class if you aren’t sure).
– The instructor will call out an element; mark off the symbol if you have it. The first student to get a BINGO wins! Play will continue until there are 3 winners.
– The prize – you can ask for 2 FREE ANSWERS on the quiz if you are one of the 3 winners!
Ready for the Symbols Quiz?
• Fe• Ag• H• He• O• Ar• K• Xe• I• U
• Magnesium• Aluminum• Zinc• Gold• Phosphorus• Carbon• Francium• Calcium• Boron• Lithium
IronSilverHydrogenHeliumOxygenArgonPotassiumXenonIodineUranium
MgAlZnAuPCFrCaBLi
Wrap Up
• Inside-Outside Circle– Each student will get 1 or 2 element
flashcards.– Find a partner. Form a circle in the classroom
with one partner on the inside and one on the outside. Face each other.
– Quiz your partner and they will quiz you. The instructor will tell you when and how to rotate (inside move 2 people left, outside move 1 person right, etc.)
Today…• Turn in:
– Build Your Own Atom Online - basket• Our Plan:
– Review – Quiz, Quiz, Trade– Symbols Quiz #2– Atoms Family Song– Finish Stop the Process – due today– Timeline Activity– Wrap Up – Group Draw
• Homework (Write in Planner):– Timeline Activity due MONDAY
Review
• Quiz, Quiz, Trade–Every student will get 2 or 3
element flashcards. Move around the classroom finding partners. Quiz them, they will quiz you, and then trade cards. Continue finding new partners and learning the symbols.
The Atoms Family Song!
Activity Time
• Complete the History of the Atom Timeline individually.
• DUE MONDAY!
Wrap Up - Group Draw• Number off 1 – 4 in your group and obtain
a whiteboard or piece of construction paper.
• As a group you are to draw a Sulfur atom with the correct number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the correct location.– Person 1 – Energy Levels– Person 2 – Protons– Person 3 – Neutrons– Person 4 – Electrons
Today…• Turn in:–Timeline Activity
• Our Plan:–Review – Find Someone Who–Isotopes POGIL–Wrap Up – Word Wall Password
• Homework (Write in Planner):–Nothing – Can finish POGIL next
class
Find Someone Who
• Move around the classroom and find students who can answer the questions on p. 7 of your notebooklet. Be sure to get their signature or initials.
POGIL Jobs• Leader – In charge of the group, reads the
questions, summarizes what should be written
• Task Master – Makes sure the group is on task and keeps track of time
• Quality Control – Makes sure that everyone has close to the same answers recorded
• Motivator – encourages the group and makes sure that everyone is participating and that all ideas are heard
Wrap Up
• $100,000 Pyramid Game
Ion
Protons Nucleus
Atomic Number
Compound ChemicalSymbol
•Wrap Up Time
Element
MassNumber Neutron
ElectronCloud Positive Quarks
•Wrap Up Time
Today…• Turn in:
–Nothing• Our Plan:
–Review - Clicker Review–Finish POGIL–Hog Hilton–Notes – orbitals & electron configurations–Worksheet #1–Wrap Up - Battleship
• Homework (Write in Planner):–Worksheet #1
Review Activity• Atom Clicker Review
Bohr•He said that electrons travel around the atom in defined orbits or energy levels
•The energy levels are like rungs of a ladder
Bohr’s Model
Schrödinger• He developed the modern
theory of the atom• Came up with mathematical
equations to predict the locations of electrons
• Quantum mechanical model – based on probability
Analogy – p.130• Similar to the motion of a rotating
propeller blade.–Cannot tell its precise location
at any instant–The cloud is more dense where
the probability of finding an electron is high
Atomic Orbitals•Electrons are found in energy sublevels (atomic orbitals)
•The sublevel corresponds to an orbital of a different shape
Atomic Orbitals• Orbitals are located inside
energy levels just like subdivisions are located inside cities.
Orbitals•Region of space in which there is a high probability of finding an electron
SublevelsEnergy Level Names of sublevels that
exist in the energy level1st Energy Level s
2nd Energy Level s and p
3rd Energy Level s, p, and d
4th & 5th Energy Level s, p, d, and f
Label Your PT
Sublevel # of Types of Orbitals Possible
Types
s 1
p 3
d 5
f 7
Orbitals• Only 2 electrons can fit in each
orbital.• That means that any s orbital can
only hold 2 electrons, and any d orbital can only hold 2 electrons
• Since there are 5 d orbitals, it can hold 10 electrons total
ElectronsSublevel # of Electrons
s 2
p 6
d 10
f 14
Label Your PT
Quantum Number• Indicates the probable location of an electron in an atom
•LIKE AN ADDRESS!
Principle Quantum Number
•Symbol = n• Indicates – energy level•Possible Values – 1-7 (K-Q)
•STATE
Angular/Orbital Quantum #
• Symbol = l• Indicates – sublevel• Possible Values – s, p, d, f• CITY
Magnetic Quantum Number
• Symbol = ml• Indicates – orbital
orientation• Possible Values – x, y, or z• STREET
Spin Quantum Number• Symbol = ms• Indicates – 2 possible spin
states • Possible Values – +1/2 (CW)
or -1/2 (CCW)• HOUSE NUMBER
EXAMPLE•n= 4•l = p•ml = z•ms = -1/2
• 4th energy level•p orbital
•z axis
• Counterclockwise spin
Break Time!• Do the front of WS#1.
Challenge
• This is the electron configuration for potassium. What do you think each number and letter means?
1s22s22p63s23p64s1
The Blocks of the PT
The Blocks of the PT• Whichever block an element is in
corresponds to the orbital that it’s valence electrons are located.
• Valence electrons are the outermost electrons in an atom
Electron Configuration
•Shows how many electrons an atom has in each of its sublevels.
Remember•s holds 2 electrons•p holds 6 electrons•d holds 10 electrons• f holds 14 electrons
Aufbau Principle• An electron occupies the
lowest energy level that is available
• Additional electrons keep “building up” to new levels
Hund’s Rule• Every orbital in a subshell is
singly occupied with one electron before any one orbital is doubly occupied, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same spin.
• http://www.strw.leidenuniv.nl/~thi/lecture3/aufbau4.gif
Hund’s Rule
•
library.tedankara.k12.tr/ carey/ch1-1depth.html
Visual representation of electrons
• http://www.learner.org/interactives/periodic/elementary_interactive.html
Electron Configurations
• All of these principles allow us to write an electron configuration for each element
• Electron configurations show the location of each of an atoms’ electrons.
Examples•Oxygen
Examples•Potassium
Examples•Bromine
Try it Out!• Lithium
–1s22s1
• Sulfur–1s22s22p63s23p4
• Cobalt–1s22s22p63s23p64s23d7
Want to try the f orbital?
• The first f orbital is the 4f, the second is the 5f (one number behind the d orbital)
• You say the f before you say the d orbital (just like it fits in on the periodic table).
Example• Bismuth
• Uranium
•Do you feel smart yet?
Noble Gas Notation
• Instead of writing the whole electron configuration, you can just write the ones since the nearest noble gas.
Examples1. Magnesium
2. Iodine
Try it Out!
1.Carbon• [He]2s22p2
2.Iron• [Ar] 4s23d6
STOP!• Complete Worksheet #1 by
next class• Worksheets are…
–A completion grade (i.e. You do not get a grade until it is 100% finished)
–10 points on time– -2.5 points each day it’s late
Wrap Up – Battleship• Obtain a Battleship board and a dry erase marker. On the bottom
section, mark where you want to put your ships by blocking out boxes on the Periodic Table.– Destroyer – 4 Blocks– Carrier – 5 Blocks– Submarine – 3 Blocks– Patrol Boat - 2 Blocks– Battleship - 3 Blocks
• Try to guess where your partner has placed their boats by asking them energy level, orbital, and how many electrons. For example, you might say 5s2. Your partner will say hit or miss. Play alternates and you continue until all ships are sunk.
Today…• Turn in:–Get out WS#1 to Check–Get your Battleship Board Ready
• Our Plan:–Battleship–Review/Quiz WS#1–Notes – Light–Worksheet #2–Wrap Up – Light Activities
• Homework (Write in Planner):–Worksheet #2 – due next class
Review – Which element?
1. 1s22s22p63s2
2. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d8
3. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d9
4. [Ar]4s23d4
5. Write Lead (noble gas notation)
6. Write Krypton (long form)
Daily Challenge•What are the 6 types of radiation that make up the electromagnetic spectrum?
Properties of Light•Light behaves as both a PARTICLE and a WAVE.
Parts of a Wave
Amplitude – height of a wave
Parts of a WaveWavelength – distance between waves from peak to peak or trough to trough
Parts of a Wave
Frequency – number of waves in a given unit of time
Formula• The wavelength and
frequency of light are inversely proportional to each other (oppositives).
• c = λν• c = 2.998 x 108 m/s
Important Note
• All wavelengths must be in m to use the constant, so you may have to convert.
• Hz and s-1 are the SAME THING
Practice Problem
• Calculate the wavelength of the yellow light emitted by a sodium lamp if the frequency of the radiation is 5.10 x 1014Hz.
5.88 x 10-7 m
Try It Out!
•What is the frequency of radiation with a wavelength of 5.00 x 10-8 m?
• (6.00 x 1015 s-1)
Properties of Light•Electromagnetic Spectrum - made up of all the forms of electromagnetic radiation
Electromagnetic Spectrum• 7 types of Electromagnetic Radiation1. Gamma Rays 2. X-Rays3. Ultraviolet Light4. Visible Light 5. Infrared Radiation6. Microwaves7. Radio Waves
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Frequency vs. Wavelength
geography.uoregon.edu/.../geog101/ lectures/lec01/lec01.htm
Visible Light• Visible light is the part of
Ultraviolet Radiation that we can SEE!
• To remember the colors in order of increasing frequency, remember ROYGBIV!
E = hνE=Energyν= frequencyh= Planck’s Constant = 6.626 x 10-34 J·s
Energy and Frequency E = hν
High ν = High ELow ν = Low E
High E = dangerous!
Challenge
Which waves are most dangerous?
Sample Problem• Find the amount of energy given off by a
wave whose frequency is 1.6 x 1012 Hz. (Remember h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 x 10-34 J·s)
• 1.1 x 10-21 J
Try It Out!• Find the amount of energy given off by a
wave whose frequency is 3.9 x 1018 Hz.
• 2.6 x 10-15 J
Light as Particles• Quantum – minimum
amount of energy that can be lost or gained by an atom
• Each particle of light carries a quantum of energy. The particles are called PHOTONS.
Light Emission• Ground State – Lowest
energy state of an electron• Excited State – When an
electron has more energy than in it’s ground state
Light Emission• When an excited electron moves
to its ground state it GIVES OFF ENERGY (IN THE FORM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION).
• When an electron moves from its ground state to an excited state it REQUIRES ENERGY.
Think of it like this..• The energy levels are like rungs
of a ladder• When you climb up or down a
ladder, you must step on a rung (you can’t be between rungs)
• It requires energy to go up the ladder and gives off energy when you go down
Light Emission• The more energy levels the electron
moves, the more energy it emits (quantum leap)
• The amount of energy is consistent with the frequency (color) of light that is given off.
• That’s why different elements give off different colors of light.
Bohr’s Model of the Atom
www.astrosociety.org/.../publications/ tnl/35/light3.html
Continuous Spectrum•Continuous Spectrum – emission of a continuous range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiationExample: Rainbows and White Light
Continuous Spectrum
Did you know?• White light is a mixture of all
colors of visible light• When sunlight passes
through raindrops, it is broken into the colors of the rainbow
Line Emission Spectra• Line-emission Spectrum –
bands of light emitted by an atomEach element has its own
distinct spectrum Emission spectrum can be
used to identify unknown samples
Line Emission Spectrum
Absorption Spectrum•Bands of light absorbed by an atomEach element has its own
distinct spectrum Absorption spectrum can be
used to identify unknown samples
Absorption Spectrum
STOP!• Complete Worksheet #2 – due
next class
Wrap Up
• Light Activities– Obtain a lifesaver individually, and as a group of 4 get
a roll of tape and 2 sugar cubes.– The lights will be off and the room will be made
completely dark. Allow your eyes to adjust to the darkness for several minutes. When your instructor tells you, go ahead and try the activities.
– Bite on the lifesaver, pull the tape quickly, and rub the sugar cubes together. You should see light emitted!
Wrap Up
•Light Activities Rules– No moving throughout the room, no rude or
inappropriate noises, do not touch anyone, etc.
– BE MATURE AND USE COMMON SENSE OR THIS FUN ACTIVITY WILL BE STOPPED AND YOU WILL RUIN IT FOR EVERYONE!
Today…• Turn in:–Get out WS#2 to Check
• Our Plan:–Clicker Review–Review Problems/Quiz WS#2–Flame Test Lab–Wrap Up – Problems with Flame Test Lab
• Homework (Write in Planner):–Lab Due Next Class
Review
• Clicker Review
Review Formulas & ConstantsE = hν
h= Planck’s Constant = 6.626 x 10-34 J·s
c = λνc = 2.998 x 108 m/s
Review1. Find the amount of energy given off
by a wave whose frequency is 3.4 x 1016 s-1. (Remember h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 x 10-34 J·s) 2.3 x 10-17 J
2. Calculate the wavelength of the yellow light emitted by a sodium lamp if the frequency of the radiation is 8.10 x 1012s-1 3.70 x 10-5 m
Wrap Up
What are some problems with using a flame test as your only method for identifying a substance?
Today…• Turn in:
– Flame Test Lab• Our Plan:
– Review – Find Someone Who– Spectroscopy Activity– Test Review– Wrap Up – Scavenger Hunt
• Homework (Write in Planner):– Test Review due next class– TEST NEXT CLASS PERIOD
Find Someone Who
• Move around the classroom and find students who can answer the questions on p. 18 of your notebooklet. Be sure to get their signature or initials.
Wrap Up
• Scavenger Hunt
Today…• Turn in:–Get out Test Review to Check
• Our Plan:–Board Game Review–Test Review Questions–Test–You Choose Article
• Homework (Write in Planner):–Article Due next class