Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today:...

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Unit #3 Schedule: • Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation • Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation • Central Dogma Sculpting (Apr 2) – StudyNotes 8b Due • Regulation of Gene Expression + Trivia (Apr 4) – StudyNotes 9 Due • Tutorial (Apr 5) • Review (Apr 9) – Homework 6 Due • EXAM 3 (Apr 11)

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Transcript of Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today:...

Page 1: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Unit #3 Schedule:• Last Class:

– Sanger Sequencing– Central Dogma Overview– Mutation

• Today:– Homework 5– StudyNotes 8a Due– Transcription, RNA Processing, Translation

• Central Dogma Sculpting (Apr 2)

– StudyNotes 8b Due• Regulation of Gene Expression + Trivia (Apr 4)

– StudyNotes 9 Due• Tutorial (Apr 5)

• Review (Apr 9)

– Homework 6 Due• EXAM 3 (Apr 11)

Page 2: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Unpacking Central Dogma: Transcription

Page 3: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Learning Objectives:

By the end of today’s class you should be able to:1. Describe transcription.2. Compare and contrast eukaryotic +

prokaryotic transcription.3. Explain mRNA processing in eukaryotes.4. Describe the general structure of a tRNA

molecule.5. Discuss the three stages of translation.

Page 4: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Fig. 17-3a-2

(a) Bacterial cell

TRANSCRIPTIONDNA

mRNA

TRANSLATIONRibosome

Polypeptide

Page 5: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Fig. 17-3b-3

(b) Eukaryotic cell

TRANSCRIPTION

Nuclearenvelope

DNA

Pre-mRNARNA PROCESSING

mRNA

TRANSLATION Ribosome

Polypeptide

Page 6: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Synthesis of an RNA Transcript

• The three stages of transcription:– Initiation– Elongation– Termination

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Page 7: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Fig. 17-7a-4Promoter Transcription unit

DNAStart pointRNA polymerase

553

3

Initiation

33

1

RNAtranscript

5 5

UnwoundDNA

Template strandof DNA

2 Elongation

RewoundDNA

5

5 5 3 3 3

RNAtranscript

3 Termination

5

5 5 33

3Completed RNA transcript

Page 8: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

RNA Polymerase and Promoter

Page 9: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 10: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 11: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Page 12: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,
Page 13: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Fig. 17-9

Transcription Termination in Eukaryotes:

• Transcribes the sequence AAUAAA• Signals for the RNA transcript to be cleaved.

Page 14: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Transcription Termination Sequences

• In Prokaryotes, transcription stops by way of as transcribed terminator. This is part of the transcription sequence that signals RNA polymerase to detach. (Hairpin theory)

• In Eukaryotes, transcription stops when a polyadenylation signal AAUAAA occurs. Proteins then cleave the RNA transcript off.

Page 15: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Transcript Processing

Page 16: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Fig. 17-3b-3

(b) Eukaryotic cell

TRANSCRIPTION

Nuclearenvelope

DNA

Pre-mRNARNA PROCESSING

mRNA

TRANSLATION Ribosome

Polypeptide

Page 17: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Fig. 17-9

Protein-coding segment Polyadenylation signal3

3 UTR5 UTR

5

5 Cap Start codon Stop codon Poly-A tail

G P PP AAUAAA AAA AAA…

Page 18: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 19: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Fig. 17-10

Pre-mRNA

mRNA

Codingsegment

Introns cut out andexons spliced together

5 Cap

Exon Intron5

1 30 31 104

Exon Intron

105

Exon

146

3Poly-A tail

Poly-A tail5 Cap

5 UTR 3 UTR1 146

Page 20: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Fig. 17-11-1RNA transcript (pre-mRNA)

Exon 1 Exon 2Intron

ProteinsnRNA

snRNPs

Otherproteins

5

Page 21: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Fig. 17-11-2RNA transcript (pre-mRNA)

Exon 1 Exon 2Intron

ProteinsnRNA

snRNPs

Otherproteins

5

5

Spliceosome

Page 22: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Fig. 17-11-3RNA transcript (pre-mRNA)

Exon 1 Exon 2Intron

ProteinsnRNA

snRNPs

Otherproteins

5

5

Spliceosome

Spliceosomecomponents

Cut-outintronmRNA

Exon 1 Exon 25

Page 23: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Minute Paper:

• We have ~20,000 genes yet we can make ~100,000 different protein products. How is this possible if DNARNAProtein?

Page 24: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Fig. 17-3b-3

(b) Eukaryotic cell

TRANSCRIPTION

Nuclearenvelope

DNA

Pre-mRNARNA PROCESSING

mRNA

TRANSLATION Ribosome

Polypeptide

Page 25: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Alternative Splicing

• Some genes can encode more than one kind of polypeptide, depending on which segments are treated as exons during RNA splicing.

• Such variations are called alternative RNA splicing.

• Because of alternative splicing, the number of different proteins an organism can produce is much greater than its number of genes.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Page 26: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Translation

Page 27: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Fig. 17-3b-3

(b) Eukaryotic cell

TRANSCRIPTION

Nuclearenvelope

DNA

Pre-mRNARNA PROCESSING

mRNA

TRANSLATION Ribosome

Polypeptide

Page 28: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Fig. 17-3a-2

(a) Bacterial cell

TRANSCRIPTIONDNA

mRNA

TRANSLATIONRibosome

Polypeptide

Page 29: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 30: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 31: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 32: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Translation

Page 33: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Transfer RNA (tRNA) bridges RNA language and amino acid language

Page 34: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

• Single-stranded RNAs of about 74 - 95 nucleotides– On one “end”, they hold

an amino acid– On the other “end”, they

bind to mRNA• There are about 45

different tRNAs in eukaryotic cells

Page 35: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

tRNA Structure

Campbell 8e, Fig. 17.14

Page 36: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,
Page 37: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

“Charging” Transfer RNA

• Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetase

• Specific for particular pairs of amino acids and tRNA

• Requires ATP

Campbell 8e, Fig. 17.15

Page 38: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 39: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Ribosomes and the Mechanism of Translation

Page 40: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Ribosomes and Translation

Three Stages of Translation

InitiationElongation

Termination

Page 41: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 42: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 43: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Elongation

Page 44: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Termination

Page 45: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Campbell 8e, Fig. 17.21

Signal Peptides

Page 46: Unit #3 Schedule: Last Class: – Sanger Sequencing – Central Dogma Overview – Mutation Today: – Homework 5 – StudyNotes 8a Due – Transcription, RNA Processing,

Coming Up:

Tuesday:- Molecular Sculpting:

- Translation, transcript processing, translation

- StudyNotes 8b is due.


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